EDUCATIONAL ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION
History of Education Department* Government supervision in the matter of educa- tion was for the first time introduced in 1823 with the setting up of a General Committee of Public Instruction for the Presidency of Bengal. It was followed by a committee at provincial level in 1843. A nucleus of the education department was first set up in 1850 by Lt. Governor, James Thomson with Visitors for vernacular schools and a Visitor-Gene- ral for the province. It was later decided by the Government of India in 1854 as a consequence of instructions contained in the despatch of Sir Charles Wood, President of the Board of Control, to have a department of public instruction in each province for promoting general and public educa- tion in India. Consequently, the post of Visitor- General was replaced by that of Director of Public Instruction and the province was divided, for effec- tive administration of mass education at primary level, into four circles each under the charge of a circle inspector.
The Indian Commission on Education of 1882- 83, known as Hunter Commission, also emphasised that the duty of government was mainly to provide, extend and improve elementary education. Primary education in rural areas was, in accordance with the recommendations of the commission, passed on to the control of district boards under the Local Self Government Act of 1883 (since repealed). Similarly, with the creation of municipalities, these bodies were entrusted with primary education in cities. Government, however, continued to super- vise the primary schools and even deputed to district boards its officers for administering primary education. It also continued to maintain some high schools and other institutions for higher educa- tion as models and exercised control over non- government institutions through inspections, exami- nations, recognition and grants-in-aid at the secon- dary and higher levels. During the period from 1902 to 1921 qualitative improvements were also initiated in curricula, text-books, examinations and teacher training.
The reforms introduced in provincial administra- tion consequent upon the enactment of the Govern- ment of India Act, 1919 had their effect felt in the field of education also; and except for European education, which remained a reserved subject, other matters were transferred to the control of Indian Ministers. A statutory Board of High School and Intermediate Education was constituted under the Intermediate Education Act, 1921, with the director of public instruction as its chairman to take the place of the Allahabad University for regulating and supervising the system of high school and in- termediate education in the province. The reforms resulted in all round increase in educational activities. Recruitment to the Indian Education Service, which manned the important and responsi- ble posts in the department, was, however, discon- tinued in 1924 as a result of the recommendations of the Lee Commission.
The activities of the department took a definite turn towards educational reconstruction soon after provincial autonomy was granted under the Govern- ment of India Act, 1935. The general organizatio- nal pattern of the education department in those days Was that there was a divisional inspector of schools in every revenue division, with an assistant inspector of Mohammadan schools (except for Kumaun divi-
* Earlier part of the material under this section was thankfully adopted from the publication, "The organisation of the Government of Uttar Pradesh," by M. Zaheer and Jagdeo Gupta and published by S. Chand & Co, Delhi. This material has been later vetted and elaborated by the state government.
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sion) to advise on maktabs and other muslim schools in the division. The inspector of schools had under him heads of anglo-hindustani and hindustani institutions for boys and a deputy inspector of schools in each district, who was assisted by sub-deputy inspectors in matters relating to primary education. For the education of girls, the province was divided into ten circles each under an inspectress of girls schools with a chief inspectress at the headquarters. Each inspec- tress held in her jurisdiction similar charge as that of inspector of schools and was assisted by an assistant inspectress in most districts.
Soon after the congress ministry came in office, a reorganisation committee, popularly known as Acharya Narendra Deo Committee, was constituted in 1939, but owing to the outbreak of war and crea- tion of an emergency resulting in the resignation of the ministry, the recommendations of the com- mittee could not be implemented till after the attainment of independence in 1947. The department was then completely reorganised and considerably expanded. Things had started moving at the cen- tre also on the emergence of a separate Ministry of Education. The designation of the director of public instruction was changed in 1947 to director of education, and with a view to ensuring his ready consultation and easy collaboration with govern- ment, his camp office was set up at Lucknow in 1948.
Each district was provided with a district in- spector of schools and the state was divided into five regions (subsequently raised to eight), each under a regional deputy director in respect of boys' schools generally and a regional inspectress for girls' schools. Institutions for specialised teachers training were set up. Steps were taken to improve, the management of private secondary schools. Psychological service was introduced. A Provincial Education Corps (later called Pradeshik Shiksha Dal) was organised. Improvement of text-books for primary (junior basic) schools was taken up. A University Grants Committee was established and government degree colleges were started at Naini Tal and Gyanpur (Varanasi). The Raza Degree College at Rampur came under government control.
Compulsory primary education was introduce in terms of article 45 of the constitution of India in a large number of municipal areas. An all out effort to raise the enrolment of children in primary schools was made. The state and the central gover- nments worked for the expansion and improvement of education at all levels in collaboration with the local bodies and private managements and through subsidies and grants-in-aid. Two of the important commissions which submitted their reports to the government are the Uttar Pradesh Universities Commission of 1960 and the Uttar Pradesh Secon- dary Education Commission of 1960.
With the growth and expansion of secondary education and its impact in the university sector, there was demand for more regional universities in the state. Agra University, which had affiliated colleges throughout the state, had become un- wieldy and could not properly handle the situation. Consequently, a university was established at Gora- khpur in 1956. Later, the University Education Commission, appointed by the Government of India, as also the U.P. Universities Commission, recommended the establishment of a university each at Kanpur and Meerut, which was done in 1965.
At the secretariat level, the department was in the beginning looked after by the chief secretary to government and then by the judicial secretary. But as a result of the introduction of reforms, the depart- ment was placed in 1921 under the charge of a wholetime secretary. This arrangement, however, continued only for a short period when, in 1923, as a measure of economy, the departments of indu- stries, agriculture, civil, veterinary and co-opera- tive societies were also placed under the same secretary and the secretariat office was amal- gamated with the office of the director of public instruction. The latter was disignated as ex-officio deputy secretary to government with the authority to write direct to the Minister for Education. No particular change took place in this arrangement till 1937, when, due to the expansion of educational programmes, it began to be felt that a combined office was not practicable. The director of public instruction relinquished the post of ex-officio deputy secretary in 1939. The separation of the office of the director was completed in 1940, and the control of the Thomson Civil Engineering College, Roorkee (later converted into Roorkee University) was also transferred in 1945 to the
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state public works department, since the state edu- cation department ceased to deal with technical education.
In persuance of the Basic Education Act, 1972 a State Board of Basic Education was set up in 1972 for the purpose of accelerating the expansion and improvement of elementary education in the state. Besides, special institutions earlier set up by the state department of education for qualitative improvement of education included State Institute of Education, State Institute of Science Education, English Language Teaching Institute, Hindi Sansthan and Government Central Pedago- gical Institute. The 1971 act for disbursement of salary to the teachers of aided high schools & inter- mediate colleges and the Universities Act, 1973 are important landmarks in the history of education of Uttar Pradesh. For the promotion of higher edu- cation in the state, a separate directorate of higher education was set up in 1972. Central evaluation of high school examination results and improve- ment of the question papers are two of the innova- tions very recently introduced in the field of examination reform. With a view to plan the expansion of education and its consolidation, the third educational survey was conducted in 1973.
Functions of Education Department The following may be listed as main functions of the education department of the state:-
- Policy making in education
- Coordination of education at all stages and levels
- Personnel administration
- Budget formulation
- Plan and expenditure control
- Grant-in-aid to non-government institutions
- Administration of elementary schools
- Control and supervision of secondary educa- tion
- Control and supervision of higher education
- Supervision and administration of' National Cadet Corps, libraries, teaching of oriental languages, scholarships, etc.
- Supervision and control of teacher training
These functions are discharged by the educa- tional functionaries of the state government at the secretariat, directorate, regional, district and lower levels. The responsibility is also shared by the local government agencies and voluntary organisa- tions operating in the state as also the internal administrative machinery of the various universities located in the state.
Set-up and Functioning at Secretariat Level A broad idea of the administrative set-up for educa- tion at the secretariat level is given in organogram I.
18 It will be seen that the education secretary is assisted by a special secretary, a joint secretary, six deputy secretaries, one officer on special duty, one under secretary, fourteen section officers and many assistants and clerks. There is also provision of 'link officers', who attend to the urgent and immed- iate work of officers of the rank of deputy secretary or under secretary when they are out of station or on leave. The arrangement regarding link officers ensures smooth running of the governmental work during an officer's absence. There are eight link officers in the education department.
The specific functions assisgned to different categories of officers in the education secretariat are as follows :-
Joint Secretary-Matters relating to hill areas and other miscellaneous matters which are assigned to him by the secretary.
Deputy Secretary I-(i) All matters relating to the establishment of non-gazetted and special edu- cation service (gazetted) officers of the education department (ii) N.C.C., (iii) P.E.C., (iv) opening of government schools, their upgrading, buildings etc. (these files will be sent through special secre- tary), (v) office buildings, (vi) visits by foreigners, (vii) grant for foreign travel, (viii) Chief Ministers Education Fund, (ix) grants for taking part in semi- nars and conferences, (x) educational endowments, (xi) audit objections relating to government insti- tutions and offices, (xii) requisitions of land for government higher secondary schools and director- ate of education, (xiii) planning and budget rela- ting to the above mentioned activities (All matters requiring higher level considerations are to be sub- mitted to the special secretary).
Deputy Secretary II-(i) Matters relating to the first and second class gazetted officers of the edu- cation department, (ii) Sanskrit education, (iii) nationalised basic readers and junior high school education books, (iv) maktabas and madrasas, (v) educational experiments, seminars and confere- nces, (A) conferences of Education Ministers and education secretaries, (vii) Central Advisory Board of Education, (viii) planning and budget regarding above mentioned activities, (ix) problems relating to paper, (x) Urdu, and matters relating to minori- ty languages, (All matters pertaining to higher education are to be submitted for decision to the secretary directly. In case of basic and secondary education, the papers are to be submitted through the special secretary. Items (ii) to (vii) are to be submitted to the secretary direct and others through the special secretary).
Deputy Secretary III-(i) Board of High School and Intermediate Education and the constitution of its committees and related matters, (ii) matters relating to the recognition of higher secondary schools, (iii) high school and intermediate examina- tions conducted by the board, (iv) service condi- tions and establishment matters relating to the teachers and head-masters of higher secon- dary schools run by local bodies, (v) requisition of land for non-government institutions, (vi) Inter- mediate Education Act and the amendment of its rules, (vii) fees of the higher secondary schools, (viii) kendriya vidyalayas, (ix) correction of date of birth in high school certificates, (x) nationalisa- tion of secondary education, (xi) appeals regarding fixation and revision of pay of teachers and other employees of non-government higher secondary schools, (xii) grants-in-aid to non-government insti- tutions, (xiii) secondary teachers' associations and their demands, (xiv) U.P. Board of High School and Intermediate Colleges Act, 1971, and matters relating to payment of teachers' salaries, (xv) non- government higher secondary schools-service con- ditions of their teachers and other employees, (xvi) vocationalisation of secondary education, (xvii) pension, gratuity and collective insurance scheme, (xviii) taking over the mismanaged insti- tutions and petitions from the teachers and emp- loyees of non-government institutions, (xix) writ petitions and civil suits pertaining to above men- tioned subjects. (All matters requiring higher decision are to be submitted to the special secre- tary).
Deputy Secretary IV-(i) Aided degree and post- graduate colleges, (ii) affiliation and establishment of government degree and post-graduate colleges, (iii) constitution of committees for Agra, Bareilly, and Meerut Universities, (iv) discretionary and ad hoc grants, (v) disciplinary matters, (vi) Unesco matters, (vii) scholarships, (viii) recognitions of degrees and diplomas, (ix) five year plans, (x) plan and non-plan expenditure, (xi) co-ordina- tion of plan and budget, and (xii) Public Accounts Committee (First two items are to be submitted direct to the secretary, and items (ix) to (xii) through the special secretary).
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Deputy Secretary V - (i) Basic Education Parishad (excluding establishment matters), (ii) non-govern- ment and basic education parishad's primary and junior high schools, (iii) compulsory primary education and attendance officers, (iv) free primary education, (v) State Institute of Education, (vi) primary education grants to non-government junior high schools, (vii) plan and budget work relating to basic education, (viii) provident fund, gratuity and collective insurance regarding basic education, (ix) mid-day meals, and (x) audio-visual education (All matters requiring higher decision are to be submitted to the special secretary).
Deputy Secretary VI-(i) Constitutional, financial and other matters relating to the universities (ii) examination of University Enquiry Commission report, and (iii) University Education Commission. (All higher level matters are to be submitted to the secretary direct).
Under Secretary-(i) Establishment of non-gazet- ted employees of the education department, (ii) libraries, (iii) educational facilities to repatria- tes from Burma, Pakistan and other countries, (iv) scholarships and other financial aid schemes of the central and state governments, (v) Hindi Granth Academy, (vi) Hindi Vidyapeeth, Kashiraj Trust, Hindustani Academy, and Ethnographic Folk Cultural Society, (vii) Hindi literature funds and prizes, (viii) scholarships for children of freedom fighters, defence employees and dacoits, (ix) publi- cation grant and financial assisstance to famous artists and literatureurs, (x) national and state awards to teachers, (xi) annual report of the edu- cation department, and (xiii) miscellaneous matters (All high level matters are to be sent direct to the secretary).
O.S.D.-(i) National Fitness Corps, (ii) physical education, (iii) National Council of Sports, (iv) youth welfare schemes, (v) regional and district rallies, (vi) N.S.S., (vii) Nehru Yuvak Kendras, (viii) L.T., C.T., B.T.C., Home Science, and Voca- tional Training centres, and audit objections rela- ting to them, (ix) Tuition fees of children of cen- tral government servants, (x) extension service centres, (xi) scouts and guides, and (xii) non-formal and adult education (All high level matters are to be submitted to the secretary direct).
Directorate Level Administration The state director of education is the chief exe- cutive in so far as basic, secondary and intermedi- ate education are concerned. Details about the set-up of the directorate of education may be seen in organogram II. He stays at Lucknow near the education secretariat with a small staff indicated in the organogram. Rest of the directorate of education is at Allahabad.
It will be noted from organogram II that the director of education is assisted at Lucknow by an additional director of education in matters of educa- tion in hill areas, two deputy directors, two assistant directors, one assistant deputy director, one pathya pustak adhikari, a youth welfare officer, secretary of adhyapak kalyan kosh and deputy pathya pustak adhikari. In his charge of the directorate of edu- cation at Allahabad, there are five joint directors of education, including one for women's education, to assist him. There are a number of deputy directors, assistant directors, assistant deputy directors, an officer on special duty for pay fixation, accounts officers of various levels, a statistical officer, and a litigation officer who all help the joint directors of education at Allahabad.
The joint director of education (women) looks after the girls education excluding finance. She accords approval to the appointments of the heads of non-government aided secondary schools and intermediate colleges and decides cases of regional appellate committees of secondary and higher secondary education under the provisions of the Intermediate Education Act of the state. The senior-most joint director of education has been in charge of the headquarters of the directorate at Allahabad. In administrative work of the direc- torate, he is assisted by an assistant deputy direc- tor.
The specific items of work assigned to various officers of the directorate are given below:-
(a) Joint Director of Education (Women)
- Female officers of the state education service (senior and junior scales).
- Female teachers employed in government institutions.
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Abbrevations
J.D.E. = Joint Director of Education
D.D. = Deputy Director of Education
A.D. = Asstt. Director of Education
A.D.D. = Asstt. Deputy Director of Education
O.S.D. = Offocer on Special Duty
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- Planning activities concerning government girls high schools and intermediate colleges.
- Work relating to the girls high schools and intermediate colleges receiving aid under the U.P. Intermediate Education Act.
- Co-ordination of work connected with questions and assurances in the legislature.
Assistant deputy director (science) and assistant deputy director (women) assist the joint director (women) in the discharge of the aforesaid functions. The cases relating to the management matters of non-government girls high schools and intermediate colleges are put up by the assistant director (secon- dary education).
(b) Deputy Director of Education (Women)
- Establishment matters of women gazetted officers of the Subordinate Education Service.
- Establishment matters of trained graduates and other lower categories of lady teachers and assistant inspectresses.
(c) Joint Director of Education (Secondary Education)
- Establishment matters of officers belonging to U.P. Education Service (senior and junior), subordinate and special subordinate education services, and assistant teachers of L.T. grade.
- planning work regarding government high schools and intermediate colleges.
- Planning work relating to secondary educa- tion.
- Work relating to legislative questions and assurances on secondary education.
- Recognition and other matters connected with management committees.
Assistant director (secondary education,) assis- tant deputy director (secondary education), assistant deputy director (science), finance officer and assistant deputy director (services) assist the joint director in performing the duties.
(d) Joint Director of Education (Basic)
- Establishment matters of inspecting and teach- ing personnel of Gazetted Subordinate Service.
- Work regarding deputy inspectors of schools and C.T., J.T.C., B.T.C. and H.T.C. grade services.
- Establishment matters of Class III and Class IV employees of subordinate offices.
- All work relating to basic education (except buildings).
- Legislative questions, assurances relating to it and miscellaneous matters.
He is assisted in this work by assistant director (primary education), assistant deputy director (general education), statistician, assistant deputy director (services 2) and in-charge of agricultural education.
(e) joint Director of Education (Training)
- Teachers training and research institutions and allied matters.
- Plan co-ordination work.
- Educational buildings and other materials.
- Statistics, social education, seminars and con- ferences, and general administration.
- Teaching of Sanskrit and Urdu (only policy and important matters).
- Reorganisation scheme and extension services,
He is assisted in his work by deputy director (Sanskrit), assistant director (Urdu), statistical officer, assistant director (buildings) and assistant deputy director (training).
(f) Joint Director of Education (Finance)
- All financial matters relating to basic and secon- dary institutions, both for boys and girls.
- Budget and its co-ordination.
- Provident fund, P.A.C., audit and accounts- and all types of scholarships.
- Pension, life-insurance, honorarium and matters regarding gratuity of retired persons.
- Work connected with the services of accounts personnel.
22 He is assisted in his work by the chief accounts officer, senior accounts officer, accounts officer, assistant director (science), assistant director (insu- rance), assistant deputy director (finance-I), special officer (pay fixation), assistant deputy director (finance-II) and assistant deputy directors (services I and II). The work relating to scholar- ships is attended to by the assistant deputy director (science).
(g) Deputy Director (Primary Education) and Secretary, Basic Shiksha Parishad.
- All work relating to Basic Shiksha Parishad and district and city committees
- Services of Basic Shiksha Parishad
- Balahar scheme
- Teacher welfare work
The assistant director (balahar), assistant de- puty director (primary education) and secretary of Teachers' Welfare Fund assist him in the discharge of his functions.
(h) Deputy Director of Education (Camp)
- All work relating to planning of education.
- Sports, youth welfare, national service schme, and scouting.
He is assisted by assistant director (N.F.C.) and youth welfare officer.
(i) Text-Book Officer - Publication and distribution of text-books for primary schools.
- Distribution of paper to publishers.
- Distribution of exercise books.
He is assisted by the deputy text-book officer.
All policy matters and cases concerning the posting and transfer of gazetted officers have to be submitted to the director of education. All the above-mentioned officers (from a to i) submit their cases direct to the director of education. The con- fidential reports of all gazetted and non-gazetted employees are handled by the assistant deputy director (services I) and submitted direct to the director of education.
Directorate of Higher Education There is a director of higher education whose office is also located at Allahabad. It came into existence in 1972. The director of higher educa- tion is the chief executive in so far as degree and post-graduate education (general education) in the government and non-government colleges as well as university education are concerned. As indica- ted in organogram III, he is assisted by a joint director, a deputy director, an assistant director and two assistant deputy directors. There is no regional and district level officer in the higher education directorate. The salary disbursement work with respect to institutions of higher education is controlled by the regional deputy directors of the directorate for school education. The main assignments of various functionaries working to the director of higher education are also indicated in organogram III.
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The directorate of higher education has under it 24 degree and post-graduate colleges. It also handles cases of 337 privately managed degree and post-graduate colleges, of which 254 are in the grant-in-aid list. Consequent to the decentralisa- tion of powers and coming into operation of the Universities Act of 1973, 1974 and 1975 many new responsibilities have been put on the directorate. These include salary disbursement to private degree colleges, sanction of teaching and ministerial posts and other matters relating to the institutions or organisations of higher learning. Scholarships work is also now handled by the directorate of higher education. It has been expressed that the directorate needs to be strengthened to discharge its present responsibilities and to coordinate with the U.G.C. in securing grants for higher educa- tion in U.P. It has been indicated that all work relating to universities in the state, except the policy work, can also be taken up by the directorate when it is strengthened. It has, however, been suggested that the directorate needs subordinate offices at each university headquarters in the state so that it could co-ordinate work with the univer- sities and look after the affiliated and associated college of each university more effectively.
Field Level Administration For the purposes of educational administration the entire state of Uttar Pradesh is divided into 11 regions, each under a deputy director of education. The regional headquarters are located at Allaha- bad, Agra, Gorakhpur, Pauri, Meerut, Jhansi, Varanasi, Faizabad, Lucknow, Bareilly, and Nainital. In each region there is also a regional inspectress of schools for inspecting girls' institutions.
The regional deputy director of education is responsible for supervision, inspection and control of educational institutions for boys of the districts in his charge. Under him are the various district inspectors of schools in the region, and assistant accounts officers, agriculture supervisor, assistant inspector of Sanskrit pathshalas and science promo- tion officer posted at the headquarters. The regional deputy director of education also supervises the work relating to planning of education in the region.
Apart from working as a link between the dis- trict educational authorities and the directorate of education at the state headquarters, he has full powers to grant all kinds of leave (other than disa- bility leave, extra-ordinary leave without pay and leave after retirement) to members of the special subordinate educational services and other non- gazetted officers whose appointing authority is the director of education. He also possesses authority to sanction the crossing of efficiency bars to all non-gazetted officers, to forward applications for posts within the department or outside in respect of all officers except those of the U.P. Educational Service, to grant exemption from training qualifica- tions to all untrained teachers upto C.T. level o junior basic and senior basic schools (other than local body institutions), to function as president of the Regional Appellate Committee for heads and teachers of recognised non-government institutions, and to allot non-recurring grants, book-aid and various stipends to educational institutions.
As regards the district level administration, there are 55 districts in the state, as already indica- ted in chapter I. The district inspector of schools is the head of educational administration and supervi- sion in the district. He is responsible for all ins- pectional, administrative and financial matters relating to school education in his district. In some districts he is assisted by one or two associate in- spector(s) of schools, who are class II officers and hold the sub-charge of secondary education in the district. He is also assisted by a zila basic shiksha adhikari, who is in charge of education upto class VIII. In addition, there is an assistant comman- dant to look after physical education and a number of deputy and assistant inspectors of schools, all of whom assist the district inspector of schools in the discharge of his responsibilities.
The main jobs of the district education officer ate: to look after the implementation of all schemes relating to high school and intermediate education, supervision and inspection of secondary schools including panel inspection, guidance to educational authorities in the district, assessment and release of grants to schools and intermediate colleges, distri- bution of salaries of teachers of aided institutions, compilation of statistics and reports of various types, organisation of seminars and conferences, conduct of examinations, and opening of new institutions.
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Other Department with Educational Respon-
sibilities In addition to the department of education, there are the departments of agriculture, cultural affairs, harijan sahayak and social welfare, labour, medical and public health, technical education, sports, and general administration which also have certain educational responsibilities in the state government. The department of agriculture attends to work connected with agriculture universities and colleges of agriculture. While the agriculture universities are headed by vice-chancellors, the colleges of agriculture are under the general control of the state director of agriculture. The cultural affairs department is concerned with administration of cultural institutions. There is one college of arts and one music college under this department. Both the institutions are headed by principals. The college of arts has recently been affiliated to the Lucknow University.
The harijan sahayak and social welfare department deals with schools and other institu- tions ment exclusively for the harijans and the ashram type schools. These institutions are controlled by the director of social welfare and harijan sahayak of the state. Three technical training schools and one polytechnic are also running under this department. In the training schools, instruction is given to students in the trades recognised by NCVT (National Council of Vocational Trades) and in the polytechnics 3-year diploma courses in civil, mechanical and electrical engineering are organised. This department is also responsible for administration of educational institutions for the handicapped as well as academic education of the juvenile deliquents in the approved schools. One high school and two junior high schools for the blind, 3 similar schools along with vocational training for the deaf and dumb, two junior high schools for the treatment and education of the mentally retarded children, and a residential school for the handicapped children are also being administered by this department. In addition, there are 21 institutions for the deaf and dumb managed by voluntary organisations receiving grant-in-aid from this department.
The medical and public health department of the state government administers a number of medical colleges and institutes of hygiene and public health. The medical colleges are affiliated to the universities but responsibility for their administration rests with their principals who are supervised by the director of medical and health services, Uttar Pradesh.
The technical education department adminis- ters a chain of polytechnics, both for men and women, located in different parts of the state. Each polytechnic is headed by a principal under the control of the director of technical education, Uttar Pradesh. There are also institutions of higher technical education (e.g., Government Textile Institute at Kanpur, Institute of Paper Technology at Saharanpur, Northern Regional Institute of Printing Technology at Allahabad, Roorkee University, and Harcourt Bulter Technolo- gical Institute at Kanpur) under the overall charge of the technical education department.
The sports department of the state government has recently established a higher secondary school in which emphasis is laid on training students in sports and athletics. The general administration department runs a Sainik School which prepares students for high school and intermediate examina- tions and for entrance into the National Defence Academy.
Local Government Agencies in Education In the past local government agencies like municipal corporations, municipalities, zila parishads and gram panchayats were responsible for providing elementary education in Uttar Pradesh. In some cases, these agencies have also been running high schools, intermediate and even degree colleges. In 1972, the Basic Shiksha Parishad, an autonomous body, has assumed the responsibility of running schools which provide education upto class VIII. Accordingly, all the junior and senior basic schools of the state have been taken away from the orbit of the local bodies. In this arrangement, while the elementary schools continue to belong to the local bodies, their teachers have been transferred to the Basic Shiksha Parishad. This measure is expected to involve local effort in the expansion and consolidation of elementary education in the state.
General supervision, control, inspection and audit of the local body schools are also done by the
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administrative staff of education department at various levels. The detailed audit of the accounts is, however, done by the accountant general, Uttar Pradesh and the examiner of local fund accounts, Uttar Pradesh. In this manner the local bodies in the state follow the same system of school education.
Voluntary Agencies in Education There are many voluntary agencies in the state running educational institutions of various levels and types. Some of the major ones among them are as under :-
(1) K.P. Trust, Allahabad
(2) Radhaswami Trust, Agra
(3) Mahanand Mission, Ghaziabad
(4) Mahabodhi Society, Sarnath, Varanasi
(5) Jain Trust, Varanasi
(6) Lucknow Diocisan Trust Association
(7) Birla Education Trust, Nainital
(8) Modi Education Trust, Meerut
(9) Jaipuria Educational Trust, Kanpur
(10) Guru Nanak Trust, Dehradun
(11) Institute of Blessed Virgin Marg, Allahabad
(12) Irish Christian Brothers, Nainital
(13) Bishop Catholic Church of Lucknow.
As in other states, it is the policy o the Govern- ment of Uttar Pradesh to regulate and supervise educational institutions run by voluntary agencies within its jurisdiction. This regulation is provided by the state education department mostly through the grant-in-aid rules and the power to recognise educational institutions. As in the case of local body institutions, general supervision, control, inspection and audit of schools run by private bodies are done by the administrative staff of the education department at various levels. The department lays down educational policy, publishes text-books upto junior high school stage and grants recognition. All schools are required to use the same syllabus and text books. Examinations of classes V and VIII are also conducted by the state education department. The secondary schools and intermediate colleges are controlled and governed by the Intermediate Education Act. In this manner, although education is imparted by private managements, the institutions are control- led and governed by the respective acts and codes of the state government.
As regards institutions of higher education, these are governed by the Universities Act referred to in chapter II. The universities are corporate bodies. The Governor of the state is the chancel- lor, and the universities are given grants by the state government and the University Grants Com- mission. The universities frame their own syllabus and conduct their examinations, but they have to formulate their education programmes in tune with the general policy of the state govern- ment. The universities are also responsible for full academic control and partial administrative and financial control of their affiliated and associated colleges.
Consultative and Advisory Bodies A number of advisory, consultative and other bodies in the field of general education have been established in the state. These include the following :-
(1) Uttar Pradesh Basic Shiksha Parishad.
(2) Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Uttar Pradesh
(3) The Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy
(4) The Uttar Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy
(5) The Uttar Pradesh Hindi Samiti
(6) State Advisory Board of Adult Education
(7) Advisory Committee for the Central Library
The first two are executive bodies and they take decisions in accordance with the authority given to them under their respective acts referred to earlier in chapter II The Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy, Lucknow was constituted by the government of Uttar Pradesh on September 15, 1971 for promotion and development of Urdu in the state and also to encourage publication of original works of literary and academic merit in Urdu. The academy was reconstituted in June 1974. The academy so reconstituted consists of 55 members including a chairman and a vice- chairman, all nominated by the Governor of
26
Uttar Pradesh. The academy has provision for a governing body consisting of 18 persons including a chairman and a secretary, all of whom were also nominated in 1974 under the provisions of the academy.
The Hindi Granth Academy, located at Lucknow, was established in 1969 with following objectives
(i) to undertake translation of university level text books and reference material on technical and other subjects from English and other foreign languages into Hindi ;
(ii) to undertake preparation in original of the university level text-books and reference books on various subjects in Hindi;
(iii) to prepare original research papers, digests and journals on different subjects in Hindi;
(iv) to encourage and select authors for the above mentioned purposes;
(v) to take steps for promotion and develop- ment of Hindi in the field of higher education;
(vi) to assist and advise the universities in Uttar Pradesh in the matter of text-books brought out by private publishers;
(vii) to maintain the fund to which all the amounts provided by the state government, central government and those from other sources such as donations, sale of copyright, and sale of publications are to be credited.
The academy is a registered society. Its composition is as under
(i) Minister of Education, U.P. President
(ii) A person appointed by the Vice-
state government President
(iii) Four prominent Hindi writers Member
to be nominated by the state
government
(iv) Seven other Prominent persons
interested in the promotion of
Hindi to be nominated by the
state government -do-
(v) Two members of the U.P.
legislative assembly and one
member of the U.P. legislative
council, to be nominated by the
state government -do-
(vi) Vice-Chancellors of 13 universi-
ties in the state -do-
(vii) Secretaries to the government
of U.P. in finance, industries
and education departments -do-
(viii) Director of (a) Central Drug
Research Institute, Lucknow,
(b) I.I.T., Kanpur, (c) Educa-
tion Department, U.P.,
(d) Agricultural Institute,
Kanpur, (e) National Botani-
cal Garden, Lucknow, and (f)
Information Department, U.P. -do-
(ix) Principals of K.G. Medical
College, Lucknow and College
of Veternary Sciences and
Animal Husbandary, Mathura -do-
(x) Secretary, University Grants
Commission, New Delhi -do-
(xi) Deputy Educational Adviser,
Ministry of Education and
Social Welfare (to be nomina-
ted by the Government of
India (Ex-officio) -do-
(xii) One representative each of the
(a) Hindi Sahitya Sammelan,
(b) Nagari Pracharni Sabha,
Varanasi, (c) Hindustani
Academy, Allahabad, (d)
Hindi Samiti, Lucknow, and
(e) Vigyan Parishad, Allahabad -do-
(xiii) Chairman, Standing, Commis-
sion for Scientific and Techni-
cal Technology, Government of
India, New Delhi (Ex-officio) -do-
27
The body to which management of the affairs of the academy are to be entrusted by its rules is the Board of Governors consisting of the chairman and 22 other members representing institutes of higher education, the U.P. government and the central government. The Board of Governors is to meet as many times as necessary. In an emergent situation, the chairman of the board can take action and the report of such action is to be placed before the board at its next meeting for ratification. For the exercise of its powers and functions, the board is to be guided by such directions on ques- tions of policy as may be given by the state government from time to time. The board has all the powers necessary for achieving the objectives of the akademi.
The accounts of the academi are to be audited annually by the auditors to be appointed with the approval of the state government. All the con- tracts and other instruments relating to the aca- emi are to be expressed to be made in the name of the academi and are to be executed on its behalf by the honorary secretary and one member of its board nominated for the purpose by the board.
The state government has also set up a Hindi Samiti. It was reconstituted in July 1974. It consists of a chairman and some members as nominated by the state government.
The reorganised samiti is required inter alia to fulfil the following objectives :-
(i) To publish such literature which will contribute to the growth of Hindi but in which the private publisher does not show interest because of uncertain commercial future of the same.
(ii) To organise original writing and transla- tion of some high level and standard works which will contribute to the growth of Hindi language and literature.
(iii) To arrange translation in Hindi of selected works already produced in other Indian languages.
(iv) To organise exhibitions, discussions and seminars and to participate in them so as to publicise good literature and encourage their study.
Consequent upon the National Board of Adult Education having passed a resolution, in its first meeting held in May 1970, urging the state governments to set up state boards of adult education, a State Board of Adult Education was established in Uttar Pradesh in February 1972. The main objectives of the board are to provide for closer and better coordination in different departments of the state government as well as voluntary organisations in the field of adult educa- tion and to eradicate illiteracy from the state. The functions of the board also include direction, guidance, and evaluation of literacy projects in the state. Its membership comprises of 16 persons with Uttar Pradesh Minister of Education as chairman and Minister of State for Education, Uttar Pradesh as vice-chairman. There are a number of official and non-official members on the board and the deputy director of education (basic) is its secretary.
The board has so far met only once in June 1972. Thereafter it has practically become defunct. Accordingly, the composition of a state level co-ordination committee in place of the board has been engaging attention of the state govern- ment. It is reported that a new organisation in this regard is likely to come up soon, and this will meet the requirement of providing for co-ordination and stimulation in the field of adult education in the state.
Machinery for Evaluation of Pupils Progress For evaluation of educational progress of students in the state, there are three main orga- nisations : Registrar of Departmental Examina- tions, Board of High School and Intermediate Education and the universities. The board con- ducts the high school, intermediate, high school technical and intermediate technical examinations at the end of the respective courses. The registrar, departmental examinations holds departmental examinations for the probationer officers of the education department directly recruited by the State Public Service Commission at the end of their training which they undergo on joining the department for various gazetted posts like district inspector of schools, deputy inspector of schools and deputy inspectress of schools. The registrar also conducts several other examinations mentioned below:-
28
Name of Examination Level after which
Admission is taken
for the Examination
L.T. (General) Graduation
L.T. (Constructive) Graduation
L.T. (Home Science) Graduation
C.T. (Home Science) Intermediate
Diploma in South Indian
Languages Intermediate
Diploma in Physical Education Graduation
Certificate in Physical
Education Intermediate
Integrated Scholarship Class VIII or
Examination Jr. High School
Jr. High School Examination (Abolished since
1975)
Basic Teacher Training High School