PROMOTION OF LANGUAGES
12.1.0 Languages being the most important medium of communication and education, their development occupies an important place in the National Policy on Education and Programme of Action. Promotion and development of Hindi and other languages listed in the VIII Schedule of the Constitution including Sanskrit and Urdu on the one hand and English as well as foreign languages on the other hand. have received due attention. In fulfilling the constitutional responsibility, the Department of Education undertook various programmes through its Languages Institutes, autonomous organisations and subordinate offices, namely, Kendriya Hindi Shikshan Mandal, Agra with its five centres, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (RSKS), New Delhi with its seven Vidyapeethas, Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIlL), Mysore, with its four regional centres, one Extension Centre and two Urdu Training and Research Centres, Central Hindi Directorate (CHD), New Delhi, Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology (CSTT), New Delhi and Bureau for Promotion of Urdu (BPU). Some of the following major activities pertaining to promotion and development of languages were undertaken during 1994-95.
Promotion and Development of Hindi 12.2.1 For the development of Hindi as a link language, a scheme of financial assistance to voluntary Hindi organisations for promotion of Hindi was continued. To encourage voluntary organisations engaged in promotion, development and propagation of Hindi, the Central Government has been providing them financial assistance since the First Five Year Plan. Over the years, the number of organisations seeking financial assistance under this scheme have progressively been increasing and in 1994-95 about 200 voluntary Hindi Organisations are likely to be financially assisted.
12.2.2 Financial assistance is also being extended to voluntary organisations as well as individuals for translation, publications and purchase of books with a view to promoting and propagating Hindi. This is an ongoing scheme and now being administered by the C H D , a subordinate office under this Department.
Appointment and Training of Hindi Teachers in Non-Hindi Speaking
States/UTs 12.2.3 With a view to assisting the non-Hindi speaking States/UTs for promotion and propagation of Hindi in pursuance of the provisions contained in Article 351 of the Constitution of India, the Central Government had started, during the Second Plan. the schemes of (i) Appointment of Hindi teachers, and (ii) Opening/Strengthening of Hindi Teachers Training Colleges. Under these schemes central assistance was provided to the non-Hindi speaking States/UTs on 100% basis. These scheme were implemented upto the Seventh Plan as two separate schemes. Since the objectives of these schemes are similar, these have been merged together into a single scheme entitled "Appointment and Training of Hindi Teachers in non-Hindi speaking States/UTs" in the Eighth Plan and central assistance on the same pattern has been continued in 1994-95. During 1994-95 central assistance of the order of Rs. 2.5 crore is being provided to various non-Hindi speaking States/UTs under this scheme on the approved pattern for appointment/maintenance/training of about 1,000 Hindi teachers.
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Propagation of Hindi Abroad 12.2.4 This scheme was started in the Fourth Five Year Plan with the objective to promote and propagate Hindi abroad. The scheme has been continuing in the Eighth Plan also. The specific programmes/activities under the scheme are (i) Award of scholarship to about 50 foreign students for study of Hindi in India for a period of one year (ii) supply of Hindi books and other equipment for propagation of Hindi to Indian Missions abroad (iii) Deputation of Hindi teachers to Surinam, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago; (iv) Appointment of Hindi Librarian and part-time Hindi Lecturers in the Embassy of India, Kathmandu and High Commission of India, Srilanka. The foreign students are provided with the scholarships @Rs. 1200/- p.m. and book grant of Rs. 400/- per annum respectively. The programme of teaching Hindi to foreign students is being conducted at the headquarters of the Kendriya Hindi Sansthan at Agra.
Establishment of International Hindi University 12.2.5 A Committee was set up under the chairmanship of Dr. Shiv Mangal Singh `Suman' to advise the government about the nature, structure, location, financial requirements and other related matters in respect of the establishment of an International Hindi University. The Committee submitted its report on 1.5.1993 which has been examined in consultation with other concerned Ministries/Organisations. The government have now decided to set up the Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya at Wardha and to prepare and propose legislation for consideration of the Parliament.
Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology 12.3.1 The Commission for Scientific & Technical Terminology was set up in October, 1961 for evolution of Scientific and Technical Terminology in Hindi and other Indian languages, production of university level books and reference literature in all disciplines, identification of pan-Indian Terminology, setting up a national terminology bank and organising terminology orientation workshops to facilitate smooth change over of media of instruction in universities.
Terminology 12.3.2 The Commission has so far evolved and published 5.5 lakhs terms of various disciplines and the work is in progress.
Definitional Dictionaries 12.3.3 The CSTT has brought out 50 Definitional Dictionaries which contain definitions. in Hindi of Science & Technical terms already evolved by the Commission. These Definitional Dictionaries cover almost all Basic Sciences, Social Science and Humanities and specialised subjects like archaeology and International Law. Definitional Dictionaries of specialised subjects like Microbiology, Linguistics, Metallurgy, Cell-Biology, Plan Pathology, Entomology, Cytogenetics etc. are under various stages of publication.
Pan-Indian Terminology 12.3.4 So far 19 Pan Indian Glossaries have been published for free distribution.
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University Level Book Production 12.3.5 The CSTT has brought out in collaboration with Hindi Granth Akademies/State Textbook Boards/University Cells, 11247 university level textbooks in Hindi& regional languages. The Commission has also produced 388 books in the field of Engineering, Medicines and Agriculture. The CSTT also brings out a quarterly journal `Vigyan Garima Sindhu'.
Terminology Orientation Workshop 12.3.6 With a view to promoting and popularising appropriate use of the terminology, the CSTT organised workshops for university/college teachers in diverse disciplines. Annually 12-15 of such workshops are organised. So far 3310 university/college teachers, Official Language Officers and Scientists have received terminology orientation.
Computerisation of Terminology 12.3.7 The CSTT had launched this project in 1989 and under which all 5.5 lakh technical terms evolved by the CSTT are being fed on data base out of which about 4 lakh terms have already been keyed in. From this computerised data base glossary of Veterinary Science, Forestry, Space Science, Chemical, Engineering, Agriculture, Comprehensive Defence Terminology, Psychology, Mining and Geology were laser printed and are in press.
Central Hindi Directorate 12.4.1 The Directorate is compiling Thirteen Hindi and thirteen regional languages based bilingual dictionaries. So far thirteen dictionaries viz. Hindi-Assamese, Hindi-Gujarati, Hindi-Kashmiri, Hindi-Marathi, Hindi-Malyalam, Hindi-Oriya, Hindi-Sindhi, Hindi-Tamil, Hindi Telugu, Hindi-Urdu, Oriya-Hindi, Malayalam, Hindi and Urdu-Hindi dictionaries have been published. The Directorate has brought out thirteen trilingual dictionaries, while twelve Hindi based and twelve regional languages based trilingual dictionaries are being compiled. The Directorate has also published one multilingual dictionary and the `Tatsam Word Dictionary' besides compiling "Bharatiya Bhasha Parichay Kosh". Under Cultural Exchange Programme, Czech-Hindi and German- Hindi (Vol. I & II) dictionaries have been published. Under the UN Languages Dictionaries Programme, Hindi-Chinese, Hindi-Arabic, Hindi- French and Hindi-Spanish dictionaries have been published. A consolidated Hindi-based dictionary of U.N. Languages, Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish is under compilation. Besides these, Hindi-Kashmiri and Hindi-Assamese conversational Guides have been published. Work on one trilingual and two bilingual dictionaries is in an advanced stage. A project for preparation of bilingual dictionaries of Hindi and languages of neighbouring countries has been undertaken. Out of ten such dictionaries, Hindi- Persian, Hindi-Singhalese and Hindi-Indonesian are ready for printing.
12.4.2 The Directorate also brings out Hindi journals like "Unesco Doot" ( Hindi version of the English Magazine entitled "Unesco Courier"). "Bhasha" (bimonthly) "Varshiki", "Sahityamala", "Jai Shankar Prasad", "Srijan Ke Vividh Ayam" and "Bhartiya Kavyitriyan" have also been published during the year.
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12.4.3 The Directorate is implementing a scheme of teaching Hindi through Correspondence Courses in the media of English, Tamil, Malayalam and Bangala. So far approx 3.12 lakh persons have availed of this facility. The enrolment in these courses during the current year is around 15,164. Some self-teaching, records and cassettes have also been prepared for the purpose. 12 Personal Contact Programmes have also been organised for removing the difficulties of the students.
12.4.4 The Directorate has organised two Study Tours of Non-Hindi- Speaking areas' university students of Hindi language and literature to Hindi speaking areas' Universities, and selected twenty research students of non-Hindi-speaking areas for research purpose. Eight Neo- Writers Workshops have been organised to encourage non-Hindi writers to write in Hindi during the year under report. Nineteen writers of Hindi from non-Hindi speaking areas were given awards this year. Two national symposiums were also organised in Allahabad & Hyderabad to discuss various aspects of oneness of Indian literature. Eight scholars, (four from Hindi areas to give lectures on students' interest subjects in non-Hindi speaking areas' universities and four from non-Hindi speaking zones to give lectures on students' interest subjects in Hindi-speaking areas' Universities) were nominated by Central Hindi Directorate.
12.4.5 A number of books have been sent free of cost to the non- Hindi States for the propagation of Hindi. Exhibition of Hindi books is another activity of the Directorate. The Directorate is also conducting a survey of the spoken form of official language in various units of Central Government spread over the country. The scheme has been divided into two phases. In most of the Hindi-speaking States this survey has been completed. It is also engaged in propagation of Sindhi language. The Directorate is working as Secretariat of `Hindi Shiksha Samiti' and `Shiksha Awards'.
Kendriya Hindi Shikshan Mandal, Agra 12.5.1 The Kendriya Hindi Shikshan mandal, Agra is an autonomous Organisation established by the Government of India, under overall administrative control of Ministry of Human Resource Development, (Department of Education). The Mandal runs `Kendriya Hindi Sansthan under its aegis, with its headquarters at Agra and centres at Delhi, Hyderabad, Mysore, Guwahati and Shillong. The Sansthan is recognised as an Advanced Centre for teaching training and research in Hindi as a second/foreign language and also for applied Hindi linguistics in teaching and translation.
12.5.2 For inservice training of Hindi teachers of non-Hindi speaking states, the Sansthan runs Hindi Shikshan Nishant (M.Ed. Level), Hindi Shikshan Parangat (B.Ed level), Hindi Shikshan Praveen, Four-Year Hindi Shikshak Diploma and Intensive Hindi Teaching-cum- Training Course. During the session 139 inservice Hindi teachers were trained. Hindi Shikshan Parangat course is conducted through correspondence also, in which 350 inservice teachers are admitted during the session.
12.5.3 The Sansthan also runs courses for teaching Hindi to foreigners at Agra under the Government of India scheme of "Propagation of Hindi Abroad". During the session the Government of India has awarded scholarships to 41 students from various foreign countries. A Composite Hindi Course for foreigners is also being conducted at Delhi Centre in which 45 foreign students are studying. Apart from this 3 courses of applied Hindi linguistics and translation are also being conducted at Delhi centre. During the session 85 students are studying in these courses.
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12.5.4 On request of the Government of Goa, two Workshops were organised to produce standardized and validated press copy of "Gomanta Bharadi", first book of Hindi for class vth students. National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development made a request to the Sansthan to prepare a distance Hindi teaching course for their officials. The Sansthan prepared a Foundation Course of Distance Hindi Teaching Module during the session. Work for the preparation of Hindi grammar books and bilingual dictionaries for students of Madhya Pradesh Sikkim, Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Manipur states is in progress. In addition, the research projects "Sociolinguistic survey of Industrial Units: in special context of Hindi", and "Computer based Hindi Teaching to Foreign Students" are in progress.
12.5.5 Under the scheme entitled " Hindi Sevi Semman Yojana" 13 eminent Hindi Scholars have been awarded for their distinguished contribution in the field of development and propagation of Hindi, Hindi journalism, research and creatives in Hindi, scientific and technical Hindi literature etc.
Promotion and Development of Indian Languages 12.6.1 The central institute of Indian Languages Mysore was established on July 17, 1969 to help evolve and implement the language policy of the Government of India and coordinate the development of Indian Languages. The Institute is charged with the responsibility of conducting research in the areas of language development such as analysis, Pedagogy, Technology and Language use in society, Government and Education with an emphasis on problem solving and National integration.
12.6.2 The Regional Language centres at Mysore, Pune, Bhubaneshwar, Patiala, Lucknow and Solan impart training in Kannada-Malayalam-Tamil- Telugu, Gujarat-Marathi-Sindhi, Assamese-Bengali-Oriya, Kashmiri- Punjabi-Urdu respectively to the graduate teachers deputed by various State Governments.
12.6.3 The regional language centres are also conducting a parallel contact-cum-correspondence course in 3 languages viz., Tamil, Bengali and Urdu.
12.6.4 A North Eastern research extension centre was established in 1989 at Guwahati to implement language provisions of the Assam Accord. It has undertaken programmes for development of Assamese language in consonance with the development of tribal languages in Assam in particular and the North Eastern region in general. Besides language training programmes, evaluation of teaching materials, this centre does research to identify the common features and interaction between the languages of this region.
12.6.5 In the regional language centres 312 teachers were deputed by the states for learning a third language.
Scheme of Financial Assistance for Appointment of Modern Indian
Language Teachers 12.6.6 In pursuance of the national Policy of Education, 1968 and 1986, the Government of India has been implementing the 3 language formula through the training of teachers. A centrally sponsored scheme has been initiated from 1993-94 which will provide 100% financial assistance for the appointment of MIL teaches (other than Hindi).
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12.6.7 The Central Institute of Indian languages completed 25 years of its service to Indian languages on July 17, 1994. on this occasion 25 books, 8 computer softwares, 2 audio cassettes, 4 video films, and 11 posters were released.
Major works done during 1994-95 include: 12.6.8 A comparative Study of implementation of official languages in the states was completed. The development of 3 million word corpus in the four south Indian languages is expected to be completed by the end of this year. This corpus will be grammatically tagged. Using the corpus, spell checkers and machine readable dictionaries will be prepared in these languages. Style manuals in Tamil and Kannada were prepared for the use of writers, teachers and printers to improve the quality of presentation of materials in publications from the point of view of their comprehensibility, communicativeness and consistency.
12.6.9 Survey of Pahari languages in Himachal Pradesh and their grammatical distribution continued.
12.6.10 Special programmes for the development of newly recognised scheduled languages were taken up. Teachers were trained in konkani to create administrative terms; the training was given to state institute of education, Goa for preparation of Konkani primers and expertise was provided for translating literature from Konkani into Hindi.
12.6.11 Nursery Rhymes were prepared in Hindi, Marathi, Manipuri and Tamil.
12.6.12 The institute developed minimum levels of learning in third and first language.
Financial Assistance for Promotion of Modem Indian Languages and
English Language 12.6.13 Financial Assistance is being provided to voluntary organisations as well as individuals for bringing out publications as well as purchase of books with a view to promoting and propagating Modern Indian Language and English Language. Similarly, voluntary organisations engaged in promotional activities in various Modern Indian Languages and in English also receive Central assistance. These are ongoing schemes and now being administered by the CIIL, Mysore (MIL portion) and by the CIEFL, Hyderabad (English Language portion).
Taraqui-E-Urdu Board