 DEVELOPMENT OF HINDI AND SANSKRIT

Under Article 351 of the Constitution, it is the duty of the Government of India to promote, develop and enrich the Hindi language. The Ministry of Education conducts several programmes for this purpose which have been briefly described below:

A. PROPAGATION OF HINDI

2. Financial Assistance to Voluntary Hindi Organisations for Promotion of Hindi.-

The Ministry of Education assists voluntary organisations engaged in the work of propagation of Hindi. Grants are given both for specific projects entrusted to the organisations by the Ministry and for general purposes. The Ministry has also decided to grant financial assistance to individual authors who have written meritorious works which would go to enrich the scientific and technical literature in Hindi but which they are unable to publish. During the year under review, grants-in-aid amounting to Rs. 2,91,949 were given to voluntary Hindi organisations for various purposes. The details of these will be found in Annexure III.

3. Appointment of Hindi Teachers in High/Higher Secondary Schools in Non-Hindi Speaking States.-

The scheme envisages the appointment of at least one Hindi teacher in each high/higher secondary school in the non-Hindi speaking States. During the year under review grants totalling Rs. 5,67,500 have been sanctioned to the State Governments of Assam, Orissa, West Bengal, Kerala and Madras under this scheme.

4. Opening of Hindi Teachers' Training Colleges.-

This scheme envisages opening of Hindi teachers' training colleges in non- Hindi speaking, States o provide an adequate number of trained and efficient Hindi teachers in those areas. The Government of India meets 100 per cent expenditure on the establishment and the running of such colleges under this scheme. During the year under review training colleges for Hindi teachers have been set up in Kerala and Mysore where 200 teachers are undergoing training, and grants of Rs. 2,75,000 and Rs. 84,370 respectively were given to enable them to meet the entire expenditure on the setting up and the running of these training colleges. Besides, the training facilities in Maharashtra State were expanded by starting four additional short-term Hindi teachers' training courses.

5. Kendriya Hindi Shikshana Mandal, Agra.-

A Kendriya Hindi Shikshana Mandal has been set up at Agra as an autonomous body to supervise and control the Kendriya Hindi Shikshaka Mahavidyalaya, Agra, with effect from 1st January, 1961. The MahavidX2yalaya provides facilities for research and training Hindi teachers on scientific lines, as also for the study of advanced Hindi literature and comparative philology of different languages. Grants totalling Rs. 1,83,172 have been given to the Mandal during the year under report.

6. Free Supply of Hindi Books to School and College Libraries.-

Under this scheme, sets of Hindi books are supplied free to school and college libraries in non-Hindi speaking areas. During the current year, 28 books were selected by the Selection Committee for supply to school libraries in non-Hindi speaking States/Union Territories. Three thousand copies of each of the books have been purchased from their respective publishers at a cost of Rs. 1,53,000 and supplied to 14 non-Hindi speaking States/ Union Territories.

7. Setting up of Regional Offices.-

It has been decided to set up two regional offices at Calcutta and Madras for better co- ordination and supervision (if work on propagation and development of Hindi in the eastern and southern non-Hindi speaking areas. These offices will be under the administrative control of the Central Hindi Directorate.

8. Recognition of Hindi Examinations Conducted by Various Hindi Organisation in the Country.-

Hindi examination conducted by 15 organisation have been recognised by the Government of India. A press note in this regard was issued on 22nd April, 1961.

9. Publication of 'BHASHA'.-

The first two issues of 'Bhasha' have been brought out. The journal discusses problems pertaining to Hindi as, a vehicle of administration and as a medium of instruction at higher levels. Out of 3,000 copies printed of the first issue, about 2,600 have been distributed to the subscribers, various institutions, universities, literateurs libraries etc.

10. Scholarships for the Study of Hindi for Students from Non-Hindi Speaking States.-

This scheme, which has been continued from the second Plan has been revised with effect from the academic year 1961-62. At present there are 280 scholars undergoing studies under the scheme.

11. Organisation of Debating Teams of School and College Students from Non-Hindi Speaking Areas to Hindi Speaking Areas and Vice Versa.-

Under this scheme, school and college students from a selected number of States undertake debating tours each year from Hindi speaking areas to non-Hindi speaking areas and vice versa. According to the proposed programme Mysore, Assam and Orissa have to send their teams to,

Bihar, Rajasthan and Delhi respectively; and the Universities of Patna, Mysore, Gauhati and Utkal have to send debating teams to Mysore, Banaras, Lucknow and Agra Universities respectively.

12. Seminars of Hindi Teachers.-

Three seminars of Hindi teachers were held at Delhi, Tirupati and Gauhati in September, October and December 1961. Another seminar is proposed to be held in Kashmir in May 1962. An expenditure of Rs. 14,200 has been incurred.

13. Setting up of an All-India Federation of Voluntary Hindi Organisations.-

With a view to coordinating the efforts of the various voluntary Hindi organisations working for the propagation and development of Hindi, the Ministry proposes to encourage the organisations to form an all-India federation. As a first step in this direction, four regional councils are being set up. The names of the conveners of these councils have been announced through a press note and the interested voluntary organisations have been requested to enlist themselves as members of their respective regional councils.

14. Preparation of Bilingual Primers and Readers (Hindi-Tamil, Hindi-Telugu, Hindi-Kannada and Hindi-Malayalam.)-

The following bilingual primers are under preparation by the Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, Madras on behalf of the Ministry of Education:-

(i) Hindi-Tamil

(ii) Hindi-Kannada

(iii) Hindi-Malayalam and

(iv) Hindi-Telugu

The Sabha will arrange the publication and sale of these primers.

15. Preparation of Primers for Foreigners.-

The work of preparation of elementary books for enabling foreigners to learn Hindi has been entrusted to the K. M. Institute of Linguistics and Hindi Studies, Agra.

B. DEVELOPMENT AND ENRICHMENT OF HINDI

For the development and enrichment of Hindi, the following schemes were implemented or examined during the period under review:

16. Scheme of Translation of Standard Works.-

The Government of India have sponsored a project of preparation and translation of standard Works of university level into Hindi and regional languages through universities and academic bodies of the State Governments, individuals and voluntary Hindi organisations. The scheme has been initiated (i) with a view to helping a smooth change- over from English to Hindi; (ii) for the furtherance of effective use of scientific and technical terminology evolved

by the Government of India; and (iii) for promoting a uniform scientific and technical terminology in the various Indian languages. This scheme covers writing of original works and translation of books on technical as well as non-technical subjects. The special features of the scheme are:

(i) The Government of India will bear the total cost of the preparation and the production of the proposed books;

(ii) The sale-proceeds of the book be credited into a fund to be utilised by the agency concerned for further production of such books,

(iii) The scientific and technical terminology evolved by the Ministry of Education shall be used in these books, as far as possible; and

(iv) The writing and the publication of original books will also be undertaken under this scheme.

300 books have been taken up for translation in the first instance, under this scheme. Another list of books is being prepared for the approval of the Standing Advisory Committee. Coordination committees have been set up in various States for the purpose. A provision of Rs. 25 lakh has been made under the third Five-Year Plan for this scheme.

Another scheme for the production and translation of popular science books and other literature in Hindi has also been undertaken. This scheme is being implemented with the cooperation of private publishers.

17. Hindi Encyclopaedia.-

The work of preparing a ten- volume encyclopaedia in Hindi at a total cost of Rs. 7,00,000 was entrusted to the Nagari Pracharini Sabha, Varanasi in 1956. The Sabha has been paid a SUM of Rs. 1,40,000 for the purpose this year. The second volume is nearing completion.

18. Dictionaries.-

A sum of Rs. 10,000 has been paid to the Nagari Pracharini Sabha being the balance of the Government of India's grant of Rs. 1 lakh for bringing out a revised edition of the Standard Hindi Dictionary. Similarly, a sum of Rs. 32,800 has been given to the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Prayag as the first instalment of grant for the publication of the English-Hindi Dictionary, prepared by them with financial assistance from the Government of India.

19. Hindi Version of the Sanskrit Book "Ashtang Sangrah".-

A sum of Rs. 3,000 has been sanctioned for the publication of a Hindi translation of the Sanskrit book "Ashtang Sangrah". This work is being done by Shri Atridev Vidyalankar of the Banaras Hindu University. A sum of Rs. 1,500 has already been paid to Shri Atridev.

20. Hindi Typewriter.-

The keyboard for Hindi typewriter has been finalised in consultation with the manufacturers.

21. Translation of Codes, Manuals, Rules, and Forms.-

The translation into Hindi of non-statutory literature such as codes, manuals, rules and forms comes under the purview of the Ministry of Education (vide para 4 of the Presidential Order dated 27th April, 1960). To cope with this huge task, a separate translation unit has been established in the Central Hindi Directorate.

During 1961-62 the Directorate received 356 manuals, codes, rules of procedure, etc. comprising 30,556 printed pages and 3,773 forms comprising about 10,000 pages. About 150 manuals and 1,200 forms have been translated and 506 forms are under translation. About 170 manuals and 1,800 forms have yet to be taken up for translation. Their translation will be started next year.

22. A commission has been set up under the chairmanship of Dr. D. S. Kothari, for the review, evolution and coordination of scientific and technical terminology. The other members of the Commission are:

(i) Dr. Babu Ram Saksena

(ii) Shri R. P. Naik, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Education (iii) Dr. N. K. Sethi, Retired Principal, Agra College, Agra.

Other members are likely to be appointed shortly.

A Review and Coordination Committee has also been set up under the chairmanship of Shri R. D. Sinha Dinkar for dealing with terminology in subjects other than legal, scientific and technical.

23. Preparation of Terminological Indices of Standard Hindi Books (Old and Modern).-

The scheme has been continued from the second Five-Year Plan, and the entire expenditure on the execution of the scheme will be borne by the Government of India. The work under the Scheme was entrusted to the Universities of Agra, Aligarh, Allahabad, Banaras, Delhi, Patna Panjab and Saugar.

The work entrusted to Delhi and Allahabad Universities is complete and has been accepted for publication. The Panjab University work is under revision. Patna and Banaras Universities have sent their revised estimates.

24. Publications.-

The Central Hindi Directorate has brought out the following provisional lists of technical terms in the period under review:-

1. Advance Accountancy and Auditing

2. Physics III

3. Philosophy

4. Mathematics V

5. Agriculture IV

6. Agriculture V

7. Botany IV.

8. Defence X

9. Electrical Engineering

10. History (General)

11. Chemistry V

The following finalised lists are in press:

1. Physics IV

2. Chemistry VI

3. Transport VI

4. Philosophy It

5. History (Pre-History).

6. Meteorology

7. Engineering III

8. Physics 11

9. Medicine III

10. General Administration 11

11. Mechanical Engineering

12. Physics V

13. Mathematics VI

The following finalised lists of technical terms have been brought out during the period:

1. Information & Broadcasting

2. Botany 11

3. Engineering I (Reprint)

4. Medicine I

5. Education (General)

The following finalised lists are in press:

1. Political Science (Civics)

2. General Administration (Reprint)

3. Agriculture I (Reprint)

4. Botany I (Reprint)

5. Chemistry I (Reprint)

6. Physics I (Reprint)

7. Mathematics I (Reprint)

8. Diplomacy II

9. Diplomacy III

10. Diplomacy IV

25. A consolidated Glossary of Technical Terms containing all the provisional and finalised terms prepared up to the end of 1960 has been compiled. The first volume containing letters 'A' to 'K' has already been published and it is expected that the second valume will be shortly.

26. Preparation of Manuals.-

The scheme of the preparation of standard manuals on the basis of finalised lists was initiated early in 1955. So far the work of writing standard manuals on Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Mathematics, Civics, Civil Engineering, Medicine, Education Psychology, Economics, Commerce, Agriculture, Zoology, Physical Geography and Education has been undertaken.

The manual on Chemistry has since been published by the author himself. The manuscripts of the manuals on Mathematics, Education, Psychology, Agriculture, Zoology, and Physical Geography have been received and are under examination in the Central Hindi Directorate. It is expected that a major part of this work will be completed by the end of the current year.

27. Scheme of a Comparative Study of Technical Terms Used in the Modem Indian Languages.-

The scheme has been entrusted to the K. M. Institute, Agra. A sum of Rs. 12,193 has already been paid and the second instalment of the same amount will be paid when the work is completed. The work is expected to be completed in the next financial year (1962-63).

28. Equipping Devanagari Script with the Symbols of Sounds Peculiar to the Regional Languages other than Hindi.-

A committee consisting of linguists has been constituted by the Ministry of Education to evolve suitable symbols for sounds obtaining in other Indian languages.

All the above schemes are proposed to be continued in 1962-63.

C. DEVELOPMENT OF SANSKRIT

29. The programme pertaining to the promotion of Sanskrit in all its aspects is being continued in the light of the recommendations made by the Sanskrit Commission. As reported previously a Central Sanskrit Board was set up under the chairmanship of Shri M. Patanjali Sastri, Ex-Chief Justice of India. It continues to advise the Government on various aspects pertaining to the propagation and development of Sanskrit. The progress of the schemes and projects now being implemented by the Ministry of Education during the year under review is given below.

30. Financial Assistance to Voluntary Sanskrit Organisations.-

Under the Ministry's scheme of financial assistance to voluntary organisations/ institutions for the promotion of Sanskrit, grants amounting to Rs. 4,83,000 were sanctioned during 1961-62.

31. Financial Assistance to Gurukulas.-

Nine Gurukulas have been selected for financial assistance under the scheme of development of Gurukulas and grants amounting to Rs. 1,62,000 were sanctioned during, 1961-62 for their development.