(16) Education of Minorities
Games and sports should be made not only to protect the rights of minorities but to promote their educational interests as suggested in the statement issued by the conference of the Chief Ministers of States and Central ministers held in August 1961.
(17) The Educational Structure
It will be advantageous to have a broadly uniform educational structure in all parts of the country. The ultimate objective should be to adopt the 10+2+3 pattern, the higher secondary stage of two years being located in schools, colleges or both according to local conditions.
5. The reconstruction of education on the lines indicated above will need additional outlay. The aim should be gradually to increase the investment in education so as to reach a level of expenditure of 6percent of the national income as early as possible.
6. The Government of India recognizes that reconstruction of education is no easy task. Not only are the resources scare but the problems are exceedingly complex. Considering the key role which education, science and research play in developing the material and human resources of the country, the Government of India will, in addition to
xii
undertaking programmes in the Central sector, assist the State Govern- ments for the development of programmes of national importance where coordinated action on the part of the States and the Centre is called for.
7. The Government of India will also review, every five years, the progress made and recommend guidelines for future development.
CONTENTS
CHAIRMAN'S LETTER TO THE UNION MINISTER FOR EDUCATION V
MEMBERS OF THE EDUCATION COMMISSION vii
FOREWORD ix
NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION xv
PART ONE: GENERAL PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 1: EDUCATION AND NATIONAL OBJECTIVES 1-44
Some Problems of National Development 4
Education : the Main Instrument of Change 7
The Educational Revolution 9
Relating Education to the Life, Needs and Aspirations
of the People 10
Education and Productivity 11
Education and Social and National Integration 16
Education and Modernization 31
Social, Moral and Spiritual Values 33
A Challenge and a Faith 37
CHAPTER II: THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: STRUCTURE
AND STANDARDS. . . . . . . . . . . 45-83
General Approach 45
Structure and Duration 47
Reorganization of School Education 54
Reorganization at the University Stage 63
Utilization of Facilities 66
Dynamic and Evolving Standards 72
General 77
CHAPTER III: TEACHER STATUS84-123
Remuneration 84
Retirement Benefits 105
Conditions of Work and Service 108
xxiv
CHAPTER IV: TEACHER EDUCATION 124-163
General 124
Removing the Isolation of Teacher Education 125
Improving the Quality of Teacher Education 131
Improving the Quality of Training Institutions 140
Continuing Professional Education of Teachers 152
Maintenance of Standards in Teacher Education 156
CHAPTER V: ENROLMENT AND MANPOWER 164-197
A National Enrolment Policy 164
Enrolment Policies at Different Stages of Education 165
A Forecast of Manpower Needs 169
Educational Implications of the Estimates 176
Relating Manpower Estimates to Enrolments 185
General 190
CHAPTER VI: TOWARDS EQUALIZATION OF EDUCA-
TIONAL OPPORTUNITY 198-257
Tuition Fees and Other Private Costs 199
Scholarships 206
Handicapped Children 221
Regional Imbalances 226
Education of Girls 238
Education of Scheduled Tribes 242
PART TWO: EDUCATION AT DIFFERENT STAGES
AND IN DIFFERENT SECTORS
CHAPTER VII: SCHOOL EDUCATION: PROBLEMS OF
EXPANSION
261-318
An Integrated Approach to School Education....... 261
Pre-primary Education........... 262
Primary Education: Fulfilment of the
Constitutional Directive 267
Enrolment at the Primary Stage 283
Expansion of Secondary Education
(Classes VIII-XII) 289
Planning the Location of Schools 303
CHAPTER VIII: SCHOOL CURRICULUM 319--396
Essentials of Curricular Development 320
Organization of the Curriculum 323
xxv
Languages 332
Science and Mathematics 343
Social Studies and Social Sciences 349
Work-experience 350
Social Service 353
Physical Education 356
Education on Social, Moral and
Spiritual Values 358
Creative Activities 360
Differentiation of Curricula for
Boys and Girls 361
The New Curriculum and Basic Education 362
Supplementary Notes 364
CHAPTER IX: TEACHING METHODS, GUIDANCE AND
EVALUATION.......... . 397-445
Teaching Methods: Discovery and Diffusion 397
Textbooks, Teachers' Guides and Teaching
Materials 405
Class Size 412
School Buildings 416
School Health Services 420
Guidance and Counselling 420
Search for and Development of Talent 424
Education of the Backward Child 426
The New Programme of Evaluation 429
CHAPTER X: SCHOOL EDUCATION: ADMINISTRATION
AND SUPERVISION 446-493
The Common School System of Public
Education 447
Organization of a Nation-wide Programme
of School improvement 460
Supervision: Reorganization of the
State Education Departments: District Level 464
Reorganization of the State Education
Departments: State Level 473
State and National Boards of Education 475
The Role of the Centre 481
independent and Unrecognized Schools 485
CHAPTER XI: HIGHER EDUCATION: OBJECTIVES AND
IMPROVEMENT........... 497-548
Objectives of Universities 497
Universities in. India 498
Some Problems 503
xxvi
Need for Major Universities 506
Improvement of Other Universities and
Affiliated Colleges 514
improvement of Teaching and Evaluation 518
Student Services 530
Note: Universities and Colleges 538
CHAPTER XII: HIGHER EDUCATION: ENROLMENT AND
PROGRAMMES 549-594
Expansion of Facilities in Higher Education 549
Selective Admissions 557
Part-time and Own-time Education 562
Location of Affiliated Colleges 563
Expansion of Postgraduate Education and
Research 566
Higher Education for Women 569
New Universities 572
Reorganization of Courses 577
Educational Research 585
CHAPTER XIII: THE GOVERNANCE OF UNIVERSITIES 595-637
University Autonomy 596
University Finances 604
Role and Appointment of the Vice-Chancellor 610
Legislation for Universities 613
Affiliated Colleges 618
Coordination and Promotional Machinery 624
Supplementary Note: The Inter-University
Board on University Autonomy 630
CHAPTER XIV: EDUCATION FOR AGRICULTURE 638-679
The Tasks Ahead 638
Agricultural Universities 640
Agricultural Higher Education Outside the
Agricultural Universities 652
Agricultural Polytechnics 654
Agricultural Education in Schools
(Classes I-X) 656
Agricultural Education as Part of General
Education 660
Extension Programmes 661
Manpower Needs 667
The Role of the ICAR 670
Annexure: Courses in Agricultural
Polytechnics 672
xxvii
CHAPTER XV: VOCATIONAL, TECHNICAL AND
ENGINEERING EDUCATION.. 680-717
Introductory... 680
Vocational and Technical Education at
the School Level 682
The Education of Engineers.... 692
Medium of Education. 702
Practical Training Scheme..... 703
Cooperation with Industry..... 704
Professional Associations in Engineering 704
Correspondence Courses... 705
Administration of Vocational, Technical
and Engineering Education..... 706
Annexure: Courses of Further Education 710
CHAPTER XVI: SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH 718-777
Introductory... 718
Investment in Education and Research and
National Productivity 723
Science Education... 728
Scientific Research. 742
University Research in Science..... 746
Basic Research Outside the Universities 760
Brain Drain.... 761
Fellowships for Overseas Training.. 763
National Science Policy.. 764
Science Academy..... 766
Conclusion..... 768
CHAPTER XVII: ADULT EDUCATION. 778-809
Liquidation of Illiteracy.... 779
Continuing Education.... 793
Correspondence Courses... 797
Libraries. 800
The Role of Universities in Adult
Education 802
Organization and Administration.... 804
PART THREE: IMPLEMENTATION
CHAPTER XVIII: EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND
ADMINISTRATION 813-856
Educational Planning 813
Role of Private Enterprise 817
Role of Local Authorities 819
xxviii
Role of the Central Government 826
Educational Administration: National Level 830
Educational Administration: State Level 834
Personnel 837
Procedures 844
CHAPTER XIX: EDUCATIONAL FINANCE....... 857-895
Total Educational Expenditure (1950-65) 857
Pattern of Educational Expenditure(1950-65) 861
Sources of Educational Expenditure(1950-65) 868
Sources of Educational Expenditure(1965-85) 870
Total Educational Expenditure (1965-85) 871
Expenditure Per Student 876
Adult Education 887
Some General Observations 888
NEED FOR VIGOROUS AND SUSTAINED IMPLEMENTATION 896-899
SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES 901-934
I. Grant-in-aid from State Governments to Local
Authorities---
Urban and Rural: Centre-State Relationship in
Financial Support to Education 901
II. Tentative Estimates of Expenditure on
the Development of School Education
(1966-85) 910
III.Tentative Estimates of Expenditure on
the Development of Higher Education
(1965-85) 922
IV. Unit Costs in Higher Education 928
V. Consolidated Statement showing
Anticipated Recurring and Capital
Expenditure on Education (1966-85) 934
PART FOUR: SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS
MINUTE OF SUPPLEMENTATION
by Shri R. A. Gopalaswami 937--992
A P P E N D I C E S
I. An Explanatory Note on Enrolment
Statistics included in the Report (i)
II. Resolution of the Government of India
setting up the Education Commission (xv)
III. Consultants to the Education Commission. (xviii)
IV. Task Forces and Working Groups (xix)
VI. Secretariat of the Commission (xxxvi)
xxix
INDEX................. xxxvii)-(Ixxxviii)
TABLES
2.1 Pattern of School and College Classes in
Different States (1965-66) 48
3.1 Average Annual Salaries of Teachers in India
(1950-51 to 1965-66) 85
3.2 Pay Scales for Teachers in Government and Non-
Government Schools in Some States 89
3.3 Recommended Pay Scales for School Teachers 91
3.4 Emoluments of School Teachers in 29 Districts (1965) 100
3.5 Women Teachers (1950-65) 112
4.1 General Education of Primary Teachers (1950-51 to
1965-66) 145
4.2 Number and Percentage of Trained Teachers in the
States (1965-66) 148
4.3 Untrained Teachers, by Age-Groups (1965) 151
5.1 Matriculates, Intermediates, Graduates and Total
Workers, by industry: India (1961) 171
5.2 Estimated Requirement of Matriculates and above,
by Industry Group: India (1960-61 to 1985-86) 173
5.3 Estimates of Required Workers, Stock and Out-turn
of Matriculates and above: India (1960-61 to
1985-86) 174
5.4 Enrolments Proposed (1960-61 to 1985-86) 175
5.5 Enrolments in Education (1960-85) 181
5.6(A) Estimated Total Future Employment in India
(1961-86) 183
5.6(B) Matriculates and above as Percentage of Total
Estimated Employment (1960-61 to 1985-86) 184
5.7 Educational Level of Working Population in Japan
and USA 185
6.1 Total Revenue from Fees (1950-51 to 1965-66) 200
6.2 Fees in Education (1960-61) 201
6.3 Private Costs of Education (Annual)(1965-66) 205
6.4 Socio-economic Conditions of Students admitted to
Vocational, Technical and Professional Institutions
in 1965 . 216
6.5 Expenditure on Scholarships/Stipends, by Sources
(1960-61) 220
6.6 Estimated Number of Handicapped Children . 223
6.7 Educational Ability, Effort and Achievement in
States (1960-61) 227
6.8 Districts with Lowest and Highest Total Enrolment at
Lower primary Stage 230
6.9 Districts with Lowest and Highest Enrolment of
Girls at Lower Primary Stage 230
6.10 Districts with Lowest and Highest Total Enrolment at
Higher Primary Stage 231
6.11 Districts with Lowest and Highest Enrolment of Girls
at Higher Primary Stage 231