 DEVELOPMENT OF HINDI AND SANSKRIT

Under Article 351 of the Constitution, it is the duty of the Government of India to promote, develop and enrich the Hindi language. The Ministry of Education conducts several programmes for this purpose which have been briefly described in this Chapter.

A. PROPAGATION OF HINDI

2. For the propagation of Hindi, the Government of India has adopted a scheme under which facilities are provided to the employees of Central and State Governments to learn Hindi. The work is mainly being done under the auspices of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Secondly, the Government of India gives, grants-in-aid to Hindi organisations, individuals, etc., for the propagation of Hindi. Grants-in-aid are also given to non-Hindi speaking States for schemes relating to (a) the appointment of Hindi teachers in Secondary -schools, (b) the establishment of Hindi teachers' training colleges, and (c) the purchase of library books in Hindi. Thirdly, the Government of India also operates five schemes in the Central sector for this purpose, viz., (a) the establishment of Kendriya Hindi Shikshan Mandal, Agra; (b) Organisation of lecture tours by prominent Hindi scholars and writers from Hindi speaking areas to non-Hindi speaking areas and vice versa; (c) organisation of debating teams to schools and colleges from non-Hindi speaking areas to Hindi speaking areas and vice versa; (d) free supply of Hindi books to schools and public libraries; and (e) holding of seminars of Hindi teachers of non-Hindi speaking areas in Hindi speaking areas and vice versa.

3. Payment of Grants to Hindi Organisations, Individuals etc. for the Propagation of Hindi.

-The Ministry of Education assists voluntary organisations engaged in the work of propagation of Hindi. Grants are given both for specific projects entrusted to the organisation by the Ministry and for general purposes. The Ministry has also decided to grant financial assistance to individual authors who have written meritorious works which would go to enrich the scientific and technical literature in Hindi but which they are unable to publish. During the year under review, grants-in-aid amounting to Rs. 2.12 lakhs were given to 13 organisations for different purposes. The details of these will be found in Annexure X

4. Appointment of Hindi Teachers in the non-Hindi Speaking States.

The scheme envisages the appointment of at least one Hindi teacher in each Higher Secondary school in the non-Hindi speaking States. Consequent on the introduction of the revised procedure for payment of grants to the State Governments on Centrally sponsored schemes, Central assistance under this scheme is being released to the State Governments by the Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs, in the shape of ways and means advances. Final sanctions on the basis of amounts spent by the State Governments concerned will be issued during the last quarter of the year. It is expected that grants totalling about Rs. 8 lakhs will be sanctioned to the State Governments concerned during the current financial year.

5. Opening of Hindi Teachers' Training Colleges.

-This scheme envisages the opening of Hindi teachers' training colleges in non-Hindi speaking States to provide an adequate number of trained and efficient Hindi teachers in those areas. The entire expenditure on this account is borne by the Government of India. A grant of Rs. 15,020 was sanctioned to the Government of Andhra Pradesh during 1959- 60. Expenditure sanction for Rs. 1,66,800 has been accorded to the Tripura Administration for opening of a Hindi teachers' training college in the Territory. A sum of Rs. 36,480 has been sanctioned to the Maharashtra Government for running four short term Hindi teachers' training courses this year.

6. Kendriya Hindi Shikshana Mandal, Agra.

-A Kendriya Hindi Shikshana Mandal has been set up at Agra as an autonomous body which will supervise and control the Kendriya Hindi Shikshaka Mahavidyalaya, Agra, with effect from 1st January, 1961. The Mahavidyalaya will provide facilities for research and training of Hindi teachers on scientific lines, as also for the study of advanced Hindi literature and comparative philology of different Indian languages.

7. Organisation of Lecture Tours by Prominent Hindi Scholars and Writers.

-Under this scheme, lecture tours by prominent Hindi writers are organised from Hindi speaking to non-Hindi speaking areas and vice versa.

8. Organisation of Debating Teams of Schools and Colleges

-Under this scheme, debating teams of school and college students from the non-Hindi speaking areas are sent to Hindi speaking areas and vice versa The details of the scheme were finalised during the year under review and circulated to the State Governments. So far six debating teams have been organised-three senior teams from Lucknow, Kerala and Utkal Universities, and three junior teams from Gujarat, Madras and U.P. Arrangements for organising eight debating teams,-five senior and three junior,-are being made this year.

9. Free Supply of Hindi Books to Schools and Public Libraries.

Under this scheme, sets of Hindi books are supplied free to school and college libraries in non-Hindi speaking areas. So far 47 books have been distributed in the previous years. Books have been invited from publishers for supply during the current year.

10. Holding of Seminars of Hindi Teachers.

-Under this scheme, seminars of Hindi teachers from non-Hindi speaking areas are held in Hindi speaking areas and vice versa. So far, six seminars of teachers from the non-Hindi speaking States were held at Varanasi, Gwalior, Patna, Udaipur, Madras and Trivandrum. Another seminar in Mysore is proposed to be held shortly.

B.DEVELOPMENT OF HINDI

11. For the development of Hindi the Ministry of Education operates a number of schemes which include: (a) publication of Hindi encyclopedia; (b) publication of revised and critical editions of standard Hindi works now out of print; (c) publication of omnibus volumes of the works of eminent Hindi writers; (d) prizes to Hindi books of outstanding merit; (e) preparation of histories of sciences etc.; (f) compilation of Basic Hindi Grammar; (g) translations of standard textbooks from foreign languages;(h) preparation of a keyboard in Hindi typewriter and teleprinter; and (i) improvement of Hindi shorthand.

12. Hindi Encyclopedia.

-The work of preparing a ten- volume encyclopedia in Hindi at a total cost of Rs. 7 lakhs was entrusted to the Nagari Pracharini Sabha, Varanasi in 1956. The Sabha has been paid a sum of Rs. 75,000 for this purpose this year. The first volume of the Encyclopedia has been printed. The second volume is nearing completion.

13. Publication of Revised and Critical Editions of Standard Hindi Works now out of print.

-This scheme originally envisaged the preparation of 13 works. Only four works have been taken up in the first instance. These have been entrusted to Allahabad University, who has been sanctioned an initial grant of Rs. 5,000 for the work entrusted to it.

14. Publication of Omnibus Volumes of the Works of Eminent Hindi Writers.

-This scheme originally envisaged the preparation of 16 works. In the first instance, six works have been entrusted to various scholars and universities.

15. Prizes to Hindi Books of outstanding Merit.

-This scheme had been in operation since 1952-53 but was included in the Second Plan only in 1957-58. Three contests have already been held so far covering books published up to 1955. The scope of the scheme has now been

revised so as to cover only unpublished works on scientific and technical subjects. 20 prizes of Rs. 1,500 each have been announced and the last date for the receipt of entries was 30th September, 1960.

16. Preparation of Histories of Sciences etc.

-The preparation of works on the following subjects has been entrusted to the universities mentioned against each work:-

(1) History of Sciences (Pure)-Allahabad University

(2) History of Sciences (Applied)-Jabalpur University

(3) History of Social Sciences-Lucknow University

(4) Encyclopedia of Indian Mythology-Muslim University of Aligarh

(5) Dictionary of Indian Phrases and Fables-Banaras Hindu University

17. Translation of Standard Textbooks from Foreign Languages into Hindi.

-Under the scheme about 300 books are proposed to be translated during the Third Plan. A book, 'Shasan par Do Nibandh' has been prepared by the Hindi Samiti, Government of Uttar Pradesh :it a cost of Rs. 11,500.

18. Basic Hindi Grammar.

-The English version of the Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi has been brought out. The Hindi version is under preparation by Dr. Aryendra Sharma.

19. Keyboard of Hindi Typewriter and Teleprinter.

-The report of the Hindi Typewriter and Teleprinter Committee in regard to a keyboard for the Hindi typewriter/teleprinter has been published. The keyboard for the typewriter has been finalised and is under manufacture by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The report for the keyboard for the teleprinter is under consideration.

20. Hindi Shorthand.

-The work of carrying out morphophonemic analysis of Hindi and various regional languages is expected to be completed by 1960. Thereafter, the matter will be placed before the Hindi Shorthand Committee for evolving a suitable system of Hindi shorthand.

C.ENRICHMENT OF HINDI

21. For the enrichment of Hindi, the major activity is that of review, evolution and coordination of scientific terminology pertaining to science and technology on the one hand and the humanities, social sciences and administration on the other. To implement this important project, it is proposed that the Board of Scientific Terminology which had been

established in 1950 should be dissolved in pursuance of the Order of the President dated April 27, 1960, on the Propagation and development of Hindi, a Standing Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology should be created. Dr. D. S. Kothari, Professor of Physics, Delhi University, and Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence, has been appointed as the Chairman of the Commission, which will consist of six other members, with the Director of the Central Hindi Directorate as non-member Secretary. The functions of the Commission will be.-

(a) Review of the work done so far in the field of scientific and technical terminology in the light of the principles laid down in paragraph 3 of the Presidential Order.

(b) Formulation of principles relating coordination and evolution of scientific and technical terminology in Hindi and other languages.

(c) Coordination of the work done by different agencies in the States in the field of scientific and technical terminology, with the consent or at the instance of the State Governments concerned, and approval of glossaries for use in Hindi and other Indian languages as may be submitted to it by the concerned agencies.

(d) The Commission may also take up the preparation of standard scientific textbooks using the new terminology evolved or approved by it, preparation of scientific and technical dictionaries and translation into Indian languages of scientific books in foreign languages.

22. To secure the active association of the Central Ministries concerned, the State Governments, the universities and other learned societies, with the work of the evolution of scientific and technical terminology, it has further been decided to set up a high-level advisory board to advise the Government of India. The Minister of Education will be the Chairman of this Board whose composition will be as follows-

(i) A representative each from the Ministries of Education, Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs, Information and Broadcasting, Home Affairs, and the University Grants Commission;

(ii) A representative of each of the State Governments;

(iii) Ten members to be nominated by the Ministry of Education to represent universities, learned societies and other interests; and

(iv) The Chairman of the Commission for Scientific Terminology.

23. For terminological work pertaining to fields other than science and technology, it is proposed to establish a Review and Coordination Committee consisting of eminent experts in the field.

24. The work done in the field of the development of technical terms can be classified broadly under three groups: (1) development of technical terminology; (2) other work in terminology; and (3) publication of manuals using the new terminology. Brief notes on the progress of these schemes during the year under review are given in the paragraphs that follow.

25. Technical Terminology.

-During the year, 24 expert committees on different subjects functioned under the Board of Scientific Terminology.

(a) Final Lists:

The Lists of Technical Terms in Hindi on the following subjects have been finalised, and are available for sale at the Casual Sales Depot of the Ministry of Education, and with the Manager of Publications, Civil Lines, Delhi:-

1. Agriculture I

2. Agriculture II

3. Botany

4. Chemistry I

5. Chemistry II

6. Defence

7. Defence II

8. Defence V

9. Diplomacy I

10. Economics

11. Commerce

12. Engineering

13. General Administration

14. Mathematics

15. Mathematics II

16. Overseas Communication Service

17. P. & T. (Designations)

18. Physics

19. Social Science

20. Zoology

21. Tourism

22. Railways

23. P. & T. (General Terms)

24. Transport (Highway Engineering)

Finalised lists on the following subjects have been sent to the press:-

1. Education General I

2. Botany II

3. Medicine I

4. Information & Broadcasting

(b) Provisional Lists:

Provisional lists on the following subjects were revised and submitted for approval to the Board of Scientific Terminology at its meeting held on 21st August, 1959:-

1. Agriculture III

2. Botany III

3. Chemistry

4. Defence VI

5. General Banking & Trade

6. History (Pre-History)

7. Advanced Banking

8. P. & T. (General Banking)

9. Transport VI

10. Zoology II

The following provisional lists have been published and circulated to various universities, Ministries and State Governments, research lists tutions and other important organisations for comments:-

1. Chemistry IV

2. Defence III

3. Defence IV

4. Defence VI

5. Defence VII

6. Defence VIII

7. Defence IX

8. Diplomacy II

9. Diplomacy III

10. Diplomacy IV

11. Education (General Terms)

12. Education (Education Psychology)

13. Education (Education Psychology II)

14. Education (Education Psychology III)

15. Engineering II

16. Engineering III

17. General Administration II

18. General Meteorology

19. History (Pre-History)

20. Information & Broadcasting

21. Law I, II, III.

22. Mathematics III, IV.

23. Medicine II (Part 1)

24. Medicine II (Part 11)

25. Medicine III (Part 1)