Teacher's organizations 27. We have not yet been able to study the various issues con- nected with the organization of teachers. There are many organiza- tions of secondary school teachers functioning at local district, state and regional or national level. It has been expressed to us that teachers' organizations may tend to become trade unions, which is undesirable. It has also been indicated to us that such organizations have shown some interest only in their working conditions and im- provement of emoluments.
28. Pending any further examination of this matter, we wish to emphasize the usefulness of teachers' organizations interested in their professional work. We recommend that all such activities on the part of teachers' organizations which promote professional and educa- tional competence of teachers Should be encouraged guided and
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assisted by the State Departments of Education. Teachers' organizations have been reported to press for recognition by State or other administrative authorities. We feel that any organization of teachers which have shown effective interest in work relating to the teaching profession will automatically draw the attention of concerned authorities and will be looked upon for consultation, help and even advice in matters concerning them. We, therefore, wish to advice the teachers of secondary schools that they should concentrate the ener- gies of their organizations mainly on constructive professional work.
Summary of the recommendations 1. The age of retirement of secondary school teachers should be raised to 60 years. Re-employment or extension in service may be gives in short supply, provided they are found fit to work.
2. The teachers of higher secondary classes and the lecturers of colleges teaching the pre-university classes should have equivalent qualifications and should be given the same salary-scales.
In view of the fact, however, that post-graduate teachers would, not be available to work in higher secondary schools, trained Hons. graduates may be appointed to teach in these classes as an interim measure. Some members of the Committee are, however, of " the opinion that trained Hons. graduates of certain Indian universities and,1st class trained graduates have been found competent to teach in the higher secondary classes and that, therefore, teachers possessing such qualifications should be considered qualified to teach higher secondary classes.
3. During the interim period, the following steps may be taken to increase the supply of teachers for higher secondary schools:
(i) The output of post-graduates and Honours graduates, particularly in science, should be increased by the maximum utilisation of available laboratory facilities ;
(ii) Depending upon the supply and demand position in particular areas, higher initial salaries be paid to teachers of categories which are in short supply ;
(iii) The condition of teacher training qualification may be temporarily relaxed in the case of science and any other subject where found, necessary ;
(iv) Extension or re-employment in service may be given to retiring teachers of categories in short supply, provided they are found fit to work
(v) Re-employment on part-time basis may also be given after retirement to those teachers of science and other shortage categories who are willing to work and are fit to do so.;
(vi) In particular subjects in which teachers are in short supply, co-operative or pooled teaching among schools in the same locality, with provision of transport facility or a suitable allowance, may be permitted;
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(vii) Teachers working in colleges and other institutions of higher learning or other academically qualified persons of the same area may be invited to help, on part-time basis, in teaching higher secondary classes;
(Viii) With the help of the University Grants Commission and the universities, condensed courses should be organized for the graduate teachers in order to equip them to teach higher secondary classes. The syllabus in these courses should aim at the honours standard with emphasis on the topics taught in the school. The course should cover all practicals in the higher secondary school and it should give adequate workshop practice for the upkeep and repair of apparatus in the school. Incentive should be provided to successful teachers in the form of special increments. The creation of a training reserve to provide for the appointment of substitutes in place of teachers sent for such training will be necessary for the success of any scheme of this kind ; and
(ix) Promising students in the 2nd or 3rd year of B.Sc. course should be selected and given a stipend to complete their course if they agree to enter into a contract to serve as teachers for a minimum period of 3- 5 years.
4. The salary-scale and allowances prescribed for private school teachers must not be lower than those for Government school's of corresponding stage, provided the qualifications, conditions of service and discipline are similar to those prescribed for teachers of Government schools.
5. All such activities on the part of teachers' organisations which promote professional and educational competence of teachers should be encouraged, guided and assisted by the State Departments of Education.
STANDING COMMITTEE ON UNIVERSITY EDUCATION OF THE
CENTRAL ADVISORY BOARD OF EDUCATION In order that the Central Advisory Board of Education may receive for consideration from time to time reports based on a comprehensive examination of the existing educational problems and the assessment of the progress of various development schemes, the Chairman of the Board constituted four Standing Committees of the Board for primary education, secondary education. university education and social education.
2. Accordingly the Standing Committee on university education was constituted with the following personnel:
1. Dr. C. P. Ramaswami Ayyar, Vice-Chancellor, Chairman
Annamalai University
2. Prof. A. R. Wadia, Member, University Member
Grants Commission and Member Rajya Sabha
3. Prof. M. N. Srinivas Professor of Sociology, Member
Delhi University
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4. Dr. P. K. Kelkar, Director, Indian Institute of Member
Technology, Kanpur
5. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, Physical Research La- Member
boratory, Ahmedabad
6. Prof M. Mujeeb, Sheikh-ul-Jamia, Jamai Member
Millia Islamia, New Delhi
7. Dr. D. R. Gadgil, Director, Gokhale Institute Member
of Politics and Economics, Poona
8. Dr. Suniti Kumar Chatterji, Chairman, Le- Member
gislative Council, West Bengal, Calcutta
9. Pt. H. N. Kunzru, Member University Grants Member
Commission
10. Prof. S. N. Bose, National Professor Member
11. Prof.Hiren Mukherjee, M. P. Member
12. Mrs. Muriel Wasi, Deputy Educational Ad- Member-Secretary
viser, Ministry of Education
Prof. M. S. Thacker, Member (Education, Planning Commission) has also been nominated as member of the Committee recently. Shri T. S. Bhatia, Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Education has taken over as Member-Secretary vice Mrs. Muriel Wasi.
3. The terms of reference are as follows
(a) assessment of the present position of university education. in all its aspects
(b) evaluation and assessment of the extent to which the previous recommendations have been implemented and the problems arising there from;
(c) formulation of the aims and objects of university education in relation to changing conditions and needs ;
(d) formulating the plans for future development and indicateing the priorities for them ; and
(e) estimating the cost of the programmes it may suggest.
4. The Committee has met twice so far on 26th / 27th July and 25th/26th October, 1962. Pandit H. N. Kunzru, Dr. D. R. Gadgil, Prof. H. N. Mukerjee could not attend any of the meetings. Dr. Kelkar attended the first but was unable to attend the second meeting. Prof. A. R. Wadia attended the second but could not attend the first meeting.
5. At the outset, regarding the status of the Standing Committee vis-a-vis the University Grants Commission the Commitee felt that there was no conflict or likelihood of a conflict-in scope between them since the present Committee would report to the Central AdvisoryBoard of Education that would consider its recommendations. The, Committee finalised its programme of work and the points on which
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it would concentrate. The Committee also finalised a questionnaire and it has been issued to the Vice-Chancellors and Registrars of all Indian universities, to the Directors of all the five institutions which have been deemed as universities, under Section, 3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 and to the heads of departments and principals of constitutent and affiliated colleges of the universities of Delhi, Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Banaras and Annamalai. The replies received are being analysed.
6. The Committee pointed out that in order to ensure that all available talent was accommodated in technological institutions, four Regional Institutes of technology had been set up to cater for students of engineering and technology and suggested that a similar step should be taken for the humanities. The Committee felt that if necessary, these Regional Centres could also be declared as institutions of National importance.
7. The Committee discussed the need to avoid duplication at the centre to ascertain exactly what universities had done to date to bring out publications that would be useful to university students in, science, technology and the humanities, and indicated that there was much overlapping at present in the production of books usable at university level between the Sahitya Akademi, the National Book Trust, the Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and the schemes for Standard Educational Works by the Ministries of Education and Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs. It was suggested that where possible, the universities, by taking over this work, could obviate duplication.
8. The reports of the Expert Committee on Correspondence Courses and Evening Colleges were considered by the Committee and it was decided that there were various ways of receiving education at university level today : viz., (a) the normal college way, (b) the way of evening and morning colleges, (c) courses for external degrees and (d) correspondence courses. Though it was premature to try to grade these as inferrior or superior to one another, it was evident that these were different media of Education and some attempt should be made to distinguish one from the other. Finally, it was decided (i) that the experiment started at Delhi university should be watched for a year or so before any further decision was taken, (ii) that opportunity should be given to studens of correspondence courses to have personal contact with their tutors, (iii) some distinction ought to be introduced between a degree obtained in the normal way and a degree obtained externally or by correspondence courses-in the later case by,, for instance, the addition of the letter "C" and (iv) that correspondence courses/everiing college courses should be of longer duration than the normal college course. In considering new forms of education, it should be the main objective to reduce cramming and to raise standards of original thinking. With this end in view, one should not compare new forms of education with the less successful education possibly obtained at some affiliated colleges today but that the purpose should be to raise standards of education everywhere.
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STANDING COMMITTEE ON SOCIAL EDUCATION
INTERIM REPORT OF THE WORK DONE BY COMMITTEE The Standing Committee on Social Education was constituted in June 1962. Its membership is as follows
1. Dr. M. S. Mehta Chairman
2. Dr. D. P. Mishra Member
3. Shri S. L. Sila Member
4. Srnt. Susheela Pai Member
5. Smt. Sarojini Mahishi, M. P. Member
6. Shri Satya Charan, M.P. Member
7. Shri N. Bhadriah Member
8. Dr. T. A. Koshy Member
9. Sint. Akkarnma Devi, M.P. Member
10. Shri A. R. Deshpande Member-Secretary
Smt. Ranu Mookerjee and Shri M. Fayazuddin, members of the C.A.B.E. have also joined the Standing Committee on Social Education.
MEETINGS OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE 2. The first meeting of the Standing Committee was held at New Delhi on 20th and 21st August, 1962. Detailed preliminary discussions were held on Social education and the members expressed their views. Three Sub-Committees were constituted. Committee No. 1 was to draft the "Concept of Social Education". Committee No. 2 was to prepare the questionnaire on important points relating top social education. Committee No. 3 was constituted for preparing a Perspective Plan for development of social education.
3. The second meeting of the Social Education Committee was held at Poona on 15th and 16th October and at Bombay on 17th October, 1962. The Committee studied in detail the working of the Gram Shikshan Mohim of the Government of Maharashtra and interviewed several officials and non-officials who were connected with this campaign for removal of illiteracy. A report on the Gram Shikshan Mohim is under preparation. At Bombay, important questions regarding urban social education were discussed with members of the Bombay City Social Education Committee.
4. Sub-Committee No. 1 had prepared a draft on the "Concept of Social Education". This was fully discussed and finalised. It will be issued shortly in a printed form.
5. Sub-Committee No. 2 prepared draft of a questionnaire. This was discussed and approved and is under print. It will be issued to several Governmental and non-Governmental organizations and persons according to the list prepared and approved.
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6. Sub-Committee No. 3 is holding preliminary discussions for preparation of an outline of the Perspective Plan for development of social education.
7. The third meeting of the Standing Committee Was held at Bangalore on 23rd March and at Mysore on 24th and 25th March, 1963. The Committee discussed the question of co-ordination of social education with the Education Minister of Mysore State and State level officers connected with the implementation of the Social Education programme. The Committee then visited the literacy centres, libraries and janata vidyapeeths conducted by the Mysore State level officers connected with the implementation of the Social studies and research may be undertaken was discussed and finalised. Discussions were also held with the President and members of the Mysore State Adult Education Council. Minutes of this meeting are under preparation.
8. The fourth meeting of the Standing Committee is to be held at Bhopal on Sunday, the 5th May, 1963 to consider the items of the Agenda of the C.A.B.E. relating to social education and social welfare and to make recommendations. Recommendations will be made available to the C.A.B.E. before its session begins.
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