CHAOTER VI DEVELOPMENT OF HINDI AND SANSKRIT
Article 351 of the Constitution requiries the Union Government to promote, develop and enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union. The Ministry of Education have launched several programmes for these purposes. The programme for the propagation of Hindi includes financial assistance to voluntary organisations, appointment of Hindi teachers, establishment of teachers' training colleges, maintenance of an Institute of Research and Training in Hindi, supply of free books to libraries in the non-Hindi areas and award of scholarships for higher studies in Hindi. The programme of enrichment and development of Hindi includes preparation of standard books of the university level through official and voluntary agencies as well as universities and learned societies, preparation and publication of popular books in Hindi with the help of private publishing concerns, and preparation and publication of encyclopedias, dictionaries, and translation of official literature.
2. Similarly various schemes for propagation and development of Sanskrit have been initiated. They include financial assistance to voluntary Sanskrit organisations, Gurukulas and Sanskrit Pandits in indigent circumstances; maintenance of Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, preparation of dictionaries, and reprint of out-of-print Sanskrit works. This is in addition to what is being done by the State Govern- ments in this regard.
A.PROPAGATION OF HINDI
3. Assistance to Voluntary Organisations The work of propagation of Hindi is being done through voluntary organisations on the one hand and State Governments on the other. A large number of voluntary organisations engaged in the propagation of Hindi in various parts of the country, are given financial assistance by the Government from time to time.
Grant-in-aid amounting to Rs. 4,82,250 has so far been given to voluntary organisations for this purpose.
4.Appointment of Hindi Teachers Under the programme of direct propagation of Hindi through secondary schools under the control of the State Governments, the Government of India have been placing funds at the disposal of the State Governments in their development budgets for appointment of Hindi teachers at various levels.
4.2 During the past years the Ministry have been providing funds for the appointment of at least one Hindi teacher in a high or higher secondary school. This year they have extended this provision to cover primary and middle schools as well. It may be mentioned that Government of India meets hundred per cent expenditure for implementation of this scheme.
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4.3 The appointment of Hindi teachers in primary schools also will provide greater opportunities to the students for learning Hindi as a part of their school courses.
5. Hindi Teachers Training Colleges The expansion of teaching facilities requires adequate increased supply of trained Hindi teachers. Accordingly, several teachers training colleges have been opened at various centres in the country. Full expenditure in this behalf is being met by the Government of India. During the year 1961-62, Kerala and Mysore States were assisted to start one Hindi Teachers Training College each. This year one college in Gujarat and another in Madras have been assisted. Financial assistance was also given to the State Governments of Andhra and Maharashtra for expansion of the existing facilities.
6. Kendriya Hindi Shikshana Mandal, Agra In order to supply up-to-date expert knowledge and professional guidance in respect of teaching methods and allied pedagogical problems, the Government of India have set up an autonomous organisation entitled Kendriya Hindi Shikshana Mandal, which is running a Hindi Teachers Training and Research Institute at Agra. The Institute is catering for three different courses equivalent to T.T.C., B.Ed. and M.Ed. Kendriya Hindi Shikshaka Mahavidyalaya is also conducting research on vocabulary, content of various courses and techniques of teaching with special reference to the requirement of the non-Hindi regions. Teachers from different parts of the country as well as regional Teachers Training Colleges have been benefited by the expert guidance and research work done by this Institute. A grant of Rs. 2,20,000 was given to the Kendriya Hindi Shikshana Mandal for the training of Hindi teachers and various other projects launched by it.
7. Scholarships To encourage and help non-Hindi speaking students to prosecute higher studies in Hindi and to carry out research, the Government of India have instituted a large number of scholarships. During the current financial year, 372 scholars of previous years continued their studies under the scheme. Two hundred and twenty scholarships for 1962-63 have also been announced.
8. Free Supply of Hindi Books As a follow-up programme, arrangements have been made to supply books worth Rs. 1,80,000 free of cost to different schools, colleges and public libraries in the non-Hindi speaking areas during the year under review.
9. Preparation of Bilingual Primers in Tamil Under this scheme, a Hindi-Tamil Primer was prepared and brought out by the Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, Madras, on behalf of the Ministry.
10. Regional Offices Voluntary organisations which have been working in the field for a large number of years have no doubt made valuable contribution to the
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spread of Hindi; but in order to effect greater coordination and cooperation Government of India have set up two regional offices, one at Calcutta and the other at Madras. They render valuable assistance for the proper implementation of the various programmes.
B. DEVELOPMENT AND ENRICHMENT OF HINDI
11. Production of Literature The Ministry is primarily engaged in the production of such literature as would enrich Hindi and make it a powerful medium of administration and instruction. The activities in this regard include the publication of lists of technical terms, pamphlets, booklets, dictionaries and glossaries of technical terms in English with Hindi equivalents.
12. Periodicals Six numbers of the Bhasha Quarterly were brought out during the year 1962-63.
13. Preparation and Translation of Standard Works of University
Level This programme is being implemented by universities, academic bodies of State Governments and literary societies of all-India status engaged in a similar job with hundred per cent assistance by Government of India. We have so far established nearly 30 agencies to help translation of standard works and reference books and original writing of textbooks for university students.
14. Publication of Books in Collaboration with Publishers In order to bring scientific and other worthwhile knowledge within easy reach of the common reader in Hindi, a programme of bringing out original books and translations in collaboration with publishers on an agreed formula of price fixation and purchase of 1/3 copies out of uniform editions of 3,000 in each case has been initiated. The programmes also include preparation and translation of books for children. So far 52 books approved under the scheme have been distributed amongst 7 publishers who have agreed to cooperate with Government on terms and conditions laid down in this behalf. It is proposed to help publication of about 300 books during the third Plan period.
14.2 One of the important conditions for assistance in all these programmes of production of literature is that in scientific and technical matters the terminology approved by the Government of India or the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology alone should be used. This is insisted upon with a view to popularising the new terminology and to ensure that a common and uniform scientific and technical terminology is developed in the country.
15. Production of Books on the basis of Fifty per cent Financial
Assistance For books proposed to be translated or written by universities, academic bodies and the like suo motu, the Government have formulated a programme of 50 per cent financial assistance provided the titles for translation and outlines for original writing are approved by Government.
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16. Hindi Encyclopaedia The work of preparing 10-volume Encyclopaedia in Hindi at a total cost of Rs. 11 lakh was entrusted to the Nagari Pracharini Sabha, Varanasi, in 1956. The Sabha has brought out two volumes of the Encyclopaedia; the third volume is nearing completion.
17. Dictionaries The compilation of five dictionaries in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Botany and Agriculture up to the pre-degree stage was completed during 1962-63.
17.2 The Central Hindi Directorate brought out a Consolidated English-Hindi Glossary of Technical Terms. The Hindi-English Glossary and subject-wise consolidated glossaries, both English-Hindi and Hindi-English, in 26 subjects were also prepared.
18. Standard Key-Board For introduction of Hindi as official language, standard typewriters are required. A committee appointed for this purpose finalised the key-board of Hindi typewriter last year. Several manufacturers have come forward to supply typewriters with this key- board. Graphic designs of Hindi character of standard size and shape have been prepared and supplied to the manufacturers and it is expected that during 1963-64 some firms will be able to produce standard Hindi typewriters.
B. II. TERMINOLOGY WORK
19. Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology A Commission was set up under the chairmanship of Dr. D.S. Kothari for review, evolution and coordination of scientific and technical terminology. During the year, the Commission held two workshops at Simla and Jaipur to review terminology in physical and biological sciences. At these workshops about 41,000 terms were reviewed.
19.2 To discuss and solve the various linguistic problems regarding the evolution of terminology, workshop on linguistics of scientific and technical terminology was also held at New Delhi from 27th July to 1st August, 1962. It made a number of important recommendations on the manifold problems of terminology and the Commission are implementing them in their work suitably.
19.3 On the occasion of the second meeting of the Advisory Board for the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology in October, 1962 an exhibition of scientific and technical books in Hindi and other regional languages was organised.
C. DEVELOPMENT OF SANSKRIT 20. The term of the Central Sanskrit Board set up in 1959 expired in September, 1962. The Board has since been reconstituted under the chairmanship of Shri M. Patanjali Sastri, Ex-Chief Justice of India. The programme pertaining to the promotion and development of Sanskrit in all its aspects is being continued on the advice of the Board. The progress
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of the schemes and the projects considered during the year are indicated below.
21. Financial Assistance to Voluntary Sanskrit Organisations Under the scheme of financial assistance to voluntary organisations/ institutions for the promotion of Sanskrit, grants amounting to Rs. 3,00,000 were sanctioned during 1962-63 for their developmental activities.
22. Financial Assistant to Voluntary In addition to the nine Gurukulas selected earlier, two more Gurukulas were selected for financial assistance under the scheme and grants amounting to Rs. 1,78,000 were sanctioned during 1962-63 for their developmental activities.
23. Purchase of Sanskrit Books On the recommendations if the Central Sanskrit Board various Sanskrit books were purchased for free distribution to voluntary Sanskrit organisations/institutions and universities. In addition, under the scheme of reprinting out-of-print Sanskrit works, the publi- cation of five treatises was sponsored and 333 copies of each of these were purchased for free distribution.
24. Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati Under the management of the body known as the Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha Tirupati Society, the Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha was set up at Tirupati. In the first phase of its development, the Institution is at present offering courses in pedagogy and training. The entire expenditure on the running of the Vidyapeetha is borne by the Government of India.
25. Preparation of Sanskrit Dictionary based on Historical
Principles A great of Rs. 1,50,000 was paid to the Deccan College Post- graduate and Research Institute, Poona, during 1962-63, to cover the expenditure on compiling a Sanskrit-English Dictionary based on historical principles.
26. All India Sanskrit Elocution Contest The first contest was held in November 1962 in which Sanskrit students trained on traditional lines participated. Eight gold and eight silver medals along with cash prizes were awarded to the first and second winners in eight different subjects respectively. In addition, a running silver shield was awarded to the team whose over- all performance was adjudged as the best.
27. Award of Research Scholarships to the Products of Traditional
Sanskrit Pathshalas Thirty-two scholars of previous years continued studies under the scheme. Selections for 1962-63 scholarships were also made during the year.
28. Financial Assistance to Sanskrit Pandits in Indigent
Circumstances With a view to helping eminent Sanskrit Pandits who are in indigent circumstances, the Ministry of Education propose to give financial assistance subject to certain conditions.
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29. Financial Provisions The following financial provisions have been made on account of the schemes for the development of Hindi and Sanskrit specified in this chapter :
Provision Budget
Sl. for Provision
No. Name of the Scheme 1962-63 for
1963-64
Development of Hindi (Rs.) (Rs.)
1. Payment of Grants to Organisations and Individual, for
Propagation of Hindi 5,00,000 3,00,000
2. Appointment of Hindi Teachers in non-Hindi-speaking
States 9,00,000 8,00,000
3. Opening of Hindi Teachers Training Colleges 3,00,000 8,15,000
4. Kendriya Hindi Shikshana Mandal, Agra 2,20,000 3,00,000
5. Scholarships for Study of Hindi for Students from
non-Hindi-speaking States 6,50,000 6,72,000
6. Organisation of Debating Teams of School and College
Students from non-Hindi-speaking areas to Hindi-
speaking areas and vice versa 40,000 1,800
7. Seminar of Hindi Teachers
8. Lecture Tours of Prominent Hindi Scholars and Writer's
9. Free Supply of Hindi Books to Schools, Colleges and
Public Libraries 1,80,000 2,00,000
10. Preparation of Bilingual Primers and Readers 10,000 9,000
11. Preparation of Primers for Foreigners 10,000 4,500
12. Setting up of Regional Offices 38,000 39,400
13. Publication of the Journals 6,000 5,500
14. Hindi Encyclopaedia 1,50,000 3,00,000
15. Dictionaries 5,000 22,500
16. Hindi version of Sanskrit Book Ashtang Sangrah and
Bhartiya Vastu 5,000 5,400
17. Translation of Standard Works 2,34,000 3,94,000
18. Enrichment of Hindi (Commission for Scientific and
Technical Terminology) 1,75,000 2,67,000
19. Preparation of Terminological Indices of Standard Hindi
Books (Old and Modern) 15,000 13,500
21. Prizes on Hindi Books 20,000 10,000
Development of Sanskrit
22. Financial Assistance to Voluntary Sanskrit Organisations
6,00,000 3,00,000
23. Financial Assistance to Gurukulas
24. Production of Sanskrit Literature 1,64,000 1,50,000
25. Award of Scholarships to Students of High/Higher
Secondary Schools studying Sanskrit
26. All-India Elocution Contest for Sanskrit Students of Tra-
ditional Sanskrit Institution - 1,25,000
27. Financial Assistance to Eminent Sanskrit Scholars in
Indigent Circumstances
28. Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha 3,60,000 1,50,000
29. Preparation of Sanskrit Dictionary on Historical Principles 1,50,000 1,50,000
30. Award of Research Scholarships to the Products of Tra-
ditional Sanskrit Pathashalas 44,000 59,100