ALLOCATIONS IN RELATION TO GNP / SDP
Statement V gives the share of education departments in the total budget of central and state governments separately together with its percentage to state domestic product (SDP) and GNP. Statement VI provides similar information in respect of expenditure of education departments plus the expenditure on formal education of other departments.
The states on an average are spending around 20% of their total budget on education. In some states this figure is still
13
higher. For instance, in the case of Kerala, the percentage expenditure on education has been well over 30% during the sixties and the seventies. The total expenditure on education by education departments accounts for approximately 11% of the national revenue budget at present (Table 8).
Table 8 : Expenditure of Education Departments as Percentage of Total
Budgeted Expenditure of Central and State Governments (Revenue
Account)
(Rs. in Million)
Centre States Total
Exp. on Total % age Exp. on Total % age Exp. on Total % age
Edn. by Budgeted Edn. Budgeted Edn. Budgeted
Year Exp. Exp. Exp.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1951-51 40.8 4047.9 1.01 603.8 4093.4 14.75 646.4 8141.3 7.92
1961-62 260.1 10514.6 2.47 2342.9 11739.3 19.96 2603.0 22254.0 11.70
1971-72 723.3 60683.4 1.19 9224.9 45425.5 20.31 9948.2 106108.9 9.38
1981-82 2407.4 239964.4 1.00 35494.1 177192.7 20.03 37901.5 417157.1 9.09
1986-87 6482.3 410861.3 1.58 78020.9 393685.3 19.82 84503.2 670914.1 12.58
1987-88 12017.5 463630.0 2.59 92284.4 461553.8 19.99 104301.9 925183.8 11.27
1991-92 17140.6 823080.0 2.08 170435.1 880623.8 19.35 187575.7 1703703.8 11.01
1992-93 18208.2 949790.0 1.92 195490.5 974453.7 20.06 213698.7 1924243.7 11.11
(R.E.)
Taking in the account the contribution of the other departments to education, the share rises to more than 12 percent (Table-9).
Table 9 : Expenditure of Education Departments together with the
Expenditure of Other Departments on Education as Percentage of Total
Budgeted Expenditure of Central and State Government
(Revenue Account)
(Rs. in millions)
Centre States Total
Exp. on Total % age Exp. on Total % age Exp. on Total % age
Year Edn. by Budgeted Edn. by Budge- Edn. by Budge-
edn deptt Exp. Edn dept Exp ted edn deptt ted
& other &other & other Exp.
deptts. deptts. deptts.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1951-51 40.8 4047.9 1.01 603.8 4093.4 14.75 644.6 8141.3 7.92
1961-62 260.1 10514.6 2.47 2342.9 11739.3 19.96 2603.0 22254.0 11.70
1971 72 885.8 60683.4 1.46 9224.9 45425.5 20.31 10110.7 106108.9 9.53
1981-82 3616.0 239964.4 1.51 39366.9 177192.7 22.22 42982.9 417157.1 10.30
1986-87 81.48.9 410861.3 1.98 86642.4 393985.3 22.01 94791.3 804546.6 11.78
1987-88 14922.3 463630.0 3.22 103061.2 461553.8 22.33 117983.5 925183.8 12.75
1991-92 22577.1 823080.0 2.74 191758.9 880623.8 21.78 214336.0 1703703.8 12.58
1992-93 24839.3 949790.0 2.62 220284.2 974453.7 22.61 245123.5 1924243.7 12.74
(R. E.)
14
Budgeted expenditure on education as percentage of SDP ranges between 3 and 7 across the states except for Himachal Pradesh and the North Eastern States who have higher percentage of SDP devoted to education. Low SDP and high central plan assistance have been the cause of these high percentage in the case of North Eastern States which are grouped under special category states. Since the year 1951- 52, the public expenditure on education has increased steadily from 0.68 percent of GNP to about 3.5 percent in 1992-93 (Table 10).
Table 10 : Expenditure on Education as Percentage of
GNP at Current Prices, Factor Cost for Selected Years.
Year Expenditure of Expenditure of
Education Dep- Education Deptts
artments only. and on Formal
Education only by
Other Departments.
1. 2. 3.
1951-52 0.68 0.68
1961-62 1.63 1.63
1971-72 2.37 2.41
1981-82 2.65 3.00
1986-87 3.27 3.67
1987-88 3.57 4.04
1991-92 3.47 3.99
1992-93 3.47 3.99
(R.E)
The Education commission (1964-66), the National Policy on Education-1968, NPE-1986 and also the modified policy of 1992, have all recommended that public expenditure on education should be raised to 6 percent of the national income. While public expenditure is below the articulated aspiration at a macro-level, India's expenditure on education as a proportion of GNP compares favourably with that of the peer group of Asian developing countries (Table 11), including China (2.3), Indonesia (0.9), Philippines (3.0) & Bangladesh (2.0).
15
TABLE 11: PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
AS PERCENTAGE OF GNP IN SELECT ASIAN
COUNTRIES
COUNTRY YEAR EXPENDITURE ON
EDUCATION AS A
% OF GNP
INDONESIA 1988 0.9
INDIA 1989 3.1
PAKISTAN 1987 3.2
BANGLADESH 1990 2.0
THAILAND 1990 3.8
CHINA 1991 2.3
PHILLIPINES 1991 3.0
HONGKONG 1990 3.0
SINGAPORE 1988 3.4
SRI LANKA 1991 2.9
MALAYSIA 1991 5.6
KOREA REP. OF 1991 4.1
Source: Statistical Year Book - 1993, UNESCO
16
In several states, the proportion of public expenditure on education in relation to state Domestic Product (SDP) has increased substantially. In a good number of states, it has been more than four per cent (Table 12). States also allocate a quarter or a third of the states revenue budget on education.
TABLE 12: BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
IN SELECTED STATES.
States % of SDP % of Total Budget
(Revenue)
1985-86 1991-92 1985-86 1991-92
1 Himachal Pradesh 6.6 8.4 20.0 21.2
2. Kerala 7.1 6.4 32.1 26.8
3. Bihar 4.5 5.4 26.4 23.9
4. Assam 4.2 6.1 23.0 25.1
5. West Bengal 3.6 4.2 25.1 26.8
6. Orissa 3.3 5.2 19.5 23.9
7. Rajasthan 4.7 5.1 23.9 23.4
8. Madhya Pradesh 4.0 4.9 22.9 24.4
9. Andhra Pradesh 5.1 4.0 24.7 23.0
10. Uttar Pradesh 3.4 3.9 22.9 20.9
11. Karnataka 4.7 4.1 22.9 21.4
12. Gujarat 4.2 4.3 25.3 21.4
13. Punjab 3.2 3.4 23.2 15.5
14. Maharashtra 3.4 3.9 19.8 23.8
15. Haryana 3.0 2.9 20.5 18.2
Total. (All India) 3.7 4.0 13.0 12.8
(Centre+States/UT's)
17
THE CONCLUDING ANALYSIS Resource support need not be limited to budgetary support nor resources to financial resources. The NPE- 1986 itself envisages different ways for mobilising financial resources like mobilising donations, increasing fees at the higher level of education effecting savings through efficient delivery system and levy of a cess or surcharge on user agencies. These measures would not only reduce the burden on Government resources but also create on environment of responsibility and accountability within the educational system.
The importance of non financial resources for development of education is best demonstrated under Total literacy Campaign in India. As on now, over 10 million volunteers, most of these being women are engaged in the Total Literacy Campaigns trying to impart functional literacy to millions of learners. If quantifies in terms of opportunity cost at an average minimum wages for unskilled labour, this contribution works out to be Rs. 6180 million which is seven percent of the 8th Plan allocation for adult education. This is a shining example of how human capital can be mobilised in a cost effective way to achieve Education for all.
However, the national resolve of achieving the norm of six percent of GDP as public expenditure on education is still a long cherished goal. The Prime Minister while addressing the EFA-9 Summit in December 1993, declared the resolve of the Government to achieve this norm during the Ninth Five Year Plan. In the context of liberalisation and economic reforms resulting in emergence of non-governmental investment channels in the economy specially for power, energy and industry it is expected to realise the target six percent of GDP for public expenditure on education within the specified time.
18
N o t a t i o n s
* Years 51 ... 91 indicates 1951-52 ... 1991-92.
* Expenditure by Education Department
- Only Revenue Budget has been depicted in the Graphical presentations.
* Expenditure by Other Departments
- Expenditure for the formal education only included.
* Expenditure at 1980-81 Prices is estimated by using GNP (Gross National Product) as deflater.
* Expenditure on Education incurred by Other Departments is included for the year 1971-72 onwards.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
A . n . n . e . x . u . r . e . s
1 Statement I. Page Nos.
1. Statewise/Sectorwise expenditure on education
by Education Department
- Elementary Education 1-15
- Secondary Education 16-30
- Adult Education 31-45
- University/Higher Education 46-60
- Others 61-75
- Technical Education 76-85
- Statewise total expenditure on
education by Education Department 86-100
2. Statement II.
Percentage expenditure on each sector of education to total
expenditure on education (Revenue Account) 101-135
3. Statement III.
Statewise expenditure on Education by Education
Department under Revenue and Capital heads of accounts
136-157
4. Statement IV.
Expenditure on education by other Ministries/Departments
158-191
5. Statement V.
Statewise expenditure on education by Education
Department (Revenue Account) as percentage of Total State
Budget and State Domestic Product (SDP) 192-213
6. Statement VI.
Statewise expenditure on education by Education
Department (Revenue Account) as percentage of Total State
Budget and State Domestic Product (SDP) 214-235
7. Statement VII.
Statewise expenditure on education during 1994-95 (BE)
by Education Department as percentage of Total State
Budget (Provisional) 236
41
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
STATEMENT I : Statewise / Subsectorwise Expenditure on Education Department with Plan and Non-Plan Breakup (Revenue Account)
(Rs. in Lakhs)
ADULT EDUCATION(Concld.)
State Name 1993-94
Plan Non-Plan Total
ANDHRA PRADESH 1257.41 ... 1257.41
ARUNACHAL PRADESH 69.54 42.29 111.83
ASSAM 331.00 112.48 443.48
BIHAR 750.00 94.11 844.11
GOA 49.25 22.00 71.25
GUJARAT 395.49 249.77 645.26
HARYANA 59.07 59.75 118.82
HIMACHAL PRADESH 70.37 23.33 93.70
JAMMU & KASHMIR 156.72 61.76 218.50
KARNATAKA 940.25 56.32 996.57
KERALA 60.00 3.07 63.07
MADHYA PRADESH 917.50 348.97 1266.47
MAHARASHTRA 31.35 954.10 985.45
MANIPUR 48.06 28.86 76.92
MEGHALAYA 165.00 77.37 242.37
MIZORAM 55.70 54.88 110.58
NAGALAND 38.53 18.55 57.08
ORISSA 603.09 ... 603.09
PUNJAB ... ... ...
RAJASTHAN 236.60 94.02 330.62
SIKKIM 33.00 ... 33.00
TAMIL NADU 557.66 2006.96 2564.62
TRIPURA 122.15 632.04 754.19
UTTAR PRADESH 658.16 57.68 715.84
WEST BENGAL 1209.80 131.50 1341.30
A. & N. ISLANDS 4.50 8.28 12.78
CHANDIGARH 1.00 5.50 6.50
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI ... 3.49 3.49
DAMAN & DIU 2.25 1.20 3.45
DELHI 360.00 107.94 467.94
LAKSHADWEEP 3.00 5.66 8.66
PONDICHERRY 1.00 9.30 10.30
STATE/UT TOTAL 9187.45 5271.20 14458.65
CENTRE 17761.00 263.00 18024.00
GRAND TOTAL 26948.45 5534.20 32482.65
N A T I O N A L I N F O R M A T I C S C E N T R E
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
STATEMENT I : Statewise / Subsectorwise Expenditure on Education Department with Plan and Non-Plan Breakup (Revenue Account)
(Rs. in Lakhs)
UNIVERSITY/HIGHER EDUCATION(Concld.)
State Name 1993-94
Plan Non-Plan Total
ANDHRA PRADESH 207.94 31003.06 31211.00
ARUNACHAL PRADESH 284.92 159.80 444.72
ASSAM 1705.20 3275.79 4980.99
BIHAR 925.00 13415.94 14340.94
GOA 426.00 726.00 1152.00
GUJARAT 193.85 9471.10 9664.95
HARYANA 414.90 6077.22 6492.12
HIMACHAL PRADESH 454.42 1367.64 1822.06
JAMMU & KASHMIR 189.81 1521.25 1711.06
KARNATAKA 1430.00 15384.93 16814.93
KERALA 791.00 17368.90 18159.90
MADHYA PRADESH 1715.20 11633.46 13348.66
MAHARASHTRA 513.00 22483.08 22996.08
MANIPUR 384.00 1278.07 1662.07
MEGHALAYA 133.50 689.71 823.21
MIZORAM 125.00 322.00 447.00
NAGALAND 166.00 255.39 421.39
ORISSA 838.31 7783.21 8621.52
PUNJAB 768.38 8317.52 9085.90
RAJASTHAN 860.02 8618.09 9478.11
SIKKIM 32.00 42.10 74.10
TAMIL NADU 364.03 16936.14 17300.17
TRIPURA 224.50 555.79 780.29
UTTAR PRADESH 1810.90 20814.13 22625.03
WEST BENGAL 1574.71 21923.91 23498.62
A. & N. ISLANDS 62.60 115.39 177.99
CHANDIGARH 70.75 2460.24 2530.99
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI ...
DAMAN & DIU 43.95 43.95
DELHI 350.00 200.00 550.00
LAKSHADWEEP 11.04 91.68 102.72
PONDICHERRY 170.58 479.07 649.65
STATE/UT TOTAL 17197.56 224814.5 242012.12
CENTRE 15933.00 33610.99 49543.99
GRAND TOTAL 33130.56 258425.55 291556.11
N A T I O N A L I N F O R M A T I C S C E N T R E
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
STATEMENT I : Statewise / Subsectorwise Expenditure on Education Department with Plan and Non-Plan Breakup (Revenue Account)
(Rs. in Lakhs)
OTHERS(Concld.)
State Name 1993-94
Plan Non-Plan Total
ANDHRA PRADESH 95.11 22491.17 22586.28
ARUNACHAL PRADESH 164.97 63.85 228.82
ASSAM 2207.80 1114.54 3322.34
BIHAR 345.02 4370.84 4715.86
GOA 73.25 124.80 198.05
GUJARAT 229.36 1818.88 2048.24
HARYANA 73.15 355.98 429.13
HIMACHAL PRADESH 122.13 440.10 562.23
JAMMU & KASHMIR 0.30 34.78 35.08
KARNATAKA 3693.00 605.03 4298.03
KERALA 599.50 630.71 1230.21
MADHYA PRADESH 117.30 595.13 712.43
MAHARASHTRA 1203.68 3841.10 5044.78
MANIPUR 22.46 189.13 211.59
MEGHALAYA 71.30 129.29 200.59
MIZORAM 57.06 439.21 496.27
NAGALAND 150.08 262.72 412.80
ORISSA 1146.05 2949.46 4095.51
PUNJAB 224.93 650.03 874.96
RAJASTHAN 2646.49 1459.41 4105.90
SIKKIM 20.00 10.90 30.90
TAMIL NADU 12.35 3343.91 3356.26
TRIPURA 87.45 150.80 238.25
UTTAR PRADESH 483.50 2165.31 2648.81
WEST BENGAL 781.59 32898.92 33680.51
A. & N. ISLANDS 11.35 69.79 81.14
CHANDIGARH 58.58 99.46 158.04
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI 23.96 25.87 49.83
DAMAN & DIU 18.10 1.80 19.90
DELHI 125.90 1137.08 1262.98
LAKSHADWEEP 29.98 24.76 54.74
PONDICHERRY 37.19 104.96 142.15
STATE/UT TOTAL 14932.89 82599.72 97532.61
CENTRE 2708.00 4064.01 6772.01
GRAND TOTAL 17640.89 86663.73 104304.62
N A T I O N A L I N F O R M A T I C S C E N T R E
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
STATEMENT I : Statewise Total Expenditure of Education Department with Plan and Non-Plan Breakup (Revenue Account)
(Rs. in Lakhs)
State Name 1993-94
Plan Non-Plan Total
ANDHRA PRADESH 14029.00 152086.00 166115.00
ARUNACHAL PRADESH 2576.00 3222.00 5798.00
ASSAM 21749.00 46526.00 68275.00
BIHAR 13306.00 132716.00 146022.00
GOA 1375.00 7017.00 8392.00
GUJARAT 4470.00 119242.00 123712-00
HARYANA 7582.00 37976.00 45558.00
HIMACHAL PRADESH 6268.00 23227.00 29495.00
JAMMU & KASHMIR 2395.00 11415.00 13810.00
KARNATAKA 34110.00 106841.00 140951.00
KERALA 3873.00 109196.00 113069.00
MADHYA PRADESH 16809.00 103489.00 120298.00
MAHARASHTRA 10647.00 212399.00 223046.00
MANIPUR 1342.00 8008.00 9350.00
MEGHALAYA 2658.00 6450.00 9108.00
MIZORAM 1079.00 4439.00 5518.00
NAGALAND 863.00 5136.00 5999.00
ORISSA 13381.00 58445.00 71826.00
PUNJAB 9816.00 58876.00 68692.00
RAJASTHAN 18371.00 94567.00 112938.00
SIKKIM 970.00 2192.00 3162.00
TAMIL NADU 6790.00 170297.00 177087.00
TRIPURA 2580.00 10788.00 13368.00
UTTAR PRADESH 25346.00 222113.00 247459.00
WEST BENGAL 12138.00 181172.00 193310.00
A. & N. ISLANDS 351.00 2133.00 2484.00
CHANDIGARH 630.00 4659.00 5289.00
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI 120.00 386.00 506.00
DAMAN & DIU 79.00 448.00 527.00
DELHI 7891.00 30798.00 38689.00
LAKSHADWEEP 105.00 759.00 864.00
PONDICHERRY 1044.00 3537.00 4581.00
STATE/UT TOTAL 244743.00 1930555.00 2175298.00
CENTRE 130878.00 84718.00 215596.00
GRAND TOTAL 375621.00 2015273.00 2390894.00
N A T I O N A L I N F O R M A T I C S C E N T R E
100
STATEMENT II
STATEMENT II : Percentage Expenditure on each Subsector of Education to Total Expenditure on
Education ( Revenue Account )
ANDHRA PRADESH
Year Elementary Secondary Adult Technical Univ /Higher Others Total
Education Education Education Education Education
1951-52 44.87 24.20 8.90 ... 13.70 8.33 100.00
1952-53 46.97 25.26 7.03 ... 12.23 8.52 100.00
1953-54 54.39 20.30 6.15 ... 9.58 9.59 100.00
1954-55 55.91 17.12 5.13 ... 9.67 12.16 100.00
1955-56 49.43 16.13 3.99 ... 9.44 21.00 100.00
1956-57 55.76 17.99 5.12 ... 10.28 10.84 100.00
1957-58 55.17 19.69 6.06 ... 13.62 5.46 100.00
1958-59 50.79 19.62 9.67 ... 14.56 5.36 100.00
1959-60 51.94 21.39 9.62 ... 12.04 5.00 100.00
1960-61 49.18 25.22 11.28 ... 9.56 4.76 100.00
1961-62 42.70 26.10 9.14 ... 18.58 3.49 100.00
1962-63 43.63 27.05 10.00 ... 14.96 4.35 100.00
1963-64 40.79 33.90 10.68 ... 10.15 4.48 100.00
1964-65 40.87 34.70 5.42 4.57 9.22 5.22 100.00
1965-66 42.09 30.12 5.90 4.56 10.12 7.21 100.00
1966-67 43.14 31.68 5.06 4.33 9.50 6.30 100.00
1967-68 41.53 33.23 3.93 4.31 11.53 5.47 100.00
1968-69 42.76 34.20 2.87 3.80 10.99 5.38 100.00
1969-70 41.93 33.68 2.70 3.52 13.01 5.17 100.00
1970-71 43.21 33.09 2.41 3.38 13.25 C 66 100.00
1971-72 43.60 31.77 2.08 3.38 14.19 4.97 100.00
1972-73 43.98 34.38 0.83 3.19 15.89 1.73 100.00
1973-74 44.54 32.00 1.12 2.90 17.17 2.27 100.00
1974-75 42.72 32.15 0.76 3.22 18.72 2.44 100.00
1975-76 44.58 31.67 0.56 3.08 17.67 2.43 100.00
1976-77 44.79 30.28 0.50 2.96 19.21 2.27 100.00
1977-78 44.95 30.48 0.05 3.03 18.99 2.50 100.00
1978-79 44.18 29.51 0.04 3.04 20.41 2.82 100.00
1979-80 43.66 29.54 0.41 3.24 20.67 2.47 100.00
1980-81 44.77 29.49 0.44 3.08 19.59 2.62 100.00
1981-82 44.14 29.33 0.45 2.91 20.33 2.83 100.00
1982-83 47.48 27.94 0.46 2.48 19.54 2.10 100.00
1983-84 49.12 26.58 0.42 2.74 18.70 2.43 100.00
1984-85 47.00 28.12 0.18 2.34 19.96 2.40 100.00
1985-86 45.88 28.57 0.66 3.01 19.65 2.22 100.00
1986-87 45.91 27.83 0.63 3.04 20.56 2.03 100.00
1987-88 47.78 28.57 0.68 2.70 19.26 1.01 100.00
1986-89 44.67 30.12 0.77 2.91 20.52 1.02 100.00
1989-90 44.39 27.52 0.69 3.21 23.16 1.01 100.00
1990-91 45.98 28.20 0.66 2.84 21.32 1.00 100.00
1991-92 44.50 29.40 0.61 2.76 21.72 1.01 100.00
1992-93 44.68 28.53 0.91 2.82 22.08 0.97 100.00
1993-94 39.26 24.89 0.76 2.71 18.79 13.60 100.00
N A T I O N A L I N F O R M A T I C S C E N T R E