INTRODUCTION
The Ministry of Education and Social Welfare requested the Indian Council of Social Science Research to take a review of the implementation of the National Policy on Education (1968) and to make recommendations for the development of education in the Sixth plan. The Council agreed to do so and entrusted the task to me.
In planning the study, its actual scope was considerably widened in order to make it more useful. As the formulation and implementa- tion of National Policies on Education depends upon the role of Government of India in education, it was decided to preface the study by a historical review of this role and an analysis of the various conditions and factors which help the: Government of India to discharge its responsibilities adequately. It was further decided that the study should also review the educational events in India between 1947 and 1965 to find out what precise difference, if any, was made to the development of education by the Report of the Education Commission (1964-66) and the National Policy On Education (1968). The coverage of the study which would have been limited to 1975-76 was also extended to 1977-78 to coincide with the end of the truncated Fifth plan (1974-78). Finally, it was decided that the proposal,, for future reform should cover a longer perspective of one or two decades and not be confined to the sixth plan only. All these decisions naturally delayed the finalization of the Report.
I am grateful to Shri R. S. Chitkara and Shri Veda Prakasha for helping me in collecting materials and in the preparation of the final Report. I must however add that the responsibility for the views expressed is exclusively personal to me and does not reflect the views of these colleagues or of the Indian Council of Social Science Research and the Indian Institute of Education, Pune.
I am very grateful to the Ministry of Education and Social Wel- fare for this opportunity given to me to serve the cause of education and for the kindness and patience extended to me while preparing the Report.
Pune 1st July 1979 J.P.NAIK
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE
THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AND EDUCATION [1-21]
The Role of the Government of India in Education (1833-1870) [1]
The Role of the Government of India in Education (1870-1921) [2]
The Role of the Government of India in Education (1921-47) [5]
The Role of the Government of Indian in Education (1947-79) [7]
The Role of the Government of Indian in Education:
A Comprehensive View [10]
Financial Relations [14]
Political Aspects [16]
Administrative Aspects [17]
General Conclusions [19]
CHAPTER TWO
WITHOUT A FORMAL NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION (1947-65) [22 -78]
The Legacy of National Education (1906-47) [22]
The Basic Political Decisions [24]
The Educational Decisions [27]
Universal Elementary Education [33]
Universal Provision of Schools [34]
Universal Enrolment [36]
(i)
Universal Retention [39]
Basic Education [39]
Adult Education [43]
Expansion of Secondary and Higher Education [44]
The Qualitative Dimension [49]
Vocationalisation of Secondary Education [51]
Diversification [53]
The Obsession with the Pattern [55]
Other Reforms in Higher Education [58]
Scientific Research [59]
Professional Education [60]
Equalisation of Educational opportunity [62]
Language Policy [65]
Expansion of Central Educational Activities [68]
State Education Departments [68]
Total Educational Expenditure [69]
General Conclusions [75)
CHAPTER THREE
NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION (1968): FORMULATION [79-126]
The National Policy on Education (1968) [79]
The Hope and the Reality [83]
The Preamble [86]
Priorities between Different. Categories of Educational programmes [88]
Universal Elementary Education and Adult Education [89]
Work Experience and Social and National Service [92]
Science Education and Research [93]
Relating Education to Productivity [93]
Character Formation [95]
Language Policy [97]
(ii)
The Teaching of Languages [100]
Decentralisation, Diversification,Elasticity and Dynamism [103]
Three Channels of Education [104]
The Common School System of Public Education [106]
The 10+2+3 Pattern [109[
Programmes of Qualitative Improvement [ 113]
Programmes of Expansion [118]
Educational Administration [120]
Education of Minorities [121]
Finance [122]
Periodical Review [ 124]
Summing up [124]
CHAPTER FOUR
NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION (1968) IMPLEMENTATION [127-187]
General Background [127]
Universal Elementary Education [129]
Adult Education [134]
Expansion of Secondary and Higher Education, [135]
The 10 + 2 + 3 Pattern [ 140]
Teachers [142]
Academic Freedom [146]
Professional Training [147]
Language Policy [148]
Adoption of Regional Languages as Media of Education at the University Stage [148]
Development of Hindi, [153].
Propagation of Hindi in the Non-Hindi Areas [154]
Hindi as the Official Language of the Union [157]
(iii)
Sanskrit [157]
English and other Foreign Languages [159]
Equalisation of Educational Opportunity [160]
Regional imbalances [160]
The Common School System [160]
Education of Girls [161]
Education of Scheduled Castes and Tribes [162]
Education of Handicapped Children [165]
Education in Rural Areas [165]
Work Experience and National Service [165]
Social or National Service [169]
Vocationalisation of Secondary Education [171]
Identification of Talent [176] Programmes of Qualitative Improvement [178)
Production of Books [178]
Examination Reform [179]
Improvement of Standards in Higher Education [181]
Games and Sports [182]
Science Education and Research [182]
Education for Agriculture and Industry [183]
Pre-school Education [184]
Finance [184]
General Conclusions [185]
CHAPTER FIVE
A LOOK AHEAD [188-227]
A National Policy on Education [188]
A Long-term Perspective Plan of Educational Development [191]
The Developmental Perspective [192]
(iv)
Educational Perspectives [196]
Expansion of Secondary and Higher Education [197]
Equality of Educational Opportunity [202]
Universalisation of Elementary Education [204]
The Common School System [208]
The Common Pattern of School and College Classes [212]
Language Policy [216]
Secondary Education [217]
Qualitative Improvement [222]
The instruments of Implementation [223]
Educational Administration [223]
Investment in Education [224]
The Change Agents [225]
Educational Statistics (1950-51 to 1975-76) [228 -232]
(v)