Reseearch and Material Production.-Audio-visual aids for different stages of Hindi teaching in the various linguistic regions were under preparation. The Sansthan also took up the preparation of Hindi teaching material on scientific lines for use by the students of the tribal areas of the eastern States, namely, Mizoram, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, etc. The Sansthan was also preparing Hindi teaching material for use in the various universities located in the non-Hindi-speaking States, particularly those of the southern region.

During the year, book entitled, 'Karyalay Hindi', was published to serve as an aid for the progressive use of Hindi for official purposes. Books required for Hindi teaching under the Hindi teaching scheme of the Ministry of Home Affairs were prepared. A book to help teach Hindi to bank officials was published. The work of preparing Hindi teaching material for use by other professions was also taken in hand. Besides, 13 books were published and 3 others sent to press for printing.

Other Activities.-The Sansthan organised a two-day Hindi seminar in cooperation with the University of Jabalpur. It also

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organised essay contests in Hindi on an all-India basis and elocution contests for the university students of non-Hindi-speaking States. The Sansthan continued to extend its assistance to the Education Departments of non-Hindi-speaking States and to the Hindi teaching and training institutions in the country.

B. PROMOTION OF MODERN INDIAN LANGUAGES

Production of University-level Books in Hindi and Regional Languages: The Main Scheme.-By the end of March, 1976 grants totalling Rs. 759.32 lakh had been released to the 15 participating States. During 1976-77 grants amounting to Rs. 100 lakh were proposed to be released. According to reports received from the State Governments, about 4000 books were produced under this scheme in Hindi, Urdu and regional languages. Of these, about 700 are translations and about 3300 original writing. Another 1600 books were tinder preparation. The total net sale proceeds of books produced under the scheme crossed the figure of Rs. 300 lakh.

Central Sub-schemes : Production of Books in Urdu.-The Bureau for Promotion of Urdu set up to function as the secretariat of the Taraqqi-e-Urdu Board took up the work of producing reference books, academic literature, college-level textbooks, school textbooks and children's literature in Urdu. About 550 titles were taken up for translation or original writing. Out of these, 80 books were published, about 70 manuscripts were in press and another 50 manuscripts in various stages of editing.

To impart training in the art of calligraphy, 3 calligraphy centres were set up in Delhi, Bombay and Hyderabad: two calligraphy centres located in Srinagar and Patna received assistance to the extent of 50 per cent of the total expenditure on these centres.

Production of Books in Sindhi.-The implementation of the scheme was entrusted to the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology. An Advisory Committee of Sindhi

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Scholars was set up to formulate a programme of production of books in Sindhi. The Committee held two meetings and formulated a programme under which a number of books in different subjects were assigned to various writers.

Production of Core Books.-Under this programme, production of core books in history was entrusted to the Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi, and for the production of core books in medicine a separate cell was set up at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi under the guidance of the National Book Trust, New Delhi. In medicine, two books were published, one book was assigned to a publisher, 8 books were under preparation with authors/editors and five titles were under consideration. For production of core books in history the Indian Council of Historical Research had 557 manuscripts in hand in various Indian languages.

Award of Fellowsips for Writing Manuscripts.-Under this scheme, teachers, researchers and scholars working in universities, colleges and non-university institutions/organisations are eligible for assistance from the University Grants Commission for the preparation of university-level books in English and regional languages. Up to March, 1976, 339 projects had been selected for preparation of books in various fields of science and humanities out of which 46 projects were completed and 248 projects were in different stages of progress. It was expected that by the end of March, 1977 the number of projects completed might rise to 90.

National Award of Prizes to Authors for Writing Original Standard Works of University Level.-The objective of the scheme is to promote Indian authorship in university-level books by conferring recognition at the national level to Indian authors producing outstanding works in Indian language. For the first batch of 75 awards likely to be announced in 1977, 931 entries were under consideration of the University Grants Commission. Each award is of the value of Rs. 10,000.

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Book Production in Hindi in Agricultural, Medicine and En- gineering Subjects.-Under this programme, being implemented through the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology, 26 books in medicine, 24 in engineering and 51 books in agriculture were published by the end of 1976-77 and 64 books were made ready for press. Another batch of 762 books were under processing. Besides these books, journals/digests were also brought out.

Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore.-The Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, was set up in 1969 with the object of promoting the study of modern Indian languages and through such activities creating an emotional empathy between the people from different regions of the country. The programmes of the Institute are geared to encourage the study of Indian languages by those who do not have that language as their mother tongue. This is to facilitate the implementation of the three-language formula. The main activities of the Institute are centred around language-teaching, linguistic research, preparation of teaching materials, study of tribal languages and socio-linguistic and psycholinguistic studies.

Language Teaching.-During the year, 288 teacher-trainees from 16 States underwent training in 13 languages at the language centres at Mysore, Poona, Bhubaneshwar, Patiala and Solan. The courses are designed to enable the, teachers to gain competence for teaching a particular language as a second language. Refresher courses for the benefit of teacher-trainees were also held in 11 languages. Another important programme was the organisation of national integration camps for students. This enabled the students learning a particular language to live in the atmosphere of that linguistic area. Such students, came from different parts, of the country.

Teaching Materials and Publication.-The Institutes and its centres, through its publication unit and teaching materials unit, continued to bring out various texts, viz., phonetic readers' series, mother tongue series, grammar and common vocabulary series as well as State school readers. Mention may particularly be made

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of the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan series of textbooks in Oriya, Punjabi, Bengali, Marathi, Sindhi, Assamese, Urdu and Kannada Materials under preparation were textbooks for Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam. Besides the above publications, State school reader; from levels I to III in Kannada and Tamil were being broughtout. Under the bridge-course series, selection and publication of Tamil and Hindi series was undertaken. A correspondence course in Malayalam through radio lessons and teaching kits was also introduced.

During 1976-77, phonetic readers in Ladakhi and Sema, research papers on socio-linguistics; munda numerals, kok-borok grammar, folk literature and miscellaneous texts on bilingualism were published. Other publications include AO-English dictionary, Oriya-Bengali dictionary, Hindi-Telugu common vocabulary series, Tamil-Marathi primer, books on phonemic and morphemic frequencies in Oriya, Malayalam, English and Kannada ; text-script and copy series of books in Sindhi, Gujarati, Punjabi and Marathi, as well as texts on Kuvi and kok-borok and literature in these languages. The number of publications of the Institute so far has exceeded 130.

Tribal Languages.-The tribal languages section of the Institute as well the folklore unit continued to carry on important work involving more than 30 languages in the eastern, western, northern -and southern regions of the country. The major emphasis of study involved the preparation of readers, primers, grammar books, phonetic readers and bilingual dictionaries with a number of tribal languages such as Ladakhi, kok-borok, Kuvi, Ao, Tangkhul-Naga, Bodo, Abhuj- madia, Matto, Bald, Brokskat, Gojri, Sema, Angami, Khasi and Kota. At the instance of the Government of Karnataka, an integrated language- based plan for the Jenu-Kurubas was submitted. Bilingual primers in different tribal languages are already being used in Tripura, Orissa and Maharashtra. The activities are expected to contribute to the up- lift of the weaker sections of the community by providing assistance for language studies.

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Seminars and Workshops.-During the year, several seminars and workshops were conducted by the Institute and its centres. Prominent among these are the two advanced Summer Institutes of Linguistics at Poona and Shillong, which were organised in collaboration with the Universities of Poona and the North-Eastern Hill University respectively. A seminar of language teaching in collaboration with the Department of Education, Government of Assam, was similarly organised. Of the workshops, a folk-singers' workshop as well as one on material production on tribal languages in Jammu and Kashmir were organised. Several colloquia, symposia as well as orientation programmes involving several Indian languages were also organised.

The Institute, through its socio-linguistics research unit, data processing and documentation unit, reading and literacy unit as well as through its language-laboratory department, continued to carry on important programmes of study and research in respective spheres. Mention may be made of the comparative analysis of phonological systems of main 'Pahari' dialects of Himachal Pradesh, survey of multi-lingualism in the north-east region of the country, study on the impact of immigrants' languages on endemic languages with special reference to Punjabi on Delhi Hindi, standardisation process in Indian languages with special reference to Marathi, and studies in variation of Ladakhi with reference to Zanskari-Ladakhi. The language laboratory by means of its equipment and the closed circuit television unit continued to produce audiovisual materials, particularly filmstrips, language tapes and other materials, to facilitate and, modernise the teaching of languages.

Prizes to Authors for Writing Books In Indian Languages other than Hindi, Sanskrit and Their Mother Tongue.-This is another scheme for promotion of modern Indian languages by encouraging people to learn languages of other regions through award of prizes of the value of Rs. 2000 for original works and Rs. 1000 for translations. Under the scheme, 61 authors have so far been rewarded.

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C. PROMOTION OF ENGLISH AND OTHER FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad.-An autonomous body set up and fully financed by this Ministry, this Institute is deemed to be a university under the UGC Act. It has a regional Centre at Shillong to look after the needs of the northeastern region. Another centre for the northern region is proposed to be established. During the year, the Institute went ahead with its teachers' training programme in English, French, German and Russian, research on the methodology of teaching, production of teaching materials and extension services. M. Litt. course in German was introduced during the year. Courses for M.A. in French and German are proposed to be added. Besides this, the Department of Arabic is also proposed to be set up. More than 400 teachers qualified for various certificates, diplomas and degrees in English, French, German and Russian during the year. A few of the dissertations for the M. Litt. course in English are as below :

(i) The phonetics and phonology of Malayalam and its pedagogical implications-a generative phonological study

(ii) Error analysis and its pedagogical implications

(iii) The teaching of English in IITs

(iv) The theme of untouchability in four Indian novels

(v) The passive in English and Kannada : a cross linguistic study

(vi) A phonological description of Rajasthani English

(vii) Subjective reactions to regional and non- regional English accents in India

(viii) Some aspects of the use of English for academic purposes : an empirical study of English- medium. intermediate students of humanities and sciences

(ix) Analysis of the technical register of defence service institutions and the development of language test based on this register

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Radio lessons for various classes at school level were produced. The Institute held various short courses to meet specific demands and collaborated with the UGC and the British Council in organising the summer institutes in English. Some of the important courses organised by the Institute are mentioned below:

(i) One-week workshop on examinations in English at the Institute to orient teachers from universities in South India and Maharashtra

(ii) Three-day workshop on higher secondary/inter- mediate syllabi in English at the Institute

(iii) Ten-day autumn institute in French, grammar at the Institute ; Mr. Debser, Director, BELC, Paris, conducted the workshop

(iv) Ten-day course in English for teachers of Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyalaya

(v) Ten-day course in English for teachers of Marathwada Agriculture University

(vi) A special need-based 12-week course in Russian at the Institute for engineers/translators for Hindustan Aircraft Ltd., Hyderabad

(vii) Ten-week intensive course in English for French-speaking junior scientists from West Africa who received advanced training at the International Cross Research Institute, Hyderabad

(viii) Course in spoken French for students of Osmania University ; third year advanced diploma in French

(ix) General proficiency course in French for the benefit of M. Litt./Ph.D. candidates at the Institute

(x) One-week refresher course in spoken English grammar and methodology at Shillong for high school teachers in Meghalaya

(xi) Two-week intensive refresher course in spoken English and grammar for college and university teachers at Shillong from various States of north- eastern region

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(xii) 12-day intensive course in spoken English at Shillong for English teachers

(xiii) Ten-day intensive course in spoken English for teachers of the Sainik School in Goalpara

(xiv) Two-week refresher course for high school and middle school teachers of English at Port Blair in collaboration with Andaman and Nicobar Administration

D. PROMOTION OF SANSKRIT

Kendriya Sanskrit Parishad.-Kendriya Sanskrit Parishad, whose term was due to expire on 31st December, 1975 and which was extended by one year, met on 11th September, 1976 It discussed the ways of promoting Sanskrit in the light of new pattern of education and the plans for the survey and preservation of Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit manuscripts.

Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan.-More than 1200 students were admitted into the vidyapeeths, controlled by the Sansthan for various courses. Besides, 1150 students were enrolled for the correspondence courses. The journal of the Sansthan, 'Sanskrit Vimarsha' was continued. 16 new publications from the Sansthan as well as from the vidyapeeths were expected to be published during the year. More than 800 scholarships were to be awarded to the students of the vidyapeeths under the Sansthan. Over 2000 students were to appear in the various examinations of the Sansthan.

Scholarships.-Research scholarships to 70 students of Sanskrit pathashalas were awarded during the year, besides 190 scholarships to Shastri and Acharya students and more than 310 scholarships for post- matriculation studies in Sanskrit.

Financial Assistance to Voluntary Sanskrit Organisations.-Grants amounting to about Rs. 23 lakh were likely to be released to about 600 voluntary Sanskrit organisations and 17 gurukulas by the end of the year.

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Publication of Dictionary Based on Historical Principles.-The project is under implementation in the Daccan College, Postgraduate and Research Institute, Poona. Work on the preparation of the Critical Sanskrit Dictionary on historical principles made further progress and the college brought the first fascicule of 300 pages and completed the entire first volume.

Financial Assistance to Voluntary Organisations in the Field of Classical Languages.-Grants to the extent of Rs. 2.50 lakh to about 80 institutions were to be given in 1976-77 to the eligible voluntary institutions working in the field of classical languages.

Centrally Sponsored Schemes for Promotion of Sanskrit.-An amount of Rs. 20 lakh was paid as financial assistance to various State and Union Territory Governments for propagation and development of Sanskrit under the following five Centrally sponsored schemes :

(i) Financial assistance to eminent Sanskrit pundits who are in indigent circumstances ;

(ii) Award of scholarships to students of high/higher secondary schools studying Sanskrit ;