CAHPTER XII DEVELOPMENT OF HINDI, SANSKRIT AND MODERN INDIAN LANGUAGES
A. DEVELOPMENT OF HINDI Under Article 351 of the Constitution, the Union Government is responsible for the promotion and development of Hindi so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India. To carry out these responsibilities, the Ministry of Education has been implementing various promotional and developmental schemes for the last several years. For propagation of Hindi, the Ministry renders financial assistance to the Governments of non-Hindi speaking States for appointment of Hindi teachers and establishment of Hindi teacher training colleges, and to voluntary Hindi organisations, particularly in the non-Hindi speaking States, for running flinch teaching classes, training of' Hindi 'Pracharaks', establishment of Hindi libraries and reading rooms, award of prizes for brilliancy in Hindi and for vidyarthi melas, lecture tours, etc.
2. One of the important schemes introduced this year relates to provision of facilities for learning of Hindi by people of non-Hindi speaking States and foreigners through correspondence courses. For the development of Hindi, grants are given for publication of Hindi encyclopaedias, dictionaries including bilingual dictionaries, publication of popular books and primers for foreigners and people in non-Hindi speaking States, etc. During the current financial year, a total budget provision of Rs. 108.50 lakh was made for the implementation of these schemes.
3. Appointment of Hindi Teachers: The scheme provides for giving 100 per cent financial assistance to the Governments of non- Hindi speaking States for the appointment of Hindi teachers in schools. Central assistance is now restricted to fresh appointments made in middle, high and higher secondary schools only. Against a budget provision of Rs. 45 lakh, an expenditure of Rs. one crore is likely to be incurred during the current financial year. A budget provision of Rs. one crore has been proposed for 1968-69.
4. Hindi Teacher Training Colleges in Non-Hindi Speaking States: In order to enable the Governments of non-Hindi speaking States to have an adequate number of trained Hindi teachers, financial assistance is given to them on a 100 per cent basis for the establishment of Hindi teacher training colleges. The scheme
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was started during the Second Plan and continues till now. Two colleges in Andhra Pradesh, one in Gujarat, two in Kerala, one each in Madras, Orissa and West Bengal and three in Mysore have been set up under this scheme. Financial assistance was also given to the Government of Maharashtra for starting shortterm training centres for Hindi teachers. One such college has been sanctioned for Assam which is likely to be started during the next financial year. The matter regarding the opening of such colleges in Jammu & Kashmir, Nagaland and Punjab is under negotiation with the State Governments. Grants amounting to Rs. 8.50 lakh are likely to be released to the State Governments during 1967-68.
5. Kendriya Hindi Shikshana Mandal, Agra: For making available technical expertise and professional guidance in respect of teaching methods in Hindi and allied pedagogical problems, the Union Government set up, in 1960, an autonomous body called the Kendriya Hindi Shikshana Mandal. The Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, Agra, run by the Mandal is offering three different courses for the training of Hindi teachers equivalent to Teachers Training Certificate, B.Ed. and M.Ed. It also conducts research in vocabulary content and in techniques of teaching Hindi with special reference to the requirements of non-Hindi speaking States. During 1967-68, 152 candidates are receiving training at the Sansthan.
5.1. Besides, the Institute has conducted two refresher courses for training of Hindi teachers deputed by State Governments and voluntary organisations of non-Hindi speaking States.
5.2. Grants to the exent of Rs. 6.20 lakh are likely to be released to the Mandal during 1967-68. A budget provision of Rs. 5 lakh under Plan and Rs. 6.20 lakh as non-Plan has been proposed for 1968-69.
6. Assistance to Voluntary Organisations: The scheme provides for financial assistance to voluntary organisations for promotion of Hindi in non-Hindi States by running Hindi-teaching classes, Hindi typewriting and shorthand classes, training and appointing of Hindi 'Pracharaks', setting up of Hindi libraries and reading rooms, awarding prizes for brilliancy in Hindi, organising essay and elocution contests, seminars, refresher courses for Hindi teachers, meeting the deficit in expenditure of Hindi-medium schools, etc. The quantum of Central grant admissible under the scheme is 75 per cent of the expenditure on approved activities. Grants to the extent of Rs. 1 lakh are likely to be sanctioned under this scheme during 1967-68. A budget provision of Rs. 11 lakh has been approved for 1968-69.
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7. Hindi Shiksha Samiti : The Hindi Shiksha Samiti, which has been set up to advise the Government of India on matters relating to the propagation and development of Hindi, continued to function during the year. The recommendations made by it relating to propagation of Hindi, Hindi teacher training programmes, recognition of Hindi examinations conducted by voluntary organisations, preparation of model syllabi for the Hindi teacher training colleges and various Hindi voluntary organisations were duly implemented.
8. Recognition of Hindi Examinations: The recognition accorded by the Government of India to various Hindi examinations conducted by voluntary Hindi organisations were extended in some cases up to December, 1967 and in others up to December, 1969.
9. Hindi Encyclopaedia: The work of preparing a 10-volume Hindi Encyclopaedia was entrusted to the Nagari Pracharini Sabha, Varanasi. The Sabha brought out Volumes VIII & IX during the year. The tenth volume is in the press. Against the approved total estimate of cost of Rs. 12,39,000 on the project, an amount of Rs. 12,15,000 has so far been paid to the Sabha.
10. Central Hindi Directorate: In pursuance of the decision of the Government of India to promote and propagate Hindi, the Central Hindi Directorate was established on 1st March, 1960. Its main task is to undertake programmes for the propagation and development of Hindi and also for translation of official manuals, forms and procedural literature of the Government of India in Hindi.
11. Translation of Manuals, Forms, Rules and Regulations, etc, into Hindi: Ever since the inception of this scheme, 1,417 manuals etc. (73,954 pages), and 23,062 forms were received from the various Ministries/Departments of the Government of India for translation into Hindi. Out of these, 780 manuals (24,350 pages), and 15,933 forms were translated by the end of December, 1967. Besides, 108 manuals (3,515 pages) and 3,351 forms, the translation of which were received from various Ministries/Departments were vetted.
12. Correspondence Courses in Hindi : The Directorate is taking up in 1968 a scheme for the teaching of Hindi to non-Hindi speaking people of non-school age-group in the country and abroad through correspondence courses. Under this scheme, the following two courses, each of two years' duration leading to the award of certificates, will be conducted.
(a) Hindi Pravesh (2 years) : Beginning with the pri- mary and elementary stage, it ultimately aims at
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imparting a working knowledge of Hindi language equivalent in standard to the completion of the primary school stage in the Hindi speaking areas.
(b) Hindi Parichaya (2 years) : (proposed to be started from the subsequent session.) The course aims at a balanced knowledge of Hindi language and literature and will be equivalent in standard to the Hindi course prescribed for the school-leaving certificate of matriculation in Hindi speaking areas. The emphasis in the course will be on language rather than literature.
12.1. Special Courses for Central Government Employees: Postal tuition is also proposed to be provided for the Prabodh Course of the Hindi Teaching Scheme-of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Postal tuition for Praveen and Pragya will be provided from the subsequent session.
13. Primers and Readers: Under this programme there are the following two schemes in operation :
(a) Bilingual Self-Taught Primers and Readers for Learning South Indian Languages: Under this scheme, the four bilingual self-taught books that are being prepared are: (i) Hindi-Tamil; (ii) Hindi-Telugu; (iii) Hindi- Kannada; (iv) Hindi-Malayalam. These books are being prepared on the pattern of 'Learn language through pictures' series and are meant to teach the four South Indian languages through Hindi. The work of preparing these books has been entrusted to the Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha. The Hindi-Tamil self-taught book is expected to be published by the end of 1967-68. The manuscript of Hindi-Telugu self-taught book has been received.
(b) Illustrated Readers for Non-Hindi Areas: Under this scheme, four model Hindi readers are to be prepared for Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam areas in collaboration with the Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, Agra. The books have been specially designed keeping in view the requirements of the respective areas. So far two readers for Tamil and Telugu speaking areas have been prepared and are being printed py the Sansthan at Agra-.
14. Compilation of Dictionaries and Grammer: A number
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of dictionaries, etc., are at different stages of preparation and production. A brief account of these is given below :
(a) Revised and Enlarged Edition of Hindi-English Dic- tionary : It is proposed to bring out a larger revised edition of the Hindi-English Dictionary of common words containing about 25,000 entries.
(b) Etymological Dictionary of Hindi : This project, which has been sanctioned to the Saugar University, is expected to be completed in about three years.
(c) Dictionary of Hindi Usage (Prayog Kosh) : It is proposed to bring out a Dictionary of Hindi Usage on the pattern of Fowler's Dictionary in English. On the advice, of the Expert Committee, about 16,000 word entries have been selected for inclusion in it.
(d) Revised and Enlarged Glossaries of Words Common to Hindi and other Languages : Under this scheme, a Tamil- Hindi Glossary has been prepared departmentally during the year under report.
(e) Hindi Shabd Sagar (Revised) : The Nagri Pracharini Sabha is bringing out a revised edition of the Hindi Shabd Sagar with the financial assistance of the Government of India. Three volumes have already been published.
(f) Multilingual Dictionary : It is proposed to bring out a multilingual dictionary containing about 8,000 words.
(g) English-Hindi Dictionary : This is being prepared departmentally on the model of little Oxford Dictionary. So far, work relating to 8,000 entries has been done.
(h) Basic Vocabulary of Hindi : A basic Hindi voca- bulary of about 20,000 words is being prepared de- parmentally. This vocabulary will be useful for Hindi- regional languages dictionaries.
(i) Bhartiya Sanskriti Kosh : This has been translated from Marathi into Hindi and the translation is now being vetted by Prof. Pathak of Nagpur. For this, grant has been given to Bhartiya Sanskriti Kosh. Poona.
(j) Bilingual Dictionaries : It is proposed to bring out four bilingual dictionaries (regional languages-Hindi and Hindi-regional languages dictionaries).
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(k) Hindi-Marathi Dictionary : A Hindi-Marathi dic- tionary has already been published and the manuscript of Marathi-Hindi Dictionary is ready.
(l) English-Hindi Dictionary by Hindi Sahitya Sammelan: Work of preparing English-Hindi Dictionary on the, pattern of Concise Oxford Dictionary was entrusted to the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan. The work is expected to be completed soon.
(m) Glossary of Technical Terms used in Modern Indian Languages on the basis of Dailies and A.I.R. Broadcasts: This has been prepared by K. M. Institute of Hindi Studies and linguistics, Agra, with financial assistance from the Government of India. The Glossary will be published shortly.
15. Extension Programme: A Seminar on Devanagari Script was held in October, 1967. During 1968-69, the following schemes are proposed to be executed : (1) Study camps instead of seminars, (2) Workshops for new Hindi writers of non-Hindi areas, (3) Vidyarthi Melas, (4) Study tours, (5) Lecture tours of Hindi scholars from Hindi speaking areas to non-Hindi speaking areas, and vice versa, and (6) Cultural perfor- mances and literary recitals.
16. Preparation of Books under Bharatiya Sahitya Series: In order to provide adequate and standard supplementary literature for the students appearing in the examinations conducted by the various Voluntary Hindi organisations and to facilitate the availability of literary writings in modern Indian languages (other than Hindi) in Hindi and for the propagation of Devanagari script for all the Indian languages, anthologies in short stories, poems, essays and one-act plays are being brought out. The manuscripts to be prepared under the guidance of an editorial board will be published by the Directorate.
17. Publication of Books in Collaboration with Publishers: To begin with, the work for the preparation of the following books has been undertaken : (1) Short history of Indian literature comprising essays giving a brief description of literature in all the fifteen languages listed in the Constitution, and (2) Collection of short stories, one each from all the fifteen modern Indian languages translated in Hindi and transliterated in Devanagari.
17.1. As regards the first book, essays on Urdu, Gujarati, Bengali, Tamil, Marathi, Kannada, Assamese, Kashmiri and Punjabi have been received, and are being reviewed.
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17.2. In so far as the stories are concerned, it is proposed to select two best stories in each language (one for the period before Independence and the other after) for translation etc.
17.3. During 1968-69, the following works are proposed to be taken up : (i) Collection of popular poems, (ii) Collection of essays, and (iii) Collection of one-act plays.
18. Preparation, Translation and Publication of Popular Books in Collaboration with Publishers: Under this scheme, ten books were brought out in 1967-68 and about 50 books are likely to be published next year.
19. Preparation and Publication of Omnibus Volumes: The preparation of omnibus volumes of 18 more works of eminent Hindi writers has been taken in hand.
20. Preparation and Publication of Bharatiya Vastu Shasta: Two volumes entitled "RAJ NIVESH" Parts I & II have been published and the remaining two volumes of Bharatiya Vastu Shastra are likely to be published in 1968-69.
21. Prizes to Hindi Writers of Non-Hindi Speaking States: Under this scheme, prizes are awarded to Hindi writers of non-Hindi speaking States for books in Hindi. During 1967-68, 12 prizes of the value of Rs. 1,500 each were awarded. It is proposed to increase the number of prizes from the current financial year for which 49 entries have been received.
22. Free Gift of Hindi Books: For propagation of Hindi in non- Hindi speaking States and with a view to inculcating interest in studying Hindi, suitable Hindi books are supplied, free of cost to the non-Hindi speaking States for distribution to schools, colleges and public libraries. During the year, books worth about Rs. one lakh are likely to be purchased and supplied.
23. Devanagari Script Reform: Three pamphlets entitled, Parivardhit Devanagari, Standard Devanagari and Manak Devanagari were published. These pamphlets incorporate the suggestions and recommendations made by the Committee of Linguists. A modified Devanagari Chart was also brought out.
23.1. A seminar on Modified Devanagari Script was organised in which delegates from all the linguistic regions in the country and representatives of State Governments/Union Territories took part. In the light of the resolution adopted at the seminar, a comprehensive programme for the popularisation of Devanagari script will be drawn up and followed on in 1968-69.
24. Hindi Shorthand: On the basis of the recommendations made by the Hindi Shorthand Committee, a Model Hindi Short-
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hand Instructor known as "MANAK ASHULIPI" has been compiled in collaboration with the Secretariat Training School. The Model Instructor has since been finally approved and arrangements are being made for its publication.
25. Morpho-phonemic Analysis of Regional languages: The publication of the reports on the morpho-phonemic, analysis of Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Malayalam, Oriya and Kannada, the manuscripts of which have since been completed, has been entrusted to the Deccan College, Poona.
25.1. The Analyses of Hindi and Gujarati have been published in 1967-68, while others will be published in 1968-69.
26. Publication of Bhasha Quarterly: This magazine which is devoted to the problems of languages and literature is being published every quarter, since 1961.
27. Publication of UNESCO Courier' in Hindi : The Directorate has been entrusted with the task of bringing out the Hindi edition of UNESCO 'COURIER' on behalf of the Indian National Commission for Cooperation with Unesco.
B. DEVELOPMENT OF SANSKRIT