TABLE SII.11. TOTAL COST OF EDUCATION AT THE LOWER SECONDARY STAGE
1975-76 1985-86
1. Enrolment (in 000's)
General Education
Full-time 9,494 15,596
Part-time 2,373 3,899
TOTAL 11,8671 9,495
Vocational Education
Full-time 654 3,898
Part-time 164 975
TOTAL 818 4,873
2. Costs (Rs. in 000's)
General Education
Full-time 1,930,130 4,178,168
Part-time 142,380 311,920
TOTAL 2,072,510 4,490,088
Vocational Education
Full-time 327,000 2,338,800
Part-time 32,800 243,730
TOTAL 359,800 2,582,550
TOTAL (Lower Secondary) 2,432,310 7,072,638
TABLE SII.12. COST PER STUDENT AT HIGHER SECONDARY STAGE
1975-76 1985-86
(1) Average annual salaries of teachers (Rs.) 4,500 5,500
(2) Add 10 per cent for retirement
benefits (Rs.) 450 550
TOTAL (Teacher Costs) (Rs.) 4,950 6,050
(3) Add non-teacher costs @ 1/3rd of the
teacher costs (Rs.) 1,650 2,017
TOTAL (Rs.) 6,600 8,067
(4) Pupil-teacher ratio 20 20
(5) Cost per pupil (Rs.) 330.0 403.4
918 EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT SII.38
TABLE SII.13. COST OF EDUCATION AT HIGHER SECONDARY STAGE
1975-76 1985-86
(1) Enrolment (in 000's)
General Education
Full-time 1,212 2,578
Part-time 404 859
TOTAL 1,616 3,437
Vocational Education
Full-time 1,030 2,577
Part-time 343 859
TOTAL 1,373 3,436
(2) Costs (Rs. in 000's)
General Education
Full-time 439,956 1,143,859
Part-time 48,480 137,440
TOTAL 488,436 1,281,299
Vocational Education
Full-time 721,000 2,061,600
Part-time 102,900 300,650
TOTAL 823,900 2,362,250
GRAND TOTAL (Higher
Secondary) 1,312,336 3,643,549
INDIRECT EXPENDITURE ON SCHOOL EDUCATION SII.38 Direction and Inspection. The expenditure on direction and inspection is now 1.9 per cent of the total. In order to give effect to the various recommendations we have. made to strengthen administration and supervision, including in-service education of teachers, we propose to increase this expenditure to 2.5 per cent of the total in 1975-76 and to 4 per cent in 1985-86.
SII.39 We have made the following assumptions regarding scholar- ships at the school stage:
(1) At the higher primary stage, 2.5 per cent of the students would get scholarships in 1975-76 and 5 per cent in 1985-86. The average amount of the scholarships would be Rs. 60 per annum. The bulk of scholarships will be needed for meeting indirect costs, but a few larger scholarships will be provided to cover hostel charges also.
(2) In general secondary education, both lower and higher, 5 per cent of the students will receive scholarships by 1975-76 and 10
SII.41 COST OF SCHOOL EDUCATION 919
per cent by 1985-86. The average amount of the scholarship Will be Rs. 150 per year. As said earlier, some of these scholarships would cover indirect costs and others would cover hostel charges also.
(3) In vocational secondary education 30 per cent of the students will get scholarships by 1975-76 and 50 per cent by 1985-86. The amount of the scholarships should be Rs. 300 per year at the lower secondary stage and Rs. 400 per year at the higher secondary stage.
SII.40 On these assumptions, the cost of the scholarships programme would be as follows:
TABLE SII.14. ESTIMATED COSTS ON SCHOLARSHIPS AND
STIPENDS AT SCHOOL STAGE (1975-76 and 1983-86)
Type of education Total % of Total Average Total
enrolment students number annual cost on
in full- getting of scholar- value of scholar-
time scholar- ships scholar- ships
courses ships ship
(000's) (000's) Rs. (Rs. in 000's)
1975-76
Higher Primary 25,915 2.5 648 60 38,880
Lower Secondary:
General 9,494 5.0 475 150 71,250
Vocational 654 30.0 196 300 58,800
Higher Secondary
General 1,212 5.0 61 150 9,150
Vocational 1,030 30.0 309 400 123,600
TOTAL 38,305 1,689 301,680
1985-86
Higher Primary 38,971 5.0 1,949 60 116,940
Lower Secondary:
General 15,596 10.0 1,560 150 234,000
Vocational 3,899 50.0 1,950 300 585,000
Higher Secondary:
General 2,578 10.0 258 150 38,700
Vocational 2,577 50.0 1,289 400 515,600
TOTAL 63,621 7,006 1,490,240
SII.41 Buildings. We have made an ad hoc provision of 2.5 per cent for buildings. It is less than the present allocation, although the amount, in absolute terms, will be much bigger. This highlights the need to economize on buildings.
920 EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SII.42 Total Expenditure. We can now sum up the total expenditure on school education-recurring and capital-as anticipated for the years 1975-76 and 1985-86. This has been done in Table SII.15.
SII.43 The implications of these estimates in terms of teachers' salaries, pupil-teacher ratios, levels of non-teacher expenditure, etc., have been given (along with comparisons for earlier years) in Table SII.16.
TABLE SII.15 EXPENDITURE ON SCHOOL EDUCATION (1975-76 and 1985-86)
Total expenditure Percentage of total
(Rs. in 000's) expenditure
1975-76 1985-86 1975-76 1985-86
(1) Recurring (Direct)
Pre-primary 236,956 488,531 1.5 1.2
Lower Primary 3,749,220 6,129,616 24.1 15.2
Higher Primary 2,451,567 5,140,287 15.8 12.7
TOTAL 6,437,743 11,758,434 41.4 29.1
Lower Secondary:
General 2,072,510 4,490,088 13.3 11.1
Vocational 359,800 2,582,550 2.3 6.4
TOTAL 2,432,310 7,072,638 15.6 17.5
Higher Secondary:
General 488,436 1,281,299 3.1 3.2
Vocational 823,900 2,362,250 5.3 5.8
TOTAL 1,312,336 3,643,549 8.4 9.0
TOTAL RECURRING
(Direct) 10,182,389 22,474,621 65.4 55.7
(2) Recurring (Indirect)
Direction and
inspection 389,050 1,614,560 2.5 4.0
Scholarships 301,680 1,490,240 1.9 3.7
TOTAL 690,730 3,104,800 4.4 7.7
(3) Recurring (Direct
and Indirect) 10,873,119 25,579,421 69.9 63.4
(4) Capital
Buildings and
equipment 389,050 1,008,890 2.5 2.5
(5) TOTAL (School
Education) 11,262,169 26,588,311 72.4 65.9
N.B. Totals do not tally due to rounding of figures.
COST OF SCHOOL EDUCATION 921
TABLE SII.16. AVERAGE ANNUAL COST PER PUPIL (1950-51 to 1985-86)
Average Number Percentage Average annual cost
annual of pupils of non-
Year salary per teacher teacher Due to Due to Total
per teacher costs to teacher non-
teacher costs teacher
costs costs
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.
Pre-primary Education
1950-51 914 25 51.3 37 19 55
1965-66 1,000 31 54.3 35 20 55
1975-76 1,800 40 50.0 50 25 74
1985-86 2,500 40 50.0 69 34 103
Lower Primary Education
1950-51 545 34 24.6 16 4 20
1965-66 1,046 38 11.1 27 3 30
1975-76 1,800 50 20.2 43 9 52
1985-8 62,500 45 19.6 67 13 80
Higher Primary Education
1950-51 682 24 32.0 28 9 37
1965-66 1,087 31 12.4 40 5 45
1975-76 2,100 35 20.0 73 14 87
1985-86 2,875 35 20.0 99 20 119
Lower Secondary Education (General)
1950-51* 1,258 25 44.8 50 23 73
1965-66* 1,858 25 37.0 78 29 107
1975-76 3,150 25 33.3 152 51 203
1985-86 4,150 25 33.3 201 67 268
Lower Secondary Education (Vocational)
1950-51** 1,705 16 86.8 106 92 197
1965-66** 2,887 15 100.0 208 208 417
1975-76 .. .. .. .. .. 500
1985-86 .. .. .. .. 600
Higher Secondary Education (General)
1975-76 4,500 20 33.3 272 91 363
1985-86 5,500 20 33.3 333 111 444
Higher Secondary Education (Vocational)
1975-76 .. .. .. .. .. 700
1985-86 .. .. .. .. .. 800
*High/Higher secondary schools.
**All types of vocational and technical schools.
Notes-1. The costs for the years 1950-51 an 1965-66 are at current prices and those for 197576 and 1985-86 are at constant prices of 1965-66.
2. Totals do not tally on account of rounding of figures.