 SCIENTIFIC SURVEYS AND
 DEVELOPMENT

The Union Ministry of Education continued its programme of encouraging scientific research by giving financial and other assistance to research institutions, laboratories, scientific societies and individuals. The Survey of India and the three other Scientific Surveys-Botanical, Zoological and Anthropological-continued and developed their respective programmes.

A.SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

2. Encouragement to Scientific Societies/Associations/Research Institutes:

With a view to encouraging scientific research, the Union Ministry of Education continued to give grants to a number of private scientific research institutions, associations, scientific academies and societies for the maintenance and advancement of their work. The grants are paid to the scientific bodies for expanding and enlarging their activities for active research work, publishing scientific journals and literature, holding conferences, symposia and seminars and instituting research fellowships, establishing laboratories and purchasing equipment furniture and library books.

3. National Committees:

The National Committees for the International Council of Scientific Unions and for the following disciplines of science continued to function: Pure and Applied, Physics, Radio Sciences. Geodesy and Geophysics, International Quiet Sun Year, Oceanic Research, Biochemistry, Crystallography; History of Sciences, Geography, International Hydrological Decade, Biological Sciences, and Pure and Applied /chemistry. The scope and functions of the National Committees, generally speaking, are to plan, execute, coordinate and promote activities and establish liaison with international bodies in their respective fields

4. National Research Professors:

Dr. C. V. Raman, Prof. S. N. Bose, Dr. P. V. Kane, Dr. D. N. Wadia, Dr. V. R. Khanolkar, Dr. Suniti Kumar Chatterjee and Dr. S. R. Ranganathan continued to be National Research Professors. Dr. Radha Binod Pal died on 10th January, 1967.

5. Encouragement to Research Scholars and Scientists:

Twenty-two training research scholarships to the Inditn Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, 10 to the Bose Institute, Calcutta, and 6 to the Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany, Lucknow, continued to be allotted to enable research scholars to conduct research during the year at the respective institutions.

6. Partial Financial Assistance to Scientists Going Abroad:

Financial assistance varying from Rs. 1,500 to 2,500 each was given to 7 Indian scientists to enable them to participate in international conferences, etc.

7. Indian Scientific Liaison Cell, High Commission for India. London:

The Scientific Liaison Cell continued to function in the Education Department of the High Commission for India in London under the Educational and Scientific Advisers. The functions of the Cell are:

(i) To facilitate the movement of scientists with the Com- monwealth and to provide adequate facilities for them and their work and to arrange contacts for them; (ii) to keep abreast of the. latest improvements in techniques and scientific and technical developments, and make this information available in India; and (iii) to facilitate exchange of scientific information and experimental material.

8. National Research Development Corporation of India:

The objects and functions of the Corporation are to develop and exploit in the public interest for profit or otherwise: (a) all inventions of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, whether patentable or not; (b) all patents and inventions of other departments of the Government of India including,those of commodity research committees and other statutory research organisations; including technical and engineering 'know-how' of processes; (c) such other patents as may be voluntarily assigned, by general or special agreements by universities, research institutions or individuals; and (d) such other processes and patents the development of which may be entrusted to the Corporation.

9. The annual production from commercial exploitation of re- searches is increasing and the total value of production based on processes licensed by the Corporation up to 31st March, 1966 is Rs. 12 crore which has resulted in foreign exchange saving of Rs. 9.60 crore.

10. Licences Negotiated:

During the period 1st April, 1966 to 28th February, 1967, 48 licence agreements for the commercial utilisation of various processes developed at different labo- ratories/institutes were negotiated.

11. NRDC Development Projects:

The progress of various projects instituted by the Corporation is given below:

(i) Integrated Processing of All Seeds with Special Reference to Ground-nut: The plant and machinery were purchased and installed at the Sevri factory, of Tata Oil Mills Co., Bombay. The plant started working from the middle of December, 1966. Regular production is expected to start shortly.

(ii) Phthalic Anhydride: Pilot plant trials are in progress at the Central Fuel Research Institute, Jealgora, where a consolidated report on the plant is under compilation.

(iii) Lightning Arresters: During the year 1965-66, the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, had designed, fabricated and tested a kit for lightning arresters manufacturing companies. The kit is already in use and has given satisfactory operation. The institute has also designed, assembled and tested an experimental arrester for use on 22 KV grounded system. Its performance was satisfactory. At present the design of 33 KV and higher voltage arresters of station type is under progress. The life of the project has been extended up to 31st March, 1969 and an additional expenditure of Rs. 1,02,683 has been sanctioned for the purpose.

(iv) Pentaervthritol: The project for continuing development work at the Shri Ram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, to enable them to supply further requisite data to M/s Allied Resins and Chemicals Private Limited, Calcutta, with whom licence agreement has been negotiated, was sanctioned by the Board in July, 1965 at an estimated cost of Rs. 35,300. The work on the project is in progress at the institute. Out of the total sanction, the institute has so far spent Rs. 9,865.

(v) rat Liquor and Syntans: Work on the project to be set up at Central Leather Research Institute, Madras, at an estimated cost of Rs. 2.98 lakh is in progress. The orders for some of the items have already been placed while quotations for the rest of equipment are under finalisation. The new unit is expected to go into production soon. Meanwhile the institute has started production of fat liquors and syntans at the existing pilot plant equipment available with them.

12. Progress of Processes Already Licensed:

During the year, commercial production of the following was started.

        
                                          
        
        S. No.         Process                  Laboratory/Institute
        
                                          
 
        
        1.   Soft Ferrites                      National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi
        
        2.   Ceramic Rods for Carbon            National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi
                  Resistors
        
        3.   Foamed Concrete                    Central  Building  Research  Institute,
                                                     Roorkee
        
        4.   Cement Paints                      Central Building Research institute, Roorkee
        
        5.   Lime Reactive Surkhi               Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
                  Mixture
        
        6.   Carbon Elements for Air            Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute,
                  Depolarised Cells                  Karaikudi
        
        7.   Engine Starting Aid                Defence Research Laboratory (Materials),
                                                     Kanpur

13. International Scientific Unions:

India continued to be a member of the International Council of Scientific Unions and also of the following international scientific unions and associations, etc., through the Ministry:

1. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

2. International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

3. International Union of History of Sciences

4. International Geographical Union

5. International Union of Biological Sciences

6. International Scientific Radio Union

7. International Astronomical Union

8. International Union of Crystallography

9. International Union of Pure and Applied Physics

10. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

11. International Union of Biochemistry

12. International Commission of Table of Constants

13. International Bureau of Weights and Measures

14. Special Committee on Oceanic Research

15. Pan-Indian Ocean Science Association

16. International Federation of Documentation through the Indian National Documentation Centre

14. Being a member of these unions, India continued to receive scientific literature which has proved useful to scientific organisations in this country in keeping themselves posted with the latest scientific developments in other countries.

15. Scientific Delegation:

The General Assembly of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics was held at Basle in September, 1966. The Chairman of the National Committee for Physics was deputated to attend the Conference.

16. The General Assembly and the Congress of the International Union of Crystallography was held in Moscow from July, 12 to 21, 1966. Dr. G. N. Ramachandran, Professor of Physics, University of Madras, and Dr. P. K. Iyengar, Head of the Nuclear Physics Division, Atomic Energy Establishment, Bombay, were deputed to attend it. A delegation consisting of Shri B. Kesavan, Director, INSDOC and Dr. O. P. Gautam, Deputy Director-General, ICAR, was sent to attend the fourth meeting of the Commonwealth Scientific Committee held at Accra (Ghana) from November 14 to 27, 1966.

17. The 128th meeting of the British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science was held in Nottingham from August 31 to September 7, 1966. Prof. T. R. Seshadri, F.R.S., President, Indian Science Congress Association, Calcutta and Dr.

Atma Ram, General Secretary, Indian Science Congress Association, Calcutta, represented the Indian Science Congress, Association at the meeting.

18. Indian Science Congress:

The 54th Session of the Indian, Science Congress under the presidentship of Prof. T. R. Seshadri, F.R.S. was held at Hyderabad from 3rd to 9th January, 1967. Twenty- five eminent scientists from other countries were among, the large number of scientists who attended the Congress.

19. Scheme for Vijnan Mandirs:

The Vijnan Mandirs were set up, inter alia, to simulate interest in science amongst the people in rural areas. After the administrative control of the Vijnan Mandirs was transferred to the State Governments in the beginning of 1963-64, only three new Vijnan Mandirs have been established by one State Government, viz. the Government of Mysore, bringing their total number to 52.

20. Summer Schools:

Three summer schools were organised during 1966-67 to enable the scientists to get together-for valuable exchange of views and experience. These were:

(i) A summer school in social anthropology held at Darjeeling from 3rd to 9th June, 1966 which was attended by 13 participants.

(ii) A summer school on nutrition at Hyderabad from 4th to 16th July, 1966, which was attended by 34 participants.

(iii) A symposium on biological productivity of our lands' lakes and seas at New Delhi, from 23rd to 25th February, 1967, in which 36 scientists took part.

21. Production of Popular Scientific Literature:

Under the scheme to popularise science financial assistance was given for the publication of 3 journals of popular scientific nature.

B. SURVEYS

B. I. SURVEY OF INDIA

22. Topographical and Development Project Surveys:

During 1966-67, about 75 per cent of the Department's potential was engaged on topographical surveys (including surveys for the Ministries of Defence and External Affairs) and the remaining personnel on development project surveys being undertaken during

the fourth Plan. Survey work was also undertaken in Nepal under the Colombo Plan. Field and photogrammetric, surveys covering an area of 1,39,650 sq. km. on 1:50,000 scale, 2,300 sq. km. on 1:25,000 scale, 5,29,800 sq. km. on 1:2,50,000 scale and 49 other large-scale development project surveys were completed. Briefly the work done was as follows:

(a) Topographical surveys in Andhra Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bhutan, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.

(b) Boundary demarcation surveys between. Bhutan and Assam and West Bengal; surveys for landing and approach charts of different air fields; surveys for town and guide maps, forest surveys in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Mysore; geodetic triangulation in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, astronomical control in Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Laccadive and Amindivi Islands; geodetic levelling in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Madras, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Orissa; magnetic observations in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Madras, Mysore and Uttar Pradesh; gravity observations in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Kerala, Laccadive and Minicoy Islands, Madras, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mysore, Orissa and Nicobar Islands and tidal observation in coastal areas.

(c) Surveys in connection with the following development projects were also undertaken:-Inchampalli Reservoir and Railway Bridge project over Godavari in Andhra Pradesh, Umaiam, Untru, Brahmputra Flood Control and Majuli Neamati Jia Bharali projects in Assam, Bhavanathpur Lime-stone project, Bokaro Steel project, Farakka Barrage, Kosi and North Koel projects in Bihar; Damanganga, Kandana high level canal, Kotar Reclamation and Narmada projects in. Gujarat; Bhaba and Baspa Stages I and II Giribata, Pabar Nala, Ravi River Valley, Sutlej and Siul Hydel projects in Himachal Pradesh; fixing control points for revenue survey

in Kerala; Bhopalpatnam, Bodhghat, Demba, Ken, Konta and Maji Mendri projects in Madhya Pradesh; Sethu Samundram project in Madras; Bhima, Hiranyakeshi; Jayakwadi Stages I and II Kesari Multipurpose, Koyna Dam, Kumbhi Multipurpose Stages I and II, Pench, Penganga, Purna, Sahasrakund Multipurpose and Vedganga projects in Maharashtra, Manipur Valley development project in Manipur; Aghnashini, Chakranadi and Kalinadi projects in Mysore; Barakot, Indravati, Lodani, Mahanadi Right Bank Resettlement, Taldih Iron Ore and Upper Baitarani projects in Orissa, Beas Dam and Ghog projects in Punjab; Anas, Gurgaon Canal Mahi (Baneshwar Scheme), Rajasthan Canal and Sei Diversion projects in Rajasthan, Farakka Barrage and Ramman River projects in West Bengal.

23. To cope with the survey tasks of the Ministry of Irrigation and Power, a new regional circle designated as North Western Circle was raised during the year with its headquarters at Chandigarh. Eight field parties and 3 drawing offices were also raised during the year.

24. The Geodetic and Research Branch of the Department participated in the international Upper Mantle Project in the disciplines of gravimetry, geomagnetism and continental drift. The Branch checked the verticality of Qutab Minar at Delhi, and of two towers of Chittorgarh Fort in Rajasthan. Geodetic surveys required in connection with the establishment of Earth Satellite Station of the Department of Atomic Energy in Gujarat were started.

25. The Department.rendered valuable technical advice on the Kutch-Sind international boundary to the Indian delegation presenting India's case to the International Tribunal at Geneva.

26. A start has been made for the translation of departmental books in Hindi. The preparation of a provisional list of Hindi equivalents of surveying terminology is on hand. Many bilingual technical forms and letter heads have been introduced.

27. Participation in Conferences :

The Department partici- pated in the Indian Symposium of International Year of the Quiet Sun held at New Delhi in December, 1966.

28. Training of Officers Abroad :

Nine officers underwent or were undergoing specialised training abroad- two in photogrammetry (one at the International Training Centre for Aerial Surveys, Delft, the Netherlands and the other in the UK), one at the National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada; one in aerial photography in France and two in map reproduction in the USA; one in geodesy in teh USA and two in advanced senior staff training one in France, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and West Germany and the other in Canada, Netherlands, the UK and the USA.

29. Publications:

Various topographical and geographical maps, project maps, weather charts, approach and landing charts, cantonment maps, tide tables 1967, departmental and extra-departmental books and pamphlets were published by the Department.

30. Pre-investment Surveying Mapping and Training Project:

Precision instruments and equipment from foreign countries are being received in stages. Work on the development of land and construction of the building for the Pilot Production Centre is in progress. With the limited resources available, 180 surveyore and 31 survey officers were imparted training. This project, when in fun swing, will train about 400 surveyors every year and will also impart advanced survey training to about 100 survey officers every year.

31. Precision surveying instruments involving foreign exchange have been received for the project for pre-investment Survey of forest resources undertaken by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Community Development and Cooperation with assistance from the United Nations Special Fund. The Forest Party is engaged on the preparation of base maps for forest resources inventory for pilot areas of the project in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mysore, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.

32. Indian Photo-Interpretation Institute:

This institute was established at Dehra Dun with assistance from the Netherlands Government. It imparts training in the application of the techniques of photo-interpretation in the disciplines of geology, soil survey and forestry and relate base map production for speeding up surveys of natural resources of the country. The Institute started its first course from 10th May, 1966 with 16 trainees.

B. II. NATIONAL ATLAS ORGANISATION

33. During the year, nine plates of the main English edition of the National Atlas, viz., Hyderabad, Trivandrum, Jaipur, Nagpur, Madras, Delhi, Lucknow and Calcutta on 1:1 M scale of the 'Transport and Tourism' series and Jaipur on 1:1 M wale of the 'Physical' series were printed and released for sale. A large number of other maps are at various stages of compilation, final drawing and printing.

B. III. ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

The following are the important scientific activities of the Anthropological Survey of India for the period under report:

34. Physical Anthropology:

In connection with the All-India Anthropometric Survey project, started in 1960, the data collected from Bihar, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Rajasthan, Madras and Orissa were analysed and the Anthropometric Survey reports of the States of Madras, Kerala and Andhra are being prepared.

35. Another project entitled 'All-India Craniometric Survey' was undertaken by this Survey to examine and to investigate the metric and non-metric characteristics on the skulls of various ethnic types of India. During the period under review, measurement and somatoscopic observations on a large number of crania and mandibles were carried out.

36. Dermatoglyphic data collected from certain caste groups of Nadia district of West Bengal were analysed. Identification of about 4,480 finger prints of the Rabhas, Mech, Oraon and the Munda groups of people of Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal, was also done.

37. In connection with the genetic study, analysis of data on blood group including Diego system and other genetic investigations carried out among the Tharu of Nainital district (U.P.) and the Lepcha, the Bhutia and the Nepalese was carried out.

38. Field work in connection with the longitudinal study of growth and skeletal maturity on the Bengali children to show individual variation of growth rates of Bengali children belonging to different socioeconomic groups in Barisha and Sarasuna

villages in 24-Parganas district of West Bengal has been completed and the anthropometric and radiological data are being analysed.

39. Analysis of data collected in connection with the investi- gation on colour vision among school children of selected castes in Nagpur city, Maharashtra has been done. Data were also collected on colour blindness and distribution of mid-phalangeal hair among the school-going children of Mysore city. In connection with the project entitled, "Study of Sicklecell Trait in India" analysis of data collected from Gujarat State is being done.

40. In the Osteological laboratory, restoration, cleaning, re- construction and preservation of the pre-historic human remains, from Pandu Rajar Dhibi (West Bengal), Sanur (Madras), Rupar (East Punjab), Burzahom (Jammu and Kashmir) and Kalibangan (Rajasthan) were carried out.

41. Cultural Anthropology:

In connection with the ethno- graphic study, field investigations were carried out among the Kolams of Yeotmal district (Maharashtra), the Ulladan of Kerala and the Rajbanshi and the Bhoi Khasi of Assam. Exploratory ethnographic work among the Monpas of Kameng Frontier Division, NEFA, was also carried out during the period under review.

42. Reports on the ethnographic study of tribes like the Kampat Mundas of Hibar, the Didayi, the Gadabads and the Kuvi Kandh of Orissa, the Korku and the Kolams of Maharashtra and the Lalung of Assam are being prepared.

Data were collected in connection with the project entitled 'Social and cultural life of the locals of Andaman Island'.

Documentary film on the Khasis of Assam and the Birhor of Hazaribagh district, Bihar, were edited.

A tribal map of India showing district-wise distribution of scheduled tribes based on 1961 census is being prepared.

43. Bio-Chemistry:

Data collected in connection with the project entitled, 'Infant feeding practice and infant growth in the Midnapore district of West Bengal' were analysed.

Laboratory investigations were carried out on the dietary data collected from the Great Nicobar and other adjacent islands.

44. Linguistics:

In connection with the project entitled, Socio-linguistic study of some obscure Indo-Aryan dialect', data collected on the Karmali and Saraki dialects spoken in West Bengal and Bihar were analysed.

A glossary of anthropological terms and their Tamil equivalents is being prepared.

In connection with the project entitled, 'A comparative study of Bonda vocabulary' an article on kinship terms use in Bonda and other Munda languages was prepared.

45. Psychology:

Plotting of frequency distribution of stereo- types, responses and preferences of Bengali, Marwari, Bihari, UP, Tamil Brahmin and non-Brahmin and also the Kannada, Malayalee and Andhra Hindu students was carried out in connection with the project entitled, 'A study in stereotypes and inter-group relations in Calcutta and in South India'.

46. Field investigations were carried out among the Santals of Burdwan district of West Bengal to collect data in connection with a project entitled, 'Culture contact and personality change or effect of culture contact and the personality structure of the Santals'.

47. Miscellaneous:

Under the Cultural Exchange Programme between India and the USSR 1965-66, Shri P. Gupta, Anatomist, visited the USSR for a period of three months for specialisation in the field of Paleoanthropology with special reference to the reconstruction of prehistoric skulls and bones.

During the period under review 18 papers were published, 6 papers were sent for publication and 23 papers/reports were completed.

B. IV. BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

48. Explorations:

The Botanical Survey of India participated in the joint scientific expedition to the Great Nicobar Islands in collaboration with the Anthropological, Zoological and Geological Surveys. A total of 2,100 interesting plant specimens

comprising 350 species have been collected and 23 living-plant specimens were brought for introduction in the Indian Botanic Garden.

49. The Survey also participated in the Bengal Himalayan Association Mountaineering Expedition to Trisuli Glacier in Kumaon. Explorations and floristic surveys were conducted in the areas likely to be submerged by construction of dams in Kerala and Madras. Floristic surveys were also conducted in other parts of the country.

50. Research Work:

The P.L. 480 scheme on "Chemical screening in the family Solanaceae for steroidal alkaloids specially Solasodine" was extended for a further period of two years. from August, 1966. More than 90 papers on various botanical researches including those relating to economic and medicinal values of Indian plants have been published. Other researches include (i) monographic studies in the genus solanum; (ii) inten-sive work on monocots of Assam; (iii) chromosome determination of plant collections; (iv) studies on Indian Pterdophyte; and (v) cultivation of as many orchids of India as possible for largescale commercial exploitation in India and abroad.

51. The Indian Botanic Garden:

Considerable improvements were carried out in the gardens during the year under report. In the "Grow More Food" campaign, the Survey cooperated with the Government of West Bengal and about 10 lakh seedlings were raised in the Indian Botanic Garden and made available for distribution. Moreover, 11,830 avenue plants were distributed, free of cost, to the various institutions and the public. during "Vana Mahotsava, Week, 1966".

52. Development of Orchidaria:

Large-scale cultivation by hybridization has been attempted and orchids from foreign countries are being introduced.

53. Scientific and Cultural Exchange:

Close collaboration with Indian universities was maintained. Exchange of seeds, plants, herbarium specimens and orchids between the Survey and other institutions in India and abroad continued to increase. The officers of the Survey accompanied the foreign distinguished

botanists during their collection of plant specimens in some parts of the country.

54. Training:

Under the Colombo Plan, two officers of the Department were deputed to the University of Liverpool, UK for one- year training course in Taxonomic studies.

B-V. ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

55. Explorations:

Explorations and faunistic survey of un- explored areas in different parts of the country, viz., Assam, NEFA, Bihar, Goa, Mysore, Orissa and West Bengal were conducted. An intensive survey of Eastern Bhutan was also undertaken.

56. Research Work and Publications:

Fifty-three research papers were published by the staff of the Survey and 64 more papers are in the press.

57. International Cooperation and Scientific and Cultural Exchanges:

Work on the scheme of Key Zoological Collection Centre for South Asia to facilitate identification of zoological specimens and maintenance of lists of species present in collections of the co- operating countries, viz., India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon is progressing satisfactorily. The allied scheme of central card index of the zoological specimens for South Asia is also making satisfactory progress. The UNESCO made available an amount of $2,000 for continuing the work of preparation of Type Index Cards.

58. Under the Cultural and Scientific Exchange Programme between India and USSR, 1965-66, three superintending zoologists of the Survey visited the USSR for a period of two months for study and work in the scientific and research institutions of that country.

59. The services of Dr. Walter Fisher, a Marine Expert, were obtained for a period of six months under the United Nations Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance.

60. A nominee of the Government of Ceylon deputed under the Colombo Plan is undergoing training in Taxidermy.

The Survey also rendered identification and advisory service to 140 parties in India and 22 parties abroad.

61. National Zoological Collections:

About 16,650 specimens belonging to 1,303 species were added to the national zoological collections of the Survey. Of this, 157 type specimen belonging to 43 species and sub-species are new to the science.

C. FINANCIAL PROVISIONS

        
                                          
        
        Si.                                          Provision for 1966-67      Provision
        No.            Scheme                      --------------------------     for
                                                     Original      Revised     1967-68
        
                                                    
                                                       Rs.           Rs.          Rs.
             
        1    Grants-in-aid to scientific
              societies and institutes               53,86,500    53,91,000    59,92,400
        
        2    National Research Professors
        
              (i)  Payment of salaries                2,33,200     2,33,200     2,33,200
        
              (ii) Expenditure on research
                    work                              1,40,600     1,41,000     1,58,100
        
        3    Partial financial assistance to
              Indian scientists going abroad            20,000       20,000       20,000
        
        4    Scientific Liaison Cell, Lon-
              don                                       37,000       26,800       29,800
        
        
        5    National Research Develop-
              ment Corporation .                     14,00,000     7,75,000    11,96,000
        
        6    International  Scientific
              Unions                                  1,24,000     1,95,000     2,50,000
        
        7    Expenditure on non-official
              members of scientific and
              other delegations                         20,000       20,000       20,000
        
        8    Vijnan Mandirs                           1,00,000     1,00,000     1,00,000
        
        9    Summer Schools                             60,000       39,000       50,000
        
        10   Popularisation of Science                  25,000       23,000       ----
        
        11   Survey of India                       4,23,69,000  4,22,30,200  4,81,07,900
        
        12   National Atlas Organisations             8,58,000     9,20,900    11,80,300
        
        13   Anthropological Survey of
              India                                  14,93,000    14,98,600    17,83,400
        
        14   Botanical Survey of India               30,76,000    32,24,000    34,57,400
        
        15   Zoological Survey of India              24,95,000    24,95,000    29,92,000

SCIENTIFIC SURVEYS AND DEVELOPMENT