APPENDIX A (e) REPORT ON THE PROGRESS OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
A. FIVE-YEAR PLANS OF STATE GOVERNMENTS As a result of an annual review, the Second Five-Year Plans of State Governments have undergone modifications in respect of provision for establishment of new Engineering colleges and polytechnics. The present position is that the State Plans provide for the establishment of eight Engineering colleges and 29 polytechnics in the current Plan period. A statement showing Statewise distribution of the new institutions, their location etc. is given at Annexure VIII. Six of the Engineering colleges and 17 of the polytechnics have, started functioning. For the rest, detailed plans, estimates etc. are being prepared.
During 1956-57, grants amounting to Rs. 50.245 lakhs were sanctioned to the State Governments for the various schemes which overflowed from the First Five-Year Plan as well as for the initiation of new schemes in accordance with the Second Five-Year Plan. In the current year, grants amounting to Rs. 3.01 lakhs have been sanctioned up to 31st October, 1957 to the State Governments for the same purpose. Further grants will be sanctioned during the remaining period of the financial year depending upon the progress of expenditure.
B. EXPANSION OF FACILITIES The schemes initiated by the Central and State Governments on the recommendations of the All-India Council for Technical Education have resulted in a significant development of facilities for Technical education at all levels, viz., first degree courses, diploma courses, post-graduate courses etc. The following statement summarises the progress of Technical education from 1947 to 1956.
Engineering and Technology
Post-Graduate First Diploma
Courses and Degree Courses
Advanced Courses
Work
No. of Institutions in 1947 .. .. 5 28 50
No. of Institutions in 1956 .. .. 15 72 129
Percentage Increase in Institutions .. .. 200 per cent 157 per cent 160 per cent
Admissions in 1947 .. .. .. 150 2,900 3,700
Admissions in 1956 .. .. .. 400 6,440 10,030
Percentage Increase in Admissions 170 per cent 120 per cent 171 per cent
Outturn in 1947 .. .. .. 50 1,300 1,450
Outturn in 1956 about 200 4,257 4,705
Percentage Increase in Outturn .. .. 300 per cent 227 per cent 225 per cent
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After the Second Five-Year Plan had been formulated, the Planning Commission appointed an Engineering Personnel Committee to make an estimate of the shortfall likely to arise in respect of graduates and diploma-holders in Engineering for the execution of various Development Projects. The Committee estimated that the shortfall would be of the order of 1800 graduates and 8000 diploma-holders. The Committee recommended that in order to bridge this gap between supply and demand during the current Plan period and for meeting in part the requirements for technical manpower for subsequent Plans, 18 more Engineering colleges and 62 polytechnics should be established in various parts of the country. The Committee estimated that these new institutions would make available 2794 additional seats for degree courses and 8221 additional seats for diploma courses in Civil, Mechanical, Electrical TeleCommunication Engineering. The Central Government, Planning Commission and All-India Council for Technical Education examined the matter in detail and came to the conclusion that in the existing circumstances the best course for the expansion of Technical education was to increase the training capacity of existing institutions wherever possible and new institutions should be established only if found necessary. The main reason for this decision was acute shortage of teaching personnel and need for economy in resources by developing existing centres in preference to establishing an otherwise large number of institutions as recommended by the Committee. A scheme was, therefore, formulated for expanding the training capacity of 19 existing Engineering colleges and 50 polytechnics so as to yield 2568 additional seats for degree courses and 4885 additional seats for diploma courses. The scheme estimated to cost Ms. 13.05 crores was approved and is now in the course of implementation. This scheme of expansion, in terms of additional seats which will be made available, will meet 92 per cent and 60 per cent for degree and diploma courses respectively of the estimates made by the Engineering Personnel Committee.
The Central Government in association with the State Governments are also continuing the policy of assisting private enterprise in the matter of establishment of Technical institutions. In the last one and a half years as many as six new Engineering colleges and 12 new polytechnics to be established by private agencies have been approved by the Central Government on the recommendations of the All-India Council for Technical Education and grants are being sanctioned to them.
It is estimated that when all the schemes under the Second Five- Year Plan are fully implemented and the expansion of the training capacity of existing institutions is achieved, the annual admissions for the first degree courses will be of the order of 10,530 students and for the diploma courses 19,000 students by 1960-61. Further, with the other three Higher Technological institutes also established during the Plan period, the provision for post-graduate courses, advanced studies etc. will be of the order of 2,000 seats.
In view of the fact that the training of technical manpower has to be planned on a long-term basis to serve the needs of the third and subsequent Plans and the required training facilities have to be created well in advance, urgent attention is being given to further expansion of Technical education at all levels. The Central Government and All-India Council for Technical Education are examining the question of establishment of more Engineering colleges and polytechnics on a coordinated and integrative basis.
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C. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR The Act incorporating the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur as an institution of national importance came into force on 1st April, 1957. The Institute is now functioning as an autonomous organisation.
The second Convocation of the Institute was held on 24th January, 1957, when 234 graduates were admitted to degree.
Post-graduate courses in a wide range of fields have been organised and Metallargical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Mining Engineering have been added to the under-graduate courses. The Institute has on the rolls at present 1374 students for the various under-graduate courses, 88 students for post-graduate courses and research work. The various under-graduate courses and post-graduate courses available at the Institute at present are as shown below:
A. Under-graduate Courses 1. Agricultural Engineering; 2. Civil Engineering; 3. Electrical Engineering; 4. Mechanical Engineering; 5. Metallurgical Engineering; 6. Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering; 7. Geology and Geophysics; 8. Architecture; 9. Chemical Engineering; and 10. Mining Engineering.
B. Post-graduate Courses Civil Engineering-1. Structural Engineering; 2. Hydraulics and W. P. Engineering; 3. Transportation Engineering; and 4. Soil Mechanics and Foundation.
Electrical Engineering-Electrical Machine Design.
Mechanical Engineering-1. Production Technology; 2. Industrial Engineering; 3. Machine Design; 4. Design of fans and compressors; 5. Mechanical Handling and 6. Mechanics and Vibration.
Agricultural Engineering-1. Applied Botany; 2. Farm Machinery and Power; 3. Soil and Water Conservation.
Applied Chemistry-Technical Gas Reactions and High Pressure Technics.
Chemical Engineering-Combustion Engineering and Fuel Economy.
Electrical Communication Engineering-Radio Broadcasting Engineering.
Physics and Meteorology-1. Industrial Physics; and 2. Meteorology.
Architecture and Regional Planning-Regional Planning.
Geology and Geophysics-1. Applied Geology; and 2. Exploration Geophysics.
For the consolidation of the activities of the Institute and for its further development a provision of Rs. 250 lakhs has been made in the Second Five Year Plan.
D. WESTERN HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE The establishment of the Western Higher Technological Institute at Bombay as the second in the chain of four such Institutes has been approved by the Central Government. On the recommendations of the Planning Committee it has been decided that the Institute should start functioning from July, 1958.
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The Government of Bombay have placed at the disposal of the Central Government a 510-acre site near Powai lake free of cost for the Institute. Detailed plans and estimates have been prepared and construction of building etc. will begin shortly.
Unesco has agreed to assist ill the establishment of the Institute with 15 experts, three translators and a substantial amount of equipment from, the USSR. Facilities for advanced work for 20 teachers in institutions of Higher learning in the USSR will also be provided under this programme. 13 Soviet experts and three translators have already arrived in India and are now working in certain selected Technical institutions pending their transfer to Bombay Institute. Orders for equipment costing Rs. 54.61 lakhs have already been placed and the equipment has also started reaching Bombay. A provision of, $ 0.251 million has been made by Unesco in the 1958 programme. Since the programme of Technical Assistance is formulated on a year-to-year basis, no firm figures for supplies for subsequent years have been given. It is, however, hoped that the total cost of equipment from USSR will amount to approximately Rs. 180 lakhs. The, Institute is being planned for a total student body of 1000 for under-graduate courses and 500 for post-graduate courses and research work. The following fields of study will be covered:-
Under-graduate level-1. Civil Engineering; 2. Mechanical Engineering; 3. Chemical Engineering; 4. Electrical Engineering; 5. Metallurgy; and 6. Geology.
Post-graduate level-1. Structural Engineering; 2. Concrete Technology; 3. Highway Engineering ; 4. Railway Engineering; 5. Soil and Water Conservation.; 6. Public Health Engineering; 7. Foundry Engineering; 8. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning; 9. Machine Fabrication and Machine Tools; 10. Power Plants; 11. Chemical Engineering, Plant Design. and Fabrication; 12 Instrumentation and Control and Servo Mechanism; 13. Sillicate Technology; 14. Cellulose and Paper Technology; 15. Fuels and Combustion; 16. Ferrous Metallurgy; 17. Non-ferrous Metallurgy-production of aluminium and magnesium and light metal alloys; 18. Design and Electrical Machines ail a Switchgear; 19. Electric Traction; 20. Electronic Devices; 21. Radio Engineering; 22. Nuclear Engineering; 23. Applied Geology, and 24. Mineral Engineering.
The Institute will function as an autonomous body from the very beginning and for that purpose will be registered as a Society under the Societies Registration. Act of 1860. However, it will be incorporated as an institution of national importance by an Act of Parliament as soon as possible. A Board of Governors uuder the Chairmanship of Shri Kasturbhai Lalbhai for the administration and management of the affairs of the Institute is being set up. A provision of Rs. 325 lakhs has been made in the Second Five-Year Plan for the Institute. A Planning Officer has been appointed and the teaching staff will be -recruited shortly.
E. SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTES The Central Government have decided that in view of urgent need for Technical education facilities, the Southern and the Northern Higher Technological Institutes also should be set up as soon as possible instead of in the latter half of the Plan period as proposed earlier. It has been further decided that the Southern Institute should. be located at Madras and the Northern Institute at
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Kanpur. The State Governments concerned. have offered sites for the Institutes in Madras and Kanpur. Planning Committees have been set up for preparing detailed plans and estimates, courses of study etc. for the two Institutes.
A provision of Rs. 400 lakhs has been made in the Second Five- Year Plan for the Institutes,
The technical assistance offered by the Government of West Germany will be utilised for the Southern Institute. For the Northern Institute, it is proposed to secure necessary assistance from the U.S.A. under the Foreign Aid Funds.
F. SCHOOL OF TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING Detailed plans, estimates, courses of study etc. of the School of Town and Country Planning have been approved and arrangements have been completed for constructing the buildings in the Indraprastha Estate in Delhi. The first course in Town and Country Planning was, however, started in August, 1956 in some temporary accommodation secured in the Delhi Polytechnic and nine students were admitted. The second course was started in August this year and 11 students were admitted. Most of the candidates have been nominated by State Governments from the Town Planning, Architecture and other depart- ments.
G. RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIPS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS The scheme of Research Scholarships for Science and Technology and National Research Fellowships has made good progress during the period under review. 675 research scholarships each of the value of Rs. 200 have been instituted in universities and other research institutions. Of these, 50 scholarships have been set apart for award to teachers of affiliated colleges who wish to do research in university departments and improve their academic and other qualifications. It is proposed to raise the number of scholarships to 800 in the current Plan period. 31 candidates have been awarded National Research Fellowships and are working at present in various universities and other research institutions. It is proposed to award 80 Fellowships in the course of the current Plan period. The Fellowships are of the value of Rs. 400 per month and are awarded to brilliant young scholars who wish to do research of post-doctoral standard.
H. PRACTICAL TRAINING SCHEME In the current year, 937 training places for graduates and 515 places for diploma holders were secured in industrial concerns, government departments etc. These were awarded to candidates sponsored by Technical institutions.
In order to provide suitable residential facilities for the trainees, it has been decided. to give loans to training establishments for the construction of hostels. It is proposed to provide hostel accommodation for about 800-1000 trainees in the current Plan period.
I. MINING ENGINEERING TRAINING In view of the large-scale expansion of mineral industry envisaged in the Second Five-Year Plan and the need for trained manpower the All-India Council for Technical Education set up some time back an expert committee to prepare a coordinated plan for the expansion of training facilities in Mining
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Engineering. On the recommendations of the Committee, Central Government have.approved the institution of degree courses in Mining Engineering in seven Selected Technological institutes and expansion of the training capacity, of the Indian School of Mines and Applied Geology, Dhanbad, and College of Kiting and Metallurgy,Banaras Hindu University. The new institutions selected for degree courses are-(1) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur; (2) Bengal Engineering College, Sibpore; (3) Engineering College, Jabalpur; (4) College of Engineering, Guindy, Madras; (5) Engineering College, Osmania University, Hyderabad; (6) M.B.M. Engineering College, Jodhpur; and (7) Western Higher Technological Institute, Bombay.
For the training of supervisory personnel the establishment of 14 new institutions in the various mining areas has also been approved. These are as follows:-
Non-Coal Mining-(1) Oorgaum (Kolar Gold Fields); (2) Udaipur (Rajasthan); (3) Kodarma (Hazaribagh Dt.); (4) Barbil (Singhbhum- Keonjhar); and (5) Gudur (Andhra Pradesh).
Coal Mining-(6) & (7), Two centres in Jharia coal fields, one of which should be in the Sindri Polytechnic; (8) Sitarampur area; (9) Asansol Polytechnic; (10) Bakaro; (11) Giridih; (12) Korba; (13) Kothagudium. (Singareni area).
Coal and Non-Coal Mining-(14) Chindwara.
Each centre will train about 40 candidates per year for the National Certificate course in Mining Engineering.
Central Government have agreed to provide 75 per cent of the non- recurring expenditure and 66 per cent of the recurring expenditure for the above scheme; the. balance has to be borne by the State Governments/institutions concerned.
J. TRAINING OF TEACHERS FOR TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS One of the main difficulties experienced in expanding Technical education is lack of adequate and well-trained teachers. This difficulty will be all the more keenly felt when more Technical institutions are established. It is also important to ensure that the standard. in the existing institutions are maintained at the highest level possible by strengthening the existing staff. In order to create a pool of teachers for Technical institutions, it has been decided to institute a number of Teaching Fellowships and train candidates in selected centres The programme of training envisages that each candidate should spend a period of three years as an understudy or apprentice to a professor or senior teacher in a Technical institution and participate in the teaching work under close supervision. It is also envisaged that during this period the candidate should take an advanced course in a particular branch of Engineering or Technology or do. research. Two grades of Fellowships will be sanctioned-senior, of the value of Rs. 350-25-400 and junior, of the value of Rs. 250-25-300. The senior Fellowships will be for the training of teachers for Engineering colleges and junior Fellowships for the training of teachers for polytechnics. 100 senior Fellowships and 200 junior Fellowships are proposed to be created in the first instance.
The training programme will be organised in five centres, viz., Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur; Bengal Engineering College, Sibpore; Roorkee University, Poona Engineering College; Guindy Engineering College,
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Madras, which have facilities for post -graduate courses and research work. It is also proposed to utilise the services of American experts under the T.C.M programme in the development of the teacher-training scheme.
K. TRAINING OF FOREMEN AND SUPERVISORS ETC. FOR ENGINEERING
INDUSTRY Training of foremen, supervisors, etc. for Engineering industry is one of the objectives of the Second Five-Year Plan in the Central sector. A provision of Rs. 75 lakhs has been made in the plan for the purpose.
The All-India Council for Technical Education has prepared a four-year sandwich course in Mechanical Engineering for the training of foremen and supervisory staff. The scheme envisages alternate layers of institutional studies and training in industry over a period of four years to train the required personnel and condition them for 'ready employment. The scheme Will be introduced in selected centres in cooperation with industry.
L. STATE BOARDS OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION 1. The All-India Council for Technical Education had recommended some time back that for coordinated development of Technical education in each State and for ensuring proper standards of instruction, examinations etc. in Technical institutions a Board of Technical Education should be established in each State. The All- India Council also drew up a model scheme for State Boards (Annexure IX).
In pursuance of the above recommendations the State Governments of Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Madras, Bombay, Kerala, Mysore and Rajasthan have set up their respective State Boards of Technical Education and Training. State Boards are in the course of establishment in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.
M. PRINTING SCHOOLS On the recommendations of the All-India Council for Technical Education, Central Government decided some time back to establish four regional schools of printing at Madras, Calcutta, Bombay and Allahabad. The schools have started functioning and are conducting National Certificate course in a wide range of branches of Printing Technology. Each caters for a total student-body of 200, both for full-time and for part-time courses.
It has also been decided to establish a fifth school at Delhi as a Department of Printing Technology in the Delhi Polytechnic. Detailed plans and estimates have been prepared and are now under consideration.
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ANNEXURE VIII
States Number of Engi- Number (of Polytechinc Number of Junior
neering Colleges Technical Schools
Mysore .. .. 6 (Gulbarge, Karwar, ..
Tumkur, Belgaum,
Chickmagalur and
Chennarpatna)
Andhra 1 (Waltair) 3 (Tirupathi, Vizaga- ..
patnam, Warangal)
Kerala .. 1 (location not decided) 1 (Trivandrum) 18 (location not decided)
Pondicherry .. .. 1 (Pondicherry) ..
Bombay .. 1 (Nagpur) 5 (Sholapur, Aurangabad, 2 (location not decided)
Karad, Nasik and Dohad)
Madhya Pradesh .. 1 (Raipur) 3 (Jaora, Nowgong and 5 (location not decided)
Ujjain)
Punjab .. 1 (Patiala) 1 (Chandigarh) 6 (location not decided)
Rajasthan .. .. 2 (Ajmer and Udaipur) 4 (location not decided)
Uttar Pradesh .. .. 2 (Bareilly and Jhansi) ..
Jammu & Kashmir .. .. 1 (Srinagar) 4 (location not decided)
West Bengal .. .. 2 (Jhargram and Mur- 7 (location not decided)
shidabad)
Bihar .. .. .. 10 (Do)
Orissa .. 1 (Burla) .. 2 (Do)
Tripura .. .. 1 (Agartala) 1 (Do)
Assam .. 2 (Gauhati and Jorhat) 1 (location not decided) 1 (Do)
Himachal Pradesh .. .. 1 (Do)
Total .. 8 29 61