NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR EDUCATIONAL
 RESEARCH AND TRAINING

1. Objectives of the Council :

During the year under review a National Council of Educational Research and Training was established as an autonomous organisation registered under the Indian Societies Registration Act of 1860. The main functions of the Council are :

(i) To establish a National Institute of Education for the development of research, advanced training (both pre-service and in-service) of educational administrators, teachers, educators and other high-level personnel required for education, and the provision of extension services;

(ii) To establish and conduct regional institutes in different parts of the country for the development of research, training and extension in general and for the development of multipurpose secondary education in particular;

(iii) To act as a clearing house for ideas and information on educational research, training and extension.

2. The National Institute of Education :

The Council has come into existence from 1st September, 1961. The following five institutions which were formerly administered as the subordinate offices of the Ministry of Education were placed under the control of the Council :

(1) The National Institute of Basic Education, New Delhi

(2) The Central Institute of Education, Delhi, including the Central Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance and the Central Bureau of Textbook Research

(3) The Directorate of Extension Programmes for Secondary Education, New Delhi

(4) The National Fundamental Education Centre, New Delhi

(5) The National Institute of Audio-Visual Education, New Delhi

These organisations form the nucleus of the National Institute of Education and placing them under the control of the National Council of Educational Research and Training is the first step in the development of the

102

National Institute of Education. The next step would be to establish the Institute in its own campus, and organise suitable research departments in it.

3. Membership :

The membership of the Council comprises the education ministers of State Governments and some eminent educationists, with the Union Minister of Education as its ex-officio president. The day-to-day administration of the Council is vested in a governing body. To advise the Council in academic matters, there is a board of educational studies with standing committees for research and extension. The expenditure on the Council will be met by the Ministry of Education through grant-in-aid.

4. Important Programmes :

Among the important schemes which are proposed to be implemented through the Council during the third Plan, the following may be mentioned-

(i) Establishment of four regional teacher training colleges for the training of teachers of multipurpose schools;

(ii) Extension services training centres in secondary education;

(iii) Extension services training centres in primary education;

(iv) Programme of textbook and curriculum development;

(v) Programme of science education including science talent scheme;

(vi) Programme of examination reform;

(vii) Development of educational and vocational guidance;

(viii) Publication of Year Books of Education;

(ix) Publication of a series of brochures for teachers;

(x) Studies in child growth with reference to Indian conditions;

(xi) Field studies and investigations for collection of basic educational data;

(xii) Development of research in all fields of education.

The revised estimates for 1961-1962 and the budget estimates for 1962-63 for the activities undertaken by the Council are as under:- 

                                          

                                      
                                                     1961-62   1962-63
                                          

        
                                                     Rs.        Rs.
        
        Plan                                         18,78,000  1,48,00,000
        
        Non-Plan                                     18,15,000    22,90,000

103

The following paragraphs give, in brief, an account of the programmes undertaken by the constituent units of the National, Institute of Education under the Council.

5. The National Institute of Basic Education

(a) RESEARCH.-The main research projects completed during the year were a study of the expenditure on education incurred by parents at the elementary stage of education in Delhi and a study of craft education in the school system. The following projects are in progress:-

(i) Analysis of Hindi primers;

(ii) Standardisation of check-lists for the evaluation of Basic schools;

(iii) Ensuring standards of achievement in Basic schools;

(iv) Comparative study of the practical problems solving competence of pupils of Basic and non-Basic schools;

(v) A study of relationship between students' self- government and social experiences of Basic school pupils;

(vi) Intensive study of the problems of elementary education in a selected village and the preparation of the village study manual;

(vii) Suggesting suitable crafts for urban schools;

(viii) An evaluative study of the orientation programme at the school level;

(ix) Unit cost of starting Basic school; and

(x) Pilot study on how students spend their holidays.

New projects on 'An experiment in increasing sensitivity of teachers' and 'Preparation of a manual on evaluation' will be taken up during 1962-63.

(b) TRAINING.-Three short-term training courses for craft educators were organised during the year. These training programmes and seminars will be continued during 1962-63.

(c) PUBLICATIONS DURING THE YEAR.-The following publications were brought out during the year:-

1. Basic Education Abstracts (half-yearly)

2. Buniyadi Talim (quarterly journal)

3. Tantu Udyoga-Crafts for Basic Schools

4. Inspection in Basic Schools

5. Buniyadi Shiksha aur Naveen Samaj Vyavastha

6. Building up a Curriculum for Basic Schools

7. Utilising Festivals for Education

104

8. Samasya Nidan Pariksha-(A Test on Problem Solving Competence)

9. Elementary Bomboo-Work

10. Targets for Craft-Work

11. Principles and Problems of Correlated Teaching (Rota-printed)

12. Elementary Doll-Making

13. The Practice of Correlated Teaching.

14. Evaluation in Basic Education

15. Research Problems in Basic Education

16. Buniyadi School aur Samaj Seva.

17. A Framework of Correlated Syllabus

18. Gardening and Agriculture for Grade V

19. Correlated Teaching for Grades I & II

(d) IMPROVING CURRENT PRACTICES IN BASIC SCHOOLS AND EXTENSION WoRK.-An experiment in action research for the improvement of classroom practices is being conducted in the Senior Basic School at Chhatarpur, Delhi.

(e) STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS IN ARTS AND CRAFTS.-On the basis of experiments done, the processes in bamboo-craft and doll-making have been worked out and brochures on the subject prepared for publi- cation. Experiments on clay-modelling and pottery will be taken up during the year 1962-63.

6. The Central Institute of Education:

The Institute showed allround progress during the period under review.

(a) TEACHING DEPARTMENT.-In 1960-61, 100 students passed the B.Ed. examination and 14 students, the M.Ed. examination. During the current session, 105 students were admitted to the B.Ed. and 16 to the M.Ed. class. In addition, there are 26 Ph.D. students, pursuing research in different areas of educational theory and practice.

During the year, additional opportunities were provided for small group discussions on every alternate Saturday in the form of seminars guided by the members of the staff. The following are some of the subjects that have been discussed in these seminars:-

(1) The Purposes and Goals of Teacher Education

(2) The Need for Creative Imagination

(3) Student Indiscipline

(4) Diffusion of Opportunities for Education

105

(5) Raising University Standards

(6) The Need for Religious and Moral Instruction

Five research supervision committees for different subject-areas have been organised, with three or four members of the staff on each committee to assist the M.Ed. students in the preparation of their research dissertations. The areas covered are: (i) educational philosophy, educational sociology and teacher education; (ii) educational psychology including guidance and counselling; (iii) curriculum construction, textbooks and the methodology of teaching; (iv) educational administration; and (v) experimental education.

A monthly colloquium is held to discuss the research projects undertaken by Ph.D. scholars.

(b) SEMINAR ON EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND SHORT-TERM COURSE IN FINE ARTS.-Instruction and research in educational administration formed the theme of a seminar conducted by the Institute. Nineteen members from different universities participated in the Seminar which discussed ways means of improving the teaching of the subject offered at the M.Ed. level and also considered how research work in the subject could be made more effective.

A four-month short-term course was conducted by the Institute during the year for teachers of the fine arts stream of multipurpose schools on the methodology of teaching fine arts in schools.

(c) RESEARCH.-The Psychology Wing completed (i) the construction and standardisation of achievement test in Hindi for class VIII; (ii) the verbal group test of intelligence for age 14, and (iii) a comparative study of the learning habits of bright and dull children. The following research studies are in progress:-

(1) Socio-economic background of bright children;

(2) Central Institute of Education group test of intelligence (for ages 15 and 16);

(3) Incidence and causes of truancy in secondary schools in Delhi

(4) Study of scholastic adjustment of children who come from senior Basic schools to the higher secondary schools; and

(5) A test in English vocabulary for classes IX to XI.

(d) PUBLICATIONS.-The following publications were brought out during the year:-

(1) Summaries of M.Ed. Reports, 1956-57

(2) Summaries of M.Ed. Reports, 1957-58

106

(3) Summaries of M.Ed. Reports, 1958-59

(4) A Survey of Private Unrecognised School in India

(5) Report of the Seminar on Educational Psychology

(6) Assignments in Physics for Secondary Schools

(7) Assignments in Mathematics for Secondary Schools

(8) Assignments in History for Secondary Schools

(9) Assignments in Geography for Secondary Schools

(10) Manual of Instructions for the C.I.E. Verbal Test of Intelligence (14)

(11) Manual of Instructions for the Achievement Test in Hindi Class VIII

(12) Psychological Needs of Adolescent Girls and their Bearing on Individual Adjustment

(13) Analysis of Science Textbooks (Primary Level)

(14) Attitudes of Parents towards School Teachers

(15) Material for Tutorial Discussion in Teachers' Colleges

(16) The Effective Use of Display Material in Schools.

(e) DEPARTMENT OF EXTENSION SERVICES.-The Department undertook a three-week refresher course on the teaching of English through the structural approach; a seminar on the role of the press in education; Organisation of home-rooms in schools; a flower-show organised by the participating schools; action, research and classroom experiments in a number of schools; a social studies project aimed at giving the teachers a thorough understanding and orientation in the subject; preparation of a model textbook on statistics for the tenth class students; a project on the management, decoration and beautification of the tent schools in Delhi; a project on 'School as a Teacher Education Agency' in schools where practice teaching is done and intensive work with an on-the-spot guidance to about 20 rural higher secondary schools to assess the difficulties and problems faced by teachers and to help them to find solutions through special projects and experiments. Special efforts are being made to bring about improvement of science teaching by assisting schools in starting science clubs', holding demonstrations and organising science exhibitions. Necessary assistance and information from the major industrial concerns in Delhi in their respective fields are made available to schools so that pupils get a clear picture of the technical and scientific processes in industries.

7. Central Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance:

The training activities of the Central Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance during this year centred round the one-year diploma course in educational and vocational guidance. The second diploma course, which

107

ended in May, 1961 had 12 trainees, and the third diploma course com- menced in July, 1961 with 24 trainees drawn from various parts of the country.

Among activities of a coordinating nature undertaken by the Bureau were the collection and compilation of all-India statistics on guidance, the preparation of model syllabi for the training of counsellors and career-masters, and the drafting of a handbook for counsellors as part of the preparation for a proposed workshop on guidance involving representatives from all the States.

The Bureau participated in a seminar on 'Guidance and Student Personnel Services at the University Level' organised by the Allahabad University. Pamphlets on the 'Need for Guidance' and on 'The Guidance Movement in India' have been prepared.

OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICE OF THE BUREAU.-

In addition to continuing its normal work of collecting occupational information from all over the country, the Bureau conducted a study of employment trends as revealed through newspaper advertisements and prepared model class talks for the occupational orientation of students as well as a pamphlet on 'Careers in Health Occupations'. The Bureau also organised a 'Plan Your Career' exhibition in the Delhi Public Library and a career conference in the context of the Commonwealth Teachnical Training Week.

The preparation of psychological tests has been one of the major activities of the Bureau. The main project in this area, the development of the science selection battery is nearing completion. A "Teachers' Check-list of Students' Behaviour" was also prepared during this year. The preparation of a 'Student Problem Check-list' and a 'Vocabulary Test in Hindi' have recently been taken on hand. Norms on various tests for classes VIII and XI are under preparation.

8. Central Bureau of Textbook Research:

Three exhibitions of text-books and curriculum materials were organised by the Bureau, two in Delhi and the third in Bangalore at the time of the All-India Conference of Principals of Training Colleges. A seminar of physics teachers of local higher secondary schools on assignments in physics and a pilot project of writing textbooks in social studies with the help of local teachers were undertaken. A scholar from Nepal attached to the Bureau completed his training in the area of textbook and curriculum. In connection with the promotion of national integration, the Bureau developed analysis sheets for screening current textbooks in language, history, geography and social studies and surveyed about 80 textbooks from 8 States to judge the role of the existing textbooks in the promotion of national unity and understanding, The Bureau completed and made

108

ready for publication a guide book on metric system for textbook writers, a report on experiment in curriculum construction in social studies, a brochure on analysis of history textbooks taught in primary classes and another on assignments in science for middle school classes. The Bureau has on hand a brochure on assignment in mathematics for middle classes, analysis and gradation of concepts involved in map-reading for classes I to VIII, a work-book for class VII and one in geography for class VIII.

9. The Directorate of Extension Programmes for Secondary Education:

The activities of the Directorate of Extension Programmes for Secondary Education fall under six heads: (1) Extension services Project; (2) Examination Reform; (3) Science Teaching and Science Talent Search; (4) Experimentation in Schools; (5) Seminars and Workshops; and (6) Establishment of Regional Training Colleges.

The activities carried out during the current year have been governed by the following principles:

(1) Achieving coordination with other constituent institutes of the National Institute of Education;

(2) Ensuring coordination with State departments of education;

(3) Gearing the programmes to the priorities of the third Five-Year Plan.

The highlights of the programmes under the various schemes of the Directorate are the following :-

(1) Joint meetings have been held of the D.P.I/D.E.'s and honorary directors and coordinators of the extension services departments in the States to draw up coordinated programmes of extension work; such meetings have been held in six States so far;

(2) A programme of extending the extension project to cover more colleges and secondary schools has been formulated for implementation during the current Plan period;

(3) The seminar programme has been reorganised to coordinate the needs of the other departments of the National Institute of Education as well as to involve more training colleges for the preparation of local leadership;

(4) A review of the progress of secondary education in the States has been taken up and data collected in respect of nine States;

(5) Details of science improvement programme for the third Plan have been finalised and implementation of some of its features has also been started;

109

(6) A programme of science fairs has been drawn up and a pilot programme is being implemented through the extension centres during the current year;

The details of the programme under each of the six sections of the Directorate are given below:-

(a) EXTENSION SERVICES PROJECT.- The programme of conducting various in-service training of teachers and rendering other related services to the teachers of the secondary schools by the 54 departments of extension services continued during the year.

In order to achieve greater coordination between the work of the centres and State education departments, joint meetings of the honorary directors and co-ordinators of the centres with the directors of State education departments were held in six States.

A report was published on the programmes and activities of the extension service departments and of the services being rendered by them to the schools.

As a part of the programme of expansion of the extension activities to other training colleges, one training college in the State of Madhya Pradesh and another in the State of. Gujarat have been selected for opening new centres.

It is proposed to open another 25 centres in the training colleges during the third Five-Year Plan and of these, 13 will be opened during 1962-63. The new centres will be located mainly in the areas which are not covered by the extension services departments and it is proposed to involve other training colleges which may not have full-fledged extension services departments, in the extension activities. With this object in view, it is proposed to open 72 extension units during the third Plan and of these, 24 are proposed to be opened during the year 1962-63. By the end of 1962-63, 75 per cent of postgraduate training colleges will be involved in extension activities.

(b) EXAMINATION REFORM.- The illustrative test material which the Unit had developed through workshops has been printed and is being released shortly to the boards of secondary education and schools for the guidance of teachers and examiners, The next pool of material will be ready for distribution shortly.

(i) Workshops.- Three workshops were held for orientation of lecturers of the training colleges to the evaluation approach. Sixty- seven lecturers from 25 training colleges representing nine States and Union Territories attended these workshops. Three workshops on research in

110

educational evaluation were conducted in the various regions for the lecturers, coordinators and experienced headmasters. The purpose of those workshops was to locate problems of research at training college and school level. One workshop for preparing learning experiences on integrated units in social studies was held at Dev Samaj College for Women, Ferozepore, in May, 1961. Another workshop in evaluation in social studies was held at the Department of Extension Services, Government Training College, Jullundur, in August, 1961.

(ii) Studies in Evaluation.- An analysis of the question papers set by the examining boards at higher secondary level was undertaken by the unit in the four subjects, namely, English, social studies, general science and general mathematics and the study was completed in respect of the States of Punjab and Delhi. The unit has also completed a study of cumulative record cards being used in different boards of the country for purposes of internal assessment and guidance. A manual of instruction for teachers has also been prepared for their guidance in filling up all these index cards. These along with the manual of instruction will be widely distributed to schools and departments of education.

(iii) Publications.- The following publications were brought out:

(1) Specimen test items in social studies, general science and English; (The tests in mathematics had already been brought out.)

(2) A consolidated report of the four seminars on 'Research in Educational Evaluation'.

Manuscripts for the following publications are ready and are being published very shortly:-

(1) A popular brochure on evaluation

(2) Evaluation in Geography, and

(3) Evaluation in Mathematics

During 1962-63, the Central Examination Unit proposes to open a Psychometric Unit to assist it in its work. Seven State evaluation units are also proposed to be set up at a cost of Rs. 22,000 each as a part of the programme for establishing evaluation units in all States.

(c) SCIENCE TEACHING.- A sum of Rs. 2,60,000 was provided in the budget for the current year for opening school and central science clubs in 129 high/higher secondary schools and 3 departments of extension services were selected for the purpose. The scheme of assessment of the work of science clubs was also taken up and 220 science, clubs have so far been assessed.

111

(i) Science Talent Search.- As a corollary to the science club movement, it was felt necessary, from the very outset, to create a machinery to seek out talented students in science to recognise their specific abilities and to provide guidance and financial assistance to them to develop their talents. A programme of science talent search has been worked out and will be introduced on an experimental basis from 1962-63.

(ii) Study of Science Syllabi.- A comparative study of the science syllabi was made during the year with reference to the draft syllabus and the report of the All-India Seminar on Science Teaching held at Taradevi. A detailed report of the study is being compiled. The work on analysing the data on the courses of study, textbooks, laboratory and equipment, allotment of time for the teaching of science, salary scales available to science teachers and examination in science, has also been undertaken in order to assess the existing position of science teaching at all stages in the country.

The extension services centres are being guided in organising science fairs designed to stimulate interest in science. A number of such meets were held during the year, and a more comprehensive programme is being developed for next year on the basis of the experience gained so far.

The third Plan lays special stress on the expansion and strengthening of science at the secondary stage. By the end of 1965- 66, it is expected that all the secondary schools will be providing general science and nearly 47 per cent of them will be offering science of an elective standard. Studies need to be undertaken in the various curricular and other problems of science teaching at the school stage. For this purpose it is proposed to establish during 1962-63 a department of science education in the National Institute.

(d) EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS.- This scheme aims at stimulating experimental work in the secondary schools. Financial assistance is given by the Council to secondary schools for approved experimental projects. During the current year a sum of Rs. 33,000 has been sanctioned to 60 institutions for implementing the projects selected by a Working Group.

(e) SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS.- Under this scheme, the Directorate, organises State-level and all-India seminars for educational administrators and heads and subject-teachers of secondary schools. The object of these seminars is to give an opportunity to educators in charge of administration, inspection and actual teaching in secondary schools in different States to meet and discuss current educational problems and find out ways and means of improving secondary education.

During 1961-62 it was envisaged to hold one all-India seminar for school libraries, four all-India seminars for the teachers of multipurpose

112

schools on the subjects of agriculture, commerce, technology and fine arts, 15 State-level seminars on the teaching of mathematics in different classes of secondary schools, one seminar for the teachers of mathematics for all the Union Territories.

(f) REGIONAL TRAINING COLLEGES.- On the basis of the experience gained so far regarding working of the multipurpose schools, a scheme was formulated for establishing four regional training colleges during the third Five-Year Plan. These colleges will train teachers in the various practical subjects of the multipurpose schools and thus solve a major problem in the successful working of multipurpose scheme. The sites for these colleges have been selected and work on preparing the building plans has been taken in hand in three places. In the fourth place, the land is being acquired. All four colleges are programmed to start functioning in 1963-64.

10. National Fundamental Education Centre:

The Centre organises training courses for social education workers and conducts research in problems related to social education.

(a) TRAINING.- Training courses for district officers in charge of social education were conducted.

During 1962-63, the following programme is proposed:

(i) A one or two-week seminar on social education work in the States. The participants will be State-level officers in charge of social education.

(ii) A short course for district inspectors of schools.

(iii) A refresher course will be taken up for teacher- administrators under the Central Board of Workers' Education.

(iv) Plans will be finalised for a pre-service training course in the field of social and adult education.

(b) RESEARCH.- A quick survey of the working of rural radio forums was taken up in September, 1961, at the request of the Department of Public Relations, Delhi. A report has been prepared on the "Reading Habits and Interest of Mukhmelpur Village". Last year, the Centre had undertaken the work of guiding and assisting the Indian Council for Child Welfare in conducting a survey of 'Living Conditions of Children in Mehrauli Block'. The field work was completed in April this year.

In December 1960, the AIR assigned to work, of evaluating "The Impact of TV Programmes on the Members of Twenty, Tele-Clubs in Delhi" to the Centre, jointly with the Indian Adult Education Association. The technical work as well as the survey and investigation work in connection with this research project was done by the Centre. The field

113

work has been completed and the report of the research project is under preparation.

The following are the research projects in hand:

(i) Health habits of people in Sukhrali Village;

(ii) Case studies in group factions in some villages in Delhi;

(iii) Factors leading to success or failure of youth clubs;

(iv) Field test of books for neo-literates.

The programme during 1962-63 is as follows:

(i) The research projects on 'Youth Clubs' and 'Village Conflicts' will be completed. Two major research projects will be taken up, one bearing on the method of literacy and the other on adult educational needs and opportunities in the Territory of Delhi.

(ii) Filmstrips and other A.V. material will be prepared in connection with the above subjects.

(iii) Booklets on various subjects in the field of social education- the concept of social education, literacy work, community development, etc., will be brought out.

(iv) A scheme for the production of popular literature will be taken up.

11. National Institute of Audio-Visual Education:

The activities of this Institute comprise in-service training, research, production of non-projected visual aids, projected aids and aural aids.

(a) TRAINING COURSES.-During the year, one short-term course in audio-visual education was conducted for 33 trainees from different States/Central Ministries.

A two-week training course in the operation and maintenance of projection equipment was organised for the trainees from rural institutes.

Besides this, a number of local short-term courses lasting from a couple of days to a week, were arranged.

(b) UNESCO REGIONAL WORKSHOPS.-In cooperation: with Unesco, a Regional Workshop on the Production of Low-cost Visual Aids was organised at New Delhi, from 15th December, 1961 to 31st January,

114

1962. Unesco fellowship-holders from South-East Asian countries participated.

(c) PRODUCTION OF NON-PROJECTED VISUAL AIDS.-AS part of the over-all programme to produce standard non-projected material for secondary schools in the country, this institute produced various educational charts, viz., "Wheat Production in India", "Rice Production in India", and "Cotton Production in India".

Charts and posters were also designed for (i) the Ministry of Education, for use in its National Physical Efficiency Drive, and (ii) the International Cooperative Alliance, for use in promotional work of the organisation.

A study kit, namely, 'The Discovery of India' was designed for the Indian National Commission for Unesco, for use in the Associated Schools' project.

A monograph on 'Film Appreciation' was commissioned as part of the scheme to supply standard visual literature suitable to Indian conditions and related to the problems of teachers and social education workers, and will be ready for distribution shortly.

(d) PRODUCTION OF PROJECTED AiDs.-A series of colour slides was prepared on the subject of "Republic Day Celebrations in Delhi" and "Folk Dances". One filmstrip on the subject "Monuments of the Turko- Afghan Period in Delhi" was produced.

A series of programmes for social education were filmed in the Institute and they have put on television by the A.I.R.

One 16 mm film of 800 ft. on the 'Operation of Diseased Lungs' has been produced in colour. The commentary of the film has been recorded and the final film will be released shortly.

Five sponsored films were completed during the year. About 16 films are under production in the Films Division.

(e) RESEARCH AND SURVEY PROJECTS.-The following survey projects were planned and undertaken:

(1) Use of Audio-Visual Aids in Community Development Blocks;

(2) Teaching Aids in Science-A Survey;

(3) Evaluation of Effectiveness of Films and other Aids in Teaching.

115

(f) CENTRAL FILM LIBRARY.-During the year, 549 films and 265 filmstrips were added to the library, bringing the total number of films and filmstrips to 4,895 and 1,855 respectively. During the same period, 10,044 films and 210 filmstrips were issued to 1,512 members.

The Mobile Cinema Unit screened 738 films and 132 new members were enrolled bringing the total number of members to 1,588.

(g) VISITS AND STUDY TOURS.-Thirty-seven visits were conducted during the year. The visitors included leaders in the educational field, Unesco fellows, officers of the Unesco Secretariat, student groups from teacher-training colleges and trainees from various educational institutions of the Ministries of Health, Education, Agriculture and Community Development.

(h) AN OUTLINE OF THE PROGRAMME FOR 1962-63.-Kits of audiovisual material to be used for training in various areas and for various audiovisual topics are proposed to be developed.

To promote national and emotional integration, it is proposed to develop study kits for use in schools on the different States of India and one on India itself. These are designed for mass production at low cost.

The increasing importance and impact of exhibitions in communi- cating ideas and information has necessitated the need for the establishment of an exhibition cell. It is also proposed to develop a small mobile exhibition, depicting the effectiveness of AN. aids and the varieties of simple and inexpensive aids.

In order to encourage the production of high quality aids, it is proposed to institute a scheme of prizes to the private and commercial producers of audio-visual aids.

116