CHAPTER VII SCIENTIFIC SURVEYS AND DEVELOPMENT
The Union Ministry of Education continued its programme of encouraging scientific research by giving financial and other assis- tance to research institutions laboratories, scientific societies and individuals. The Survey of India and the three other Scientific Surveys-Botanical, Zoological and Anthropological-also continued and developed their respective programmes.
A.SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 2. Encouragement to Scientific and Research Bodies : With a view to encouraging scientific research, the Ministry continued to give grants to a number of private scientific research institutions, associations, scientific academies and societies for maintenance and advancement of their work. The grants were paid to the scientific bodies for expanding and enlarging their activities connected with active research work, publication of scientific journals and literature, holding of conferences, symposia and seminars and institution of research fellowships, purchase of equipment and furniture and library books and construction of laboratories.
3. National Committees : The following National Committees continued to function : (1) National Committee for Pure and Applied Physics; (2) National Committee for Radio Sciences; (3) National Committee for Geodesy and Geo-Physics; (4) National Committee for International Quiet Sun Year; (5) National Committee for Oceanic Research; (6) National Committee for Biochemistry; (7) National Committee for Crystallography; (8) National Committee for History of Sciences; (9) National Committee for Geography; (10) National Committee for International Hydrological Decade; (11) National Commit- tee for Biological Sciences; (12) National Committee for the International Council of Scientific Unions; and (13) National Committee for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The scope and functions of the National Committees, generally speaking, are to plan, execute, coordinate and promote activities and establish liaison with international bodies in their respective fields.
4. National Research Professors: Dr. C. V. Raman, Prof. S. N. Bose, Dr. P. V. Kane, Dr. D. N. Wadia, Dr. V. R. Khanolkar, Dr. Suniti Kumar Chatterjee and Dr. S. R. Ranganathan continued to be National Research Professors.
56
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5. Encouragement to Research Schools and Scientists: Under the scheme of training research scholars, scholarships continued to be allotted to the various institutions. During the year, 45 scholarships were allotted as follows: (i) Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta (22); (ii) Bose Institute, Calcutta (13); (iii) Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow (6); (iv) Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science,, Poona (4).
6. Partial Financial Assistance to Eminent Scientists Going Abroad: Financial assistance of Rs. 2,500 was given to one Indian scientist for participation in an international conference.
7. Indian Scientific Liaison Cell: The Scientific Liaison Cell continued to function in the Education Department of the High Commission for India in London under the Education and Scientific Adviser. The functions of the Cell are : (1) to facilitate the movement of scientists within the Commonwealth and to provide adequate facilities for them and their work and to arrange contacts for them; (2) to keep abreast of the latest improvements in techniques and scientific and technical developments, and make this information available in India; and (3) to facilitate exchange of scientific information and experimental material.
8. National Research Development Corporation of India The objects and functions of the Corporation are to develop and exploit in the public interest for profit or otherwise (1) all inventions of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, whether patentable or not; (2) all patents and inventions of other departments of the Government of India including those of commodity research committees and other statutory research organisations. including technical and engineering 'know-how' of processes; (3) such other patents as may be voluntarily assigned, by general or special agreements by universities, research institutions or individuals; and (4) such other processes and patents, the development of which may be entrusted to the Corporation.
9. The annual production from commercial exploitation of researches is increasing and the total value of production based on processes licensed by the Coropration up to 31st March, 1967 is Rs. 16 crore which has resulted in foreign exchange saving of Rs. 12.80 crore.
10. During the period 1st April, 1967 to 31st December 1967, 47 licence agreements for the commercial utilisation of various processes developed at different laboratories/institutes were negotiated.
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11. The progress of various projects instituted by the Corpo- ration is given below :
(1) Integrated Processing of Oilseeds with special refernece to Groundnut : The project for the manufacture of protein Isolate, set up in collaboration with Tata Oil Mills Co. is nearing completion and is now undergoing trials, preliminary to commercial production. The plant will be in regular operation shortly.
(2) Phthalic Anhydride : The continuous run of the plant for over 800 hours for optimising operational variables with CFRI catalyst has been successfully completed. Pilot plant trials are, however, still in progress at Central Fuel Research Institute, Jealgora. The life of the project has been extended up to 31st March, 1968, restricting the expenditure within the unspent amount estimated at Rs. 54,684.
(3) Pentaevthritel : Work on the project set up at Sri Ram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, at an estimated cost of Rs. 35,300 is in progress. The data collected will be supplied to M/s. Allied Resins and Chemicals Ltd., Calcutta, with whom the licence agreement has been negotiated. Out of a total sanction, the Institute spent Rs. 21,747 up to March 1967.
(4) Built-in-Lubrication : An expenditure of Rs. 30,000 was sanctioned for this project which envisages the development of the process for improving abrasion and tear resistance on cotton textiles based on "built-in-lubrication" at Sri Ram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi. The work is in progress. Up to March 1967 the Institute had spent Rs. 19,250.
(5) Fatliquors and Syntans: Work on the project sanctioned at the estimated cost of Rs. 2,98,500 has already been started. The various items of equipment required for the project are being ordered. The production of fatliquors and syntans has already been commenced at CLRI's pilot plant. During the year 1966-67, the production of fatliquors and syntans was 12,296 kg. and 7,096 kg. respectively. Production up to the end of October, 1967 has been 11,425 kg.
12. Progress of Processes already Licensed: During the year, commercial production of the following was started:
Sl. Process Laboratory/Institute
No.
1. Electrolytic Iron Powder Central Electro-Chemical Re-
search institute, Karaikudi
2. Hide Powder Central Leather Research
institute, Mradas
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1 2 3
3. Grinding Wheel's for Safety Razor
Blades Central Glass & Ceramic Re-
rearch Institute, Calcutta.
4. Glass & Calomel Electrodes pH Meter Central Glass & Ceramic Re-
search Institute, Calcutta.
5. 4-Point Resistivity Prob. Central Electronics Enginee-
ring Resarch Institute,
Pilani.
6. SRI Electronic Moisture Meter Sri Ram Institute, Delhi.
7. Yarn Tension Meter C.S.I.R. Scheme at Sri Ram
Institute, Delhi
13. International Scientific Unions : India continued to be a member of the International Council of Scientific Unions and 16 international unions and associations, etc., through this Ministry. This enabled us to receive scientific literature which has proved useful to scientific organisations in this country in keeping themselves posted with the latest scientific developments in other countries. It has been decided that a committee consisting of the chairmen of National Constituent Units (National Committees) under the auspices of the NISI will henceforth be the Advisory Body for ICSU (International Council of Scientific Unions) and its affiliated international scientific unions.
14. Scientific Delegations: In response to an invitation from the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences, USSR, a delegation of Indian scientists visited the Soviet Union in May, 1967 to acquaint themselves with scientific research and other activities of the Academy and its institutes, and to discuss how cooperation between India and USSR could be further promoted and strengthened in the field of science. On their return to India, the Indian delegation recommended the establishment of a joint committee of Indian and Soviet scientists to give a concrete form and shape to scientific cooperation between the two countries and to initiate effective and purposeful programmes. A joint committee of Indian and Soviet scientists gas accordingly been set up. The Committee held its first meeting in New Delhi from 31st January to 6th February, 1968 and recommended the following main areas of scientific research and development for collaboration between the two countries:
(i) Mathematics, Physics, Astrophysics and Nuclear Physics;
(ii) Earth Sciences including Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry;
(iii) Oceanographic Studies;
(iv) Chemistry and Biological Sciences;
(v) Social Sciences including Economic Planning.
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The collaboration visualised is between the laboratories and institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Indian universities and research institutes. Detailed projects for collaboration would be formulated by joint panels of experts from the two countries.
15. The General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Science was held at Montreal from 13th to 17th September, 1967. Dr. B. R. Seshachar, Prof. and Head of the Deptt. of Zoology, University of Delhi, Dr. A. R. Gopala Ayanger and Dr. K. G. Bora of the Bhabha Atomic Energy Establishment, Bombay, participated in its meetings.
16. The XIV General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics was held at Zurich, Berne, etc. in Switzerland from 25th September to 7th October, 1967. Dr. K. R. Ramanathan, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Prof. D. Lal, and Dr. V. S. Venkatavardan of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, participated in the meetings of the Assembly.
17. The 129th meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science was held in Leeds from 30th August to 6th September, 1967. Prof. C. S. Ghosh, General Secretary, Indian Science Congress Association, Calcutta, represented the Indian Science Congress at the meeting.
18. The twenty-third annual session of the Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science was held at Colombo from 19th to 22nd December, 1967. Prof. C. S. Ghosh, General Secretary, Indian Science Congress Association, Calcutta represented Indian Science Congress at the meeting.
19. Indian Science Congress: The 25th session of the Indian Science Congress was held at Varanasi from 3rd to 9th January, 1968, under the presidentship, of Dr. Atma Ram. It was inaugurated by Shrimati Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, and was attended by eminent scientists from 13 foreign countries.
B. SURVEYS
B.I. Survey of India 20. Topographical and Development Project Surveys: During 1967- 68, about 65 to 70 per cent of the Department's potential was engaged on topographical surveys (including surveys for the Ministries of Defence aid External Affairs) and the remaining personnel were employed on development project surveys being undertaken during the fourth Plan. Survey work was also undertaken in Nepal under the Colombo Plan. Field and photogrammetric surveys covering an area of 1,51,400 sq. km. on
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1 : 50,000 scale; 4,000 sq. km. on 1 : 25,000 scale; 4,64,800 sq. km. on 1 : 250,000 scale and 37 other large-scale development project surveys were completed. Briefly, the work done was as follows :
(a) Topographical surveys in Andhra Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madras, Mysore, Orissa, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
(b) Boundary demarcation surveys between Bhutan-Assam and Tripura-East Pakistan; Surveys for landing and approach charts of different air fields; surveys for town and guide maps; Forest surveys in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madras-and Himachal Pradesh; Geodetic triangulation in Delhi, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh; Astronomical control in Assam (NEFA), Maharashtra, Mysore, Kerala and Goa; Geodetic levelling in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra and also at other places in India for providing control at first order gravity stations; Magnetic observations in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mysore, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal; Gravity observations in Assam, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and first order gravity control in various States of India including Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands.
21. Bi-centenary Celebrations: The Survey of India completed 200 years of its existence in 1967. The department held a four-day inaugural function of its bi-centenary starting on 1st May, 1967 at Dehra Dun in the presence of a large and distinguished gathering of about 4,000 people. On this occasion, survey exhibitions were held in the Karanpur and Hathibarkala Estates of the Survey of India which consisted of several sections such as geodesy, defence survey, development project surveys, photo-interpretation and photographic display. There were old and modern geodetic instruments, sand models depicting triangulation scheme, instruments for field surveys and photogrammetric surveys, specimens of surveys for development and defence and various stages of cartographic and printing activity. A special bi-centenary commemorative postage stamp was issued on 1st May which proved to be extremely popular.
22. The Geodetic and Research Branch of the Department participated in the International Upper Mantle Project work in the disciplines of gravimetry, geomagnetism and continental drift.
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The Branch checked the verticality of Qutab Minar at Delhi and Asiragarh Fort in Madhya Pradesh. Geodetic surveys required in connection with the establishment of Earth Satellite Station of the Department of Atomic Energy in Gujarat were completed.
23. The Department rendered valuable technical advice on the Kutch-Sind international boundary to the Indian delegation presenting India's case to the International Tribunal at Geneva.
24. Translation of departmental books in Hindi is on hand. The preparation of provisional list of Hindi equivalents of surveying terminology has been taken up. Many bilingual technical forms have been introduced.
25. Participation in Conferences : The survey participated in the following conferences :
(1) One officer of the department participated in, the Second UN Inter-Regional Seminar on the Application of Cartography for Economic Development at Humleback, Denmark, from 15th May to 10th June, 1967 followed by a study tour to West Germany and Switzerland from 10th to 20th June, 1967 as the official delegate from India.
(2) Brigadier J. S. Paintal, Surveyor General of India, attended the Military Survey and Mapping Conference in Middlesex (UK) from 8th to 11th August, 1967 and the Conference of Commonwealth Survey Officers at Cambridge (UK) from 14th to 23rd August, 1967.
(3) Brigadier J. S. Paintal, Surveyor General of India, ac- companied by some other officers of the Department, attended the 3rd All-India Cadastral Survey Conference held at Ootacamund from 4th to 7th October 1967, of which he was the Chairman.
26. Publications: Various topographical and geographical maps, project maps, weather charts, approach and landing charts, cantonment maps, tide tables 1967, departmental and extra-departmental books and pamphlets were published by the Department.
27. Pre-investment Surveying, Mapping and Training Project: Precision instruments and equipment which had been ordered from abroad for the project are being received in stages. The development of land at Hyderabad for the Institute's buildings is in progress. A Forest Party is engaged on the preparation of base maps. This is in connection with the preparation of a forest resources inventory for pilot areas of the project for Pre-investment Survey of Forest Resources undertaken by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Community Development and Co-
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operation with assistance from the United Nations Special Fund in Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mysore, Punjab, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
28. The Indian Photo-Interpretation Institute : The second course of training started on 18th April, 1967 at which 8 geologists, 2 soil surveyors and 7 foresters were under training.
B. II. National Atlas Organisation 29. During the year, a large number of maps of the main English edition of the National Atlas were at various stages of compilation, fair drawing, proving and printing.
B. III. Anthropological Survey of India 30. Physical Anthropology : Ethnic groups and areas under study are as follows :
(1) Anthropometric Survey among the tribal and general population of Jammu & Kashmir State, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Nagpur and Koraput in Orissa.
(2) Population Genetical Survey among the Toto of Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, Munda and Dudh-kharia of Ranchi district, Ho and Bhumji of Singhbbum district, Santal of Santal Parganas and among the school children of Mysore and Dravidian-speaking tribes of Leotmal and Chanda district of Maharashtra.
(3) Craniometric Survey and Study of Ancient Human Skeletal Remains undertaken in the laboratories of this Survey.
(4) Excavations of Human Skeletal Remains at Burzahoam (Kashmir) and Baharaich (U.P.).
31. During the year, 19 field investigations were undertaken and 7 papers/reports were completed. Papers/reports on blood group survey among the Rajbanshis of Midnapur, Jalpaiguri and Coochbehar have been published.
32. Cultural Anthropology: Ethnic groups and areas under study are as follows :
(1) Comparative Study of the Marine and Inland Fisherfolk among the Rajbanshi, Bagdi and Dhibar castes of West Bengal, Nolia of Puri, Orissa and in East Godavari, Vizagapatnam, and Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh, in Ganjam district of Orissa and in Junagadh district of Gujarat.
(2) Comparative Study of Nomads in Mysore, N. W. Andhra Pradesh.
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(3) Tribal Solidarity Movement in Chota Nagpur among the Munda, Oraon, Ho and Santhal and among the Khasi and the Garo in Assam.
(4) Study of Complex Religious Institutions, in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Varanasi (U.P.), and Mysore.
(5) Impact of Industrialisation and Urbanization among the Ho of Singhbbum in Bihar and in Shillong, Assam.
(6) Caste Association in Delhi, Haryana among the Ahirs.
(7) Different Degrees of Hinduization in Garo Hills (Assam) among the Garos and related groups.
(8) Changing of Social Structure of Moslem Village in Birbhum district, West Bengal and in Ranchi district, Bihar.
(9) Social and Cultural Parameters of the Madhyabitta and Bhadralok classes in 24-Parganas district, West Bengal.
(10) Culture of Training Community of Ranchi district, Bihar and among the Gandhabanik of Bankura district, West Bengal.
(11) Distribution of Major Temples of India and their Sectarian Affiliation (library work) at Calcutta.
(12) Ethnographic Study among Jenu Kuruba of Mysore, Minas of Rajasthan and Parenga of Koraput, Orissa.
33. Seven papers/reports were under preparation, 28 papers/ reports were completed and 8 papers have been published. The tribal map of India is nearing completion. A collaborative volume "Tribes of India" depicting all the socio-cultural dimensions of tribal life, including the major process of change, is under preparation.
34. Linguistic Section Projects: Ethnic group and areas under study are as follows :
(1) Study of Indo-Aryan tribal dialects-Bhuyan dialect of Orissa and Malpaharia dialect of Santal Pargana.
(2) Ethno-musicology-among the tribes, namely, Toda, Kota, Urali, etc., of South India.
35. Human Ecology Project: Ecology and cultural adaptation of ethnic groups in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
36. Psychology Section Project: Effect of culture contact on the personality structure of the Indian tribes-One paper/report is under preparation, two have been completed and one has been published.
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37. Biochemistry Section: Preliminary work on the standarization of mathemoglobin reduction test for detection of Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase defficiency in RBC of human blood has been done. A report on infant feeding practice and growth of infants in the Midnapur district of West Bengal and a report on caloric content of fermented cocoanut toddy and its contribution to total intake of the Nicobarese of Great Nicobar have been completed, A paper on direct survey in Great Nicobars is under preparation.
38. Psychology Section: The following three papers were completed :
(1) Socio-cultural processes and psychological adaptation of the Santal in culture contact, (2) Effect of culture contact on the personality structure of the Santal, (3) On the study of stereotypes as related to inter-group relations with special reference to social tension.
39. Human Ecology Section: The following papers were completed: (1) Ecology and Demography of Fisher-folk and of NEFA, (2) the Approach of Human Ecology, (3) Ecology and Cultural Adaptation on NEFA, (4) Ecology and Cultural Adaptation of the Ethnic Groups practising Terraced Cultivation, (5) People of Great Nicobar-a Study in Habitat, Economy and Society. During the period under review. 55 field investigations were undertaken in connection with the researches of cultural anthropology and scientific sections.
40. Auxiliary Division : The following were produced in the Cine-photo-section :
(1) Two cine films on the Nicobarese of 'Car Nicobar' and 'Chait Parab' of Singhbhum district. The film on Car-Nicobar has been fully edited.
(2) Six books on tribes and castes were microfilmed and re- production from the microfilms of five records and books were done.
Photography Section completed four Photographic albums on Kuvi- kondh, Kanikkar tribes of Rajasthan and fisher-folk of Frezergunge. Albums on the tribes, namely, Bhil, Korku, Kolam and Paranga were under perparation and those on Baiga, Maria Gond and crafts of Mysore will be undertaken.
B. IV. Botanical Survey of India 41. Exploration: One of the officers of the northern circle of the Survey, accompanied the Gangotri Exploration Expedition party during September-October, 1967. This was organised by
66
the Kedarnath Parbat Expedition Committee to explore the Gangotri Glacier including the adjoining areas. The survey party took advantage of this opportunity to collect plant specimens from Gangotri Glacier, Topovan, Sivalinga base and the glacier region which falls within Kedarnath Dome up to an altitude of 5490 m. A total number of 1,375 specimens belonging to 235 species was collected.
42. Research Work: More than 100 scientific papers were contributed by the officers of the survey and published in the diffe- rent scientific journals of repute in India and abroad.
43. Indian Botanic Garden: The Indian Botanical Garden celebrated its 180th anniversary on the 6th July, 1967. About 650 different species of plants and 6.5 kilograms of seeds were sold or distributed by the Garden during the period. The research work undertaken during the period included: (1) Phenological studies on some plants of the Indian Botanic Garden, (2) Studies on introduction, selection and growth behaviour of Nigerian Millet, Pennisetum migritarum, (3) Studies on grafting in different Cactic and succulent, (4) Studies on mangrove seedlings under fresh water condition, (5) Studies on the germination of tree species, (6) Studies on the vascular epiphytes of the Indian Botanic Garden, (7) Trials on Bonsai of different perennial and hardy plants of the Indian Botanic Garden, (8) Studies, on the pollen morphology of different members of sterculiaceae, and (9) Palseotaxonomical studies on the families Ochnaceae, Melastomaceae, Malvaceae, Bigoniaceme and Gynosperms.
44. Training : Two officers of the Survey received training in Texanomy at the Liverpool University.
45. Scientific and Cultural Exchange : Under the Indo-Soviet Scientific and Cultural Exchange Programme, three officers of the Survey were deputed for training in USSR. Exchange of seeds of the Herbarium, specimen plants and orchids with other institutions in India and abroad was continued.
B.V. Zoological Survey of India 46. Field Surveys: Surveys were conducted with special reference to the collection of birds, insects, etc. in Bhutan, the skeletal remains from the Neolithic deposits at Burzhom (Jammu and Kashmir State) and animal fossils near Nagpur. Intensive field surveys were also continued during the year in Goa, Chhota Nagpur (Bihar) and various parts of M.P. and West Bengal.
47. Research Work: Research work on a number of problems of systematics, field ecology, zoogeography, osteological studies and allied subjects was undertaken. by the scientists
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attached to various Divisions of the Survey. The research work was based on material obtained from the departmental field survey parties from Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands, the Eastern Himalayan region, specially the NEFA area, Rajasthan, Nagarajunasagar Dam site, Chhota Nagpur region, Southern parts of India. Goa, Calcutta and its environs (West Bengal), etc. As a result of these studies, over 130 papers on various topics were sent to the press for publication, of which 63 have already been published. Six research scholars (3-year scheme) worked on the systematics of ticks and mites, aphids, fresh water and marine fishes, insects of Calcutta, molluscs and other invertebrates during the year. Two research fellows continued their studies at the Survey on the systematics of Siphonores and insects (Coleoptera).
48. Zoological Collections: About 12,891 specimens belonging to 1918 species were incorporated in the National Zoological Collections at the Survey. The above number includes 647 type specimens belonging to 47 species and sub-species new to science and 494 specimens belonging to 90 species which are new to the Zoological Survey of India collections. These additions have been made chiefly as a result of the identification and systematic research work carried out by the staff of the Survey and to a certain extent by way of exchanges and donations of material from outside.
49. Identification and Advisory Services: The Department also rendered identification and advisory services to about 157 parties in India and. 28 parties abroad. The parties served include the Zoology Departments of different universities, the State Departments of Agriculture, Fisheries, Veterinary and Medical Science and Defence Research Organisation.
50. International Co-operation and Cultural Exchanges: The following programmes were carried out:
(1) Key Zoological Collection Centre: The work on the Key Zoological Collection Centre for South Asia located at the Survey was continued. It is meant to facilitate speedy identification of zoological specimens and maintenance of lists of species present in the collections in the South Asian cooperating countries, namely, India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon.
(2) UNESCO Central Card Index Unit: The card in dexing of zoological type-specimens for South Asia was continued with a skeleton staff attached to the Unit from the department. During the period under
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report, data obtained from the Zoological Survey of India and various other institues in respect of type specimens of 2,530 species were transferred on cards.
(3) Dr. Walter Fisher, a UNESCO consultant on marine zoology, was attached to the Department under the United Nations Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance from January to June 1967.
(4) Mr. G. Topal, a Hungarian national, worked in the Survey under the Reciprocal Scholarship Scheme of the Government of India and completed his term of research fellowship for one year on November 14, 1967.
(5) An officer of the Colombo Museum, Ceylon, under- went training in Taxidermy course.
C. FINANCIAL ALLOCATIONS The following financial provisions have been made:
Sl. Scheme Provision for 1967-68 Provision
No. for 1968-69
Original Revised Budget
Rs. Rs. Estimates
Rs.
1. Grants-in-aid to Scientific Socie-
ties and Institutes 59,92,400 59,12,200 73,70,800
2. National Research Professors
(i) Payment of Salaries 2,33,200 1,88,200 1,86,900
(ii) Expenditure on Research
Work 1,58,100 1,10,800 1,12,800
3. Partial Financial Assistance to
Indian Scientists Going Abroad 20,000 20,000 20,000
4. Scientific Liaison Cell, London 29,800 40,000 41,000
5. National Research Develop-
ment Corporation 1,96,000 7,96,000 12,17,000
6. International Scientific Unions 2,50,000 2,18,220 2,17,800
7. Expenditure on Non-Official
Members of Scientific and Other
Delegations 20,000 30,000 50,000
8. Vijnan Mandirs 1,00,000 25,000 Nil
9. Summer Schools 50,000 35,000 45,000
10. Popularisation of Science- - 4,500 -
11. Survey of India 5,04,30,000 4,78,34,100 5,38,47,300
12. National Atlas Organisation 11,80,000 9,59,200 11,24,000
13. Anthropological Survey of
India 17,83,000 16,00,400 19,65,400
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1 2 3 4 5
14. Botanical Survey of India 34,40,000 36,67,000 39,10,800
15. Zoological Survey of India 29,92,000 28,76,700 32,90,900
16. Reciprocal Exchange of Scien-
tists and Research Scholars. 29,000 29,000 35,000
17. Contributions towards Expenses
of the Commonwealth Committee
of Geology and Mineral
Resources 28,200 39,000 24,000
18. Nuffield Foundation Bursaries
Scheme 7,000 6,000 6,000