PROMOTION OF LANGUAGES
12.1.0 Language being the most important medium of communication and education, their development occupies an important place in the National Policy on Education and Programme of Action. Therefore, promotion and development of Hindi and other 17 languages listed in the schedule VIII of the Constitution including Sanskrit and Urdu on the one hand and English as well as other foreign languages on the other hand have received due attention. In fulfilling the constitutional responsibility, the Department of Education is assisted by autonomous organisations and subordinate offices.
Central Hindi Directorate 12.2.1 The Central Hindi Directorate was set up in March, 1960 as a subordinate office of the Ministry. The Directorate has since been implementing a number of schemes for the promotion and development of Hindi.
12.2.2 The Directorate is engaged in the task of preparation of Hindi and Regional language based bilingual, trilingual and multilingual dictionaries. So far, the Directorate has brought out 13 Hindi based bilingual and 30 other bilingual and trilingual dictionaries. The Directorate also undertook the projects of Czech-Hindi, German-Hindi, Hindi-Chinese, Hindi-Arabic, Hindi-French and Hindi-Spanish dictionaries, which have successfully been completed. The Directorate has also brought out 11 Conversational Guides for non-Hindi speaking Indian students and a Hindi Primer(in four parts) for foreigners. A project of bilingual dictionaries of the languages of the neighbouring countries has also been undertaken by the Directorate, which is in progress. The Dictionaries of Hindi-Persian, Hindi-Indonesian, Hindi- Sinhalese and Hindi-Sanyukta Rashtra Bhasha Kosha are under publication. The conversation guides of Hindi-Tamil, Hindi-Malayalam, Malayalam-Hindi, Bangla- Hindi are also under publication.
12.2.3 The Directorate is also teaching Hindi as a second and foreign language to non-Hindi speaking Indians and foreigners through correspondence course through the medium of English, Tamil, Malayalam and Bangla.
12.2.4 The other schemes which are being operated by the Directorate are (i) Awards to the Hindi Writers of non-Hindi speaking States, (ii) Extension programmes in non-Hindi speaking States; and (iii) Free distribution of Hindi books to the libraries/schools/colleges located in non-Hindi speaking States/UTs.
12.2.5 The Directorate is also implementing the scheme of financial assistance to voluntary Hindi organisations and Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha and the scheme of financial assistance for publication in Hindi. Under these schemes financial
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assistance is provided to voluntary organisations engaged in the task of promotion and development of Hindi, especially in the non-Hindi speaking States for running classes for teaching Hindi courses of Hindi shorthand and typewriting, running Hindi libraries etc., being given for Hindi. Limited financial assistance is also provided under the scheme of financial assistance for publications in Hindi to voluntary organisations as also to individuals for publication and purchase of books written in Hindi for the promotion of Hindi. Under these schemes 154 NGOs were provided financial assistance during the year 1995-96 and 19 manuscripts were approved for financial assistance during 1995-96. In addition to this, 26 titles of Hindi were also approved for purchase.
12.2.6 The Directorate is also having its 4 Regional Offices located at Madras, Hyderabad, Calcutta and Guwahati.
12.2.7 The total expenditure to be incurred on these schemes during 1996-97 is likely to come at Rs.2.89 crores.
Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology 12.3.1 In pursuance of the Presidential Order of 27th April, 1960, the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology was set up in October, 1961 for the purpose of evolving uniform terminology in Hindi and other Modern Indian Languages and Production of University Level Text Books, supplementary readings and other reference literature so as to facilitate smooth change over the media of instruction in Universities.
12.3.2 Smooth Features of the Policies, Programmes, Target Achievements During 8th Five Year Plan:
A. Terminology a) Evolution of scientific and technical terminology in Hindi and other Indian languages.
The Commission has evolved glossaries of technical terms belonging to all disciplines from basic sciences to Medicine, Engineering, Social Sciences and Humanities. A revised and enlarged edition of comprehensive glossary of technical terms containing about 50,000 terms of Medical Science, Pharmaceutical and Physical Anthropology has been published. Similarly a revised and enlarged edition of Agriculture Sciences, Comprehensive Agricultural glossary was published in the same year.
b) Identification of Pan-Indian Terminology; its propagation for promoting maximum use by all Indian languages. The project is being implemented with the active cooperation of the State Book Production Boards who are requested
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to nominate subject experts who are well conversant with the respective languages to furnish regional equivalent of basic technical terms sorted out in CSTT.
c) Computer based National Terminology Bank: A Computer based National terminology bank has been established by Commission with a view to modernizing the process of lexicography and facilitating instant dissemination of updating technical terms to the users. So far 2.5 lakhs technical terms have been keyed-in data base of this bank. Computerisation of 2.5 lakhs terms is in progress.
d) Administrative and Departmental Terminology: Commission brought out a consolidated glossary (English-Hindi and Hindi-English) Administrative glossary containing about 12,000 entries.
12.3.3 Commission from very beginning has been providing Hindi equivalents for specific terminology used by Ministries and Departments of Govt. of India. Till now, CSTT has published different glossaries relating to Railways, Defence, Gaines, Posts and Telegraph, Revenue, Space Science and Mines etc.
B Production Of Definitional Dictionaries In Various Subjects 12.3.4 After determining the Hindi equivalents for technical terms of different subjects of Science and Humanities it was felt necessary that the definitional dictionaries should be prepared for different subjects so that concepts of basic technical terms may be crystallized. The CSTT has brought out 50 definitional dictionaries.
C. University Level Book Production 12.3.5 Hindi and other Indian languages can resume special position as a medium of instructions at the University level only when sufficient books using standards terminology are produced. With this object in view Central Government has made available sufficient grant in the 8th Plan to each of 15 participating States, which set up Hindi Granth Academies and State Text Book Boards for implementing this scheme. CSTT has been assigned the responsibility of coordinating and monitoring the progress of work of all these agencies. Under this programme about 2920 books have been, produced in Hindi and 8717 books in Modern Indian Languages. CSTT under its direct control has produced 85 books in Engineering, 76 in Medicine and 235 books in Agricultural Sciences.
D. Publication Of Journals 12.3.6 With a view to help evolution of an appropriate style of scientific writing in Hindi and to provide latest information relating to various fields of knowledge, CSTT
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has been publishing a quarterly journal 'Vigyan Garima Sindhu' since 1986. Till now 18 issues have been published and 19th is in press.
E. Organisation Of Technical Workshops: 12.3.7 One of the handicaps for adoption of Indian languages as media at higher levels of education, is that many of our teachers do not have good enough command over Hindi or Indian languages to be able to deliver lecture on technical subjects in Hindi or Indian languages who are not well versed in using standard terminology in their class-room lecturers CSTT organises terminology orientation workshops programmes to improve the oral skills of the University teachers teaching their respective subjects through the medium of Hindi and to enable instruction with them as the user of terminology Till now, 4 workshops have been organised in different States of the country. Last year National Seminar was organised in November, 1995, which was of great success.
F. Exhibitions 12.3.8 CSTT organises book exhibitions from time to time in which publications of CSTT as well as of various Hindi Granth Academies are displayed. Sale of these books Is also undertaken during the exhibition.
Strategies Adopted For Achieving Objective During 8th Five Year Plan 12.3.9 The Commission appointed Expert Advisory Committees for different subjects to review and coordinate the technical terms prepared by the Staff of CSTT and other Academic bodies. The Committees consisted of eminent scholars, teachers and linguists of all tilt: Subjects. Seminars were held in different parts of the country to discuss and finalise the technical terms of recent branches belonging to different branches of Sciences and Humanities and also definitional dictionaries and other reading material.
Kendriya Hindi Shikshan Mandal, Agra 12.4.1 The Kendriya Hindi Shikshan Mandal, Agra is an autonomous organisation established by the Govt. of India, under overall administrative control Ministry of HRD (Deptt. of Education). Tile mandal runs "Kendriya Hindi Sansthan" under its aegis, with its Head-quarters at Agra and centres at Delhi, Hyderabad, Mysore, Guwahati and Shillong. The Sansthan is recognised as an Advanced Centre for teaching, training and research in Hindi as a second/foreign language and also for applied Hindi Linguistics and Functional Hindi.
12.4.2 For training in-service Hindi teachers of non-Hindi speaking States the Sansthan runs Hindi Shikshan Nishnat(M.Ed. level), Hindi Shikshan Parangat (B.Ed. level), Hindi Shikshan Praveen, Four year Hindi Shikshak Diploma and Intensive Hindi
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Teaching-cum-Training Courses. During 1995-96, 130 in-service Hindi teachers were trained in regular courses and 366 in-service Hindi teachers were admitted in Hindi Shikshan Parangat Course through correspondence.
12.4.3 The Sansthan also runs courses for teaching Hindi to foreigners at Agra, under the Govt. of India scheme "Propagation of Hindi Abroad". During the session, 30 students hailed from 22 countries, completed the courses for Foreign Nationals. A composite Hindi course for foreigners was also conducted at the Delhi Centre in which 28 foreign students were admitted. Apart from this, 3 courses of applied Hindi Linguistics and Translation are conducted at the Delhi Centre. During the session, 54 students studied in these courses. Nearly 250 foreign students are trained in the 8th Plan.
12.4.4 Short-term Orientation/Advanced Orientation/Refresher courses for in- service Hindi teachers are conducted at the Head-quarters and at the centres. During the session 47 such courses were conducted which were participated by 1409 in- service Hindi teachers.
12.4.5 The University Grants Commission has given recognition to the Sansthan to conduct Functional Hindi courses for Hindi teachers teaching functional Hindi at graduate level in Universities. Two such courses were organised during the session, which were attended by 32 teachers of various Universities. The Sansthan is also entrusted by the UGC to prepare books of functional Hindi for graduate classes. Four books were prepared under the titles (i) Bharat Sarkar Ki Rajbhasha Niti; (2) Vyavaharik Hindi Vyakaran Aur Vartalap; (3) Anuvad aur Paribhashik Shabdavali; and (4) Prashasnik Patrachar. The Sansthan also compiled, under the joint collaboration with the CIIL, Mysore, three Nursery Rhymes books in Hindi during 1995-96.
12.4.6 Three text books for Govt. Hindi teachers training college, Dimapur (Nagaland) were also prepared.
12.4.7 Under the scheme entitled "Hindi Sevi Samman Yojana", 13 eminent Hindi scholars were awarded during 1996-97 for their distinguished contribution in the field of development and propagation of Hindi, Hindi journalism, research and creative- literature and scientific and technical literature in Hindi etc.
12.4.8 The total expenditure on implementation of the scheme during 1996-97 is likely to be Rs. 1.28 crores.
Scheme of Financial Assistance for Appointment and Training of
Hindi Teachers in Non-Hindi Speaking States/UTs 12.5.0 With a view to assisting the non-Hindi speaking States/UTs for promotion and propagation of Hindi in pursuance of the provision contained in Article 351 of the Constitution of India, the Central Government had started during the second Plan, the
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schemes of (i) Appointment of Hindi teachers; and (ii) Opening/Strengthening of Hindi teachers training colleges. Under these schemes Central assistance was provided to the non-Hindi speaking States/UTs on 100% basis. These schemes were implemented upto the VII Plan as two separate schemes. Since the objectives of these schemes are similar, these have been merged together into a single scheme entitled "Appointment and Training of Hindi Teachers in non-Hindi speaking State/UTs" in the VIII Plan and Central assistance on the same pattern has been continued in 1996-97. During 1996- 97 Central assistance of the order of about Rs.4.50 crores is ear-marked to various non-Hindi speaking States/UTs under the scheme on the approved pattern for appointment/maintenance and training of about 1521 Hindi teachers.
Central Institute Of Indian Languages, Mysore 12.6.1 The Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, a subordinate office in the Ministry was established on July, 1969 to help evolve and implement the Language Policy of the Government of India and coordinate the development of Indian Languages is charged with responsibility of conducting research in the areas of Language Analysis, Language Pedagogy, Language Technology and Language use in Society, Government and Education with a bias towards problem solving and National Integration.
12.6.2 The Institute has implemented two major schemes viz., the Development of Indian Languages through Research Training, Material Production and Training of Teachers in Modern Indian Languages under Three Language Formula, during 1996- 97.
12.6.3 The Institute is also a nodal agency for training of teachers to be appointed by the Hindi States under the scheme of financial assistance for appointment of Modern Indian Language Teachers.
12.6.4 The Institute is also administering since 1994-95, a scheme of financial assistance to voluntary organisations and individuals holding copyright for selected activities including publication/purchase for the promotion of Modern Indian Languages.
12.6.5 The major work done by the Institute during the period under report is as follow:-
1) The Institute has done the study of Ho, Gutub, Pahadi, languages of Himachal Pradesh, Adi, Nocte, Kheza, Sangtam, Chokri of Nagaland, Lotha, Karbi, Dimasa, Mao Paite, Tibetan dialects, Mahl, Jenu Kuruba, Monpa of Anal Car Nicobar Bison, Horh Maria, Gondi dialects continued and the materials are at various stages of finalisation for development of Tribal and border languages. Workshops for the preparation of workbook on Morphology, Pictorial glossary in Mehl, Malayalam, Monograph on endangered languages,
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orientation programmes for tribal teachers of Nilgiris, Andaman & Nicobar islands, video film on Andamanese language teaching and shomphen language will be produced.
2) Workshops for the preparation of Nursery rhymes in Telugu, Nepali, Bengali and Sindhi, Kashmiri supplementary reader, Pictorial glossary and idioms in Dogri, evaluation of language curricula of training colleges are conducted. Collaborative publications, Dogri nursery rhymes, Kannada Cultural vocabulary, Marathi, Tamil and Konkani Nursery Rhymes, Nepali, Manipuri, pictorial glossary, Malayalam and Urdu pictorial glossary will be brought out soon.