APPENDIX A (B) (i) : REPORT ON THE PROGRESS OF THE EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS IMPLEMENTED BY THE STATE GOVERNMENTS
The following is a brief record of the progress made in regard to educational development plans in the States during 1953-54:
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AJMER The number of Basic schools was increased from 215 to 255 and 3,778 more children were brought under Basic education. Expenditure on Basic education during 1953-54 was Rs. 11,26,483/-.
Three Middle schools and three High schools were opened. Hindi and Mathematics courses were introduced in the post-graduate classes of the Government college.
Ninety Social education centres were opened with 100 literary classes and 12,948 more adults were brought under Social education. Forty libraries and 146 reading rooms were opened. Twelve training camps were also organised during the year. Two hundred and twelve cinema shows and 32 exhibitions were also arranged. Total expenditure on Social education amounts to Rs. 2,06,500/-.
Some preliminary work was done towards the nationalisation of textbooks and selection of suitable books was made for the purpose.
One Girls Senior Division Unit of the N. C. C. consisting of one lady officer and 30 girl cadets was started. Scholarships of various categories worth about Rs. 1,30,000/- were also awarded to Scheduled Castes etc.
ANDHRA The modified scheme of Elementary education was introduced but had to be abandoned owing to agitation by the general public. The State Government, however, appointed an Elementary Education Committee to advise as to the best type of Elementary education that may be adopted and the best manner in which its quality may be improved and popularised in the State. The recommendations of the Committee are under consideration of the State Government.
The Government have adopted the policy of developing compact Basic areas around each Basic Training school. Many of the compact areas already have 30 such schools which is the minimum number prescribed. Existing Elementary schools in the area would be converted into Basic schools and new schools to be opened would be only Basic schools. Re-training courses in Basic education are being conducted to convert ordinary Training schools into Basic Training schools and Elementary schools into Basic schools. Two hundred and ninety eight Primary schools were opened during the year at the cost of Rs. 18.79 lakhs, Spinning
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is the main craft in Basic schools. Per-capita monthly net earnings expected through craft work in the Basic schools and the Basic Training schools have been prescribed.
Ten craft equipment stores have been opened for the supply of craft equipment to Basic schools (under private and public management) and also to Government Basic Training schools.
Regional Basic education conferences are held annually to provide opportunities to members of the staff of Basic Training schools and inspecting and administrative staff to meet, review their work, discuss problems and formulate plans for their development.
Schemes under the State's Five-Year Plan (1) Primary Education including Basic Education
Up to 1953-54, 602 schools against the target of 1,592 schools for the Plan period have been opened. Expenditure for the period amounted to Rs. 11.49 lakhs against an amount of Rs. 36.10 lakhs originally provided for in the Plan.
(2) University Education-Maintenance of the Engineering Colleges, Anantapura and Kakinada.
Five hundred and eighty-five students have been admitted against the target figure of 960 included in the Plan. B. E. (Civil), B. E. (Mechanical) and B. E. (Electrical) courses have been opened. Expenditure during the period amounted to Rs. 6.77 lakhs as against Rs. 8.69 lakhs provided for in the Plan.
(3) Special Schools-Training (including Basic) of Teachers
Seven Schools have been opened against the target of 14 schools for the Plan period. Expenditure during the period was estimated at Rs. 10.34 lakhs as against Rs. 6.67 provided for in the Plan. The excess is due to the maintenance of 12 Basic Training schools opened in 1950-51 which are also included in the Plan.
(4) Scheme No. 4-Adult Education
Up to the end of 1953-54, 1,770 Adult Literacy schools had been opened against the target of 2,700 included in the Plan. Expenditure estimated for the period was Rs. 5.13 lakhs as against Rs. 5.41 lakhs provided for in the Plan.
(5) Special Schools for Defective Children
The two schools provided in the Plan have been opened.
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ASSAM The Assam Primary Education Board has enlarged its activities in some new areas by taking over more venture schools. The study of Hindi was introduced in 130 more Secondary schools. A social service scheme, making it compulsory for the students of High and M. E. schools to take up social work on Saturdays was implemented. Ten graduate teachers were deputed to the Patna Training College for advanced courses in Secondary education.
In the five Basic Training Centres established under the State Sector of the Five-Year Plan, 600 teachers have been trained. These teachers have been appointed in 268 Basic schools.
Eight hundred Social education centres and 400 village libraries were set up under the Social education scheme. For lack of funds the State Governments have not been able to cope with the demand for more schools for girls especially in the rural areas. Full facilities for teaching Hindi, needle-work and weaving in nearly all the girls' High schools are being provided. Two teachers were deputed to Adyar for Montessori Training.
Assam Government's Scheme under the Five-Year Plan
Items of Expenditure Plan Expenditure.
provision up to 31-3-54
Rs. Rs.
(1) Committee of experts for
preparation and publication 64,000 24,000
of textbooks for Basic schools.
(2) Special staff 1,19,000 69,000
(3) Training of teachers for
Basic schools 3,50,000 1,62,000
(4) Basic Training schools 8,56,000 3,06,000
(5) Practising schools 1,72,000 96,000
(6) Basic schools 14,06,000 7,06,000
(7) Social education 16,53,000 9,63,000
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BHOPAL The number of Junior Basic schools and Primary schools rose from 10 and 387 in 1953, to 18 and 484 in 1954 respectively. The number of scholars in these schools also increased from 311 and 15,329 to 619 and 16,241 respectively. The number of teachers was also increased from 10 to 18 in Junior Basic schools and from 576 to 826 in Primary schools.
The number of students in Middle schools and High schools also increased from 6,660 and 3,428 to 8,401 and 3,882 respectively. The scales of pay for the Primary, Middle and High school teachers have been raised from Rs. 15, Rs. 20 and Rs. 60 to Rs. 45, Rs. 65 and Rs. 100, respectively. The number of buildings constructed for Primary, Middle and High schools during 1952-53 and 1953-54 was 350, 12 and eight respectively. Teachers' quarters along with Primary school buildings have also been constructed side by side. The number of lecturers in the Degree college also increased from 35 to 44. The total increase in the expenditure on education was from Rs. 30,19,400 in 1952-53 to Rs. 40,14,000 in 1953-54.
With a view to stemming the influx of rural population to the city, greater stress has been laid on the expansion of Rural education. One High school, 80 Primary schools, and eight Basic schools were opened in the course of the year in addition to those opened in the previous year. All Rural High schools and Middle schools teach Agriculture, while the city schools are provided with subjects like Biology and Commerce.
A scheme of Social education was set afoot in the State during the year under report. Fifteen Social education centres were started in urban areas. The school medical and health services were enforced in 1953-54. To create interest in games and sports, zonal tournaments were also organised in the State for the first time and prizes were awarded to the winners.
DELHI In accordance with the recommendations of the Post-War Education Development Board, a scheme of Primary Basic education was launched in the rural area of the State in 1948, the object being the provision of free compulsory Primary education to 40,000 children of the age group of 6-11 years. The enrolment figures for 1953-54 in rural areas was 29,614. The State comprises 305 villages and practically every village has a Primary or Middle school. Twelve Primary and Junior Basic Primary schools were raised to Senior Basic standard. The Primary schools at Puth Kalan and
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Maidangarhi were raised to Middle standard. The expenditure incurred on Basic education scheme in rural area during 1953-54 was Rs. 13.89 lakhs. A sum of Rs 20.11 lakhs was granted to local bodies for the development of Primary education.
To cope with the increasing demand for educational facilities, a grant of Rs. 30.03 lakhs to existing schools for starting double shifts was made during 1953-54. Two Middle and four Primary schools were recognised and five Middle schools raised to High standard. The additional facilities provided by the Government and public institutions resulted in an overall increase of 24,000 in enrolment in such schools during 1953-54. The D. B. High School at Nangloi and D. B. Middle School, Aujwa as amalgamated with Darbar High School, Aujwa were nationalised. Five new Middle schools were opened and six Middle schools were raised to High standard. Additional sections were opened in 41 existing schools.
The State Government have so far been doing Social education work in the rural areas. A group of four or five men and women was sent for literacy campaign to each of four or five villages, quite close to each other. In order to intensify Social education scheme, the State was divided into three circles each comprising about 100 villages. Each circle had an education caravan equipped with modern audio- visual aids to arouse enthusiasm of the villages by organising educational melas and demonstrations and film shows. In addition to literacy classes, craft-work like sewing, knitting, weaving, paper machine work etc., is also done in Women's centres. Men's centres conducted literacy classes, drama group, folk songs and extension works like construction of manure pits, soak pits, bore holes, latrines etc. The number of villages, covered and the adults passing the examination during the year was 15 and 2,003 respectively. Two hundred and fifty cinema shows, 85 melas, 406 demonstrations, 85 exhibitions, 85 dramatic performances, and 85 inter-village tournaments were held during the year. Three magazines are being published for the benefit of adult neo-literates and field workers. A full-fledged library is run at Mehrauli, and Shahdara and Narela libraries receive grants. Adult literacy classes in the district jail, Arab-ki-Sarai, Lajpat Nagar Women's Colony and Harijan Balmiki Mandir are given regular guidance and help with material. Under Youth Welfare Scheme the programme of A. C. C. was organised wherein 595 men and 195 women teachers received training. Specialised courses in agriculture, carpentry, leather and canvas work, animal husbandry and soap-making etc., were introduced in the Janata College, started at Alipur in 1951. One hundred and seventy-five persons have so far received training there.
One hundred and eighty-five teachers of Basic schools were trained during the year at the Basic Training Institutes started
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by the State Government at Delhi and Ajmer. In addition, there is another Teachers' Training school at Qutab Road which imparts training for J. V. and J. A. V. courses. A batch of 12 graduate teachers was sent to undergo training in Senior Basic course at the Teachers' Training Institute at the Jamia Millia.
The scheme for the establishment of cooperative craft schools was revised under which the existing schools have been raised to High standard. Under the new scheme, more emphasis is laid on craft side of education. A sum of Rs. 4 lakhs was provided for the scheme and the total expenditure up to 1954 was Rs. 2.45 lakhs.
To cope with the increased amount of work as a result of all- round expansion of educational activities, provision was made for additional staff in the Education Directorate, and some of the additional staff was appointed. A sum of Rs. 61,000 per annum was initially sanctioned for the Directorate.
With a view to introduce new trends in education, the State Government approved a proposal for starting School Parliaments in every school, cafetarias in four Government schools, school bands in two schools and three Nursery schools. Competitions in essay-writing, drawing, music, literature etc., were organised in four Government schools. Provision was made for the payment of grants-in-aid to ten schools in rotation each year for school excursions.
A "Know Your Country Tour" was organised by the State Government in collaboration with the Delhi State Headmasters' Association. A special train carried about 900 students to many places of commercial and industrial importance and covered about 3,000 miles. The State Government shared about two-third of the railway fare. An educational tour to Kashmir was also arranged in which 600 teachers and students participated ; half the expenditure on railway and bus fare was met by the Government.
HIMACHAL PRADESH Eight new Primary Basic schools were opened in the Community Project Areas and the Middle school in one Block was raised to the High school standard. Under the Five-Year Development Plan, two Lower Middle schools were raised to the Middle standard and four Middle schools to the High standard.
Three students' camps under free voluntary service were held and about a mile-long road links were constructed in three Community Projects Blocks. Five Community Centres with integrated library service were also opened.
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HYDERABAD The year 1953-54 was a period of large-scale expansion of Primary education. An amount of Rs. 20 lakhs was provided by the Government of India for this purpose, as a result of which 2,018 new schools of various types were opened and about 8,14,000 pupils could be brought to schools. In addition to this, most of the existing schools were reorganised and allotted more teachers whereever ever they were required. This resulted in the employment of 3,895 additional teachers in schools under Government control alone. The expenditure incurred on this account worked out to roughly Rs. 15 lakhs per annum. In the private sector also, there has been considerable progress as a result of which 34 schools have been established by the people and the Government have given Rs. 1,28,000 as grant-in-aid to these schools.
A remarkable feature of the expansion of education during 1953-54 is the introduction of compulsory Primary education in selected areas of the State, serving a total population of three lakhs with about 52,171 children of school-going age. Of these, 85 per cent of the boys and 30 per cent of the girls are attending schools.
Now the State has also provided the schooling facilities in most of the villages with a population of 500 and above.
Besides the two Basic Training centres already functioning in the State, one more centre was opened in 1953. Teachers trained in these centres have been utilised and Basic schools started in Community Development Blocks. At the end of the year under review, 83 Basic schools were functioning in the State. Owing to this large-scale expansion, 37 posts of Deputy Inspectors were created at a cost of Rs. 1.2 lakhs.
The State budget provided a lump sum amount of Rs. 5.57 lakhs for the development of Secondary education. Higher classes from V to X standard were opened in 240 schools and 220 posts were created in the teaching cadre of various grades. In six schools eight classes and in five more schools five classes were opened on grant-in-aid basis. Private institutions were also assisted in this direction, and an extra provision of Rs. 3.75 lakhs was made to meet their increased demand. At present one Secondary school in the State is serving a population of 45,000 with an area of about 200 sq. miles.
The number of training centres at Secondary stage has been increased from four to 12 and 45 per cent of the Secondary school
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teachers are trained. In addition, 200 teachers have undergone Basic Training in emergency courses of six weeks' duration.
Thirty teachers have been trained in Physical education by the Academy of Physical Education, which is recognised and has been receiving grant-in-aid of Rs. 25,000 annually. Arrangements were also made to give, short-term training to teachers in Junior Red Cross work and in N. C. C.
New schools were opened and the existing ones reorganised in the second and third Blocks inaugurated under the Nizamsagar and Thungabhadra Community Development Projects and the Second-Year Programme in the Development Block of Mulug.
Under Government of India's Scheme for relieving educated unemployment, 1,500 teachers were allotted to the State as a result of which 477 new schools were opened in rural areas. Extra teachers were also provided to schools where the teacher-pupil ratio had gone beyond 1 : 50.
Children's Library and Children's Corner were inaugurated in the city of Hyderabad. Four lakhs of books were also added to the school libraries. Forty children's books were published in different languages and prizes were awarded to the best authors by the regional body set up for the promotion of children's literature.
Eighty-four Social education centres were started in 1953-54. The total number of adult trainees in these institutions is 30,000.
MADHYA PRADESH The total development expenditure on Primary education in the State during 1953-54 was Rs. 64.92 lakhs. The number of schools rose to 11,300 with an approximate enrolment of eight lakhs. One thousand new Primary schools were opened in villages. Four girls Primary schools were converted into Middle schools and 22 additional posts of Assistant Mistresses were created for meeting the increased demand. Expenditure of approximately Rs. 50,006 was incurred for the extension of the buildings of ten Government Primary and three Middle schools in addition to other schools under local and private bodies. Compulsory Primary education prevails in 1,209 villages and 53 Municipal Areas. 72 additional posts of Assistant Deputy Inspectors were created during the year for inspection and supervision.