TENTATIVE ESTIMATES OF EXPENDITURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION (1965-85)
SIII.01 We have recommended in Chapter XII (Vol. III) that the admission in higher education should be on selective basis and the expansion should be related to manpower needs. We have recommended that more emphasis should be laid on professional education and that quality of education should be improved. We have also recommended that 30 per cent of the enrolment both at the undergraduate and postgraduate stages should be in part-time courses.
SIII.02 Undergraduate Education. On the basis of salary scales recommended by us, the average annual salary of a teacher at this stage would be Rs. 6,000 in 1975-76 and Rs. 7,500 in 1985-86. The corresponding salary of a teacher in arts and science colleges in 1965-66 was Rs. 4,000.
SIII.03 The lion-teacher costs will be two-thirds of the teacher costs.
SIII.04 The pupil-teacher ratio will be 15 : 1.
SIII.05 On these assumptions, the cost per student at undergraduate level (.excluding science and professional courses) will be as follows:
TABLE SIII.1. COST PER STUDENT AT UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL
1975-76 1985-86
(1) Average annual salary of a teacher (Rs.) 6,000 7,500
(2) Add 10 per cent for retirement benefits (Rs.) 600 750
TOTAL (Teacher costs) (Rs.) 6,600 8,250
(3) Add non-teacher costs @2/3 of teacher
costs (Rs.) . 4,400 5,500
TOTAL (Rs.) 11,000 13,750
(4) Pupil-teacher ratio 15 15
(5) Cost per pupil (Rs.) 733.3 916.7
SIII.06 For costing purposes we make the following assumptions:
(1) The enrolment in arts and commerce courses will be 40 per cent of the total. Of this, 70 per cent would be on a full-time basis and the cost estimated at the above rates. The remaining 30 per
922
SIII.07 COST OF HIGHER EDUCATION 923
cent will be on a part-time basis and costed at Rs. 300 in 1975-76 and Rs. 400 in 1985-86.
(2) Sixty per cent of the total enrolment would be in professional and science courses and in quality institutions in the arts and commerce courses. The cost per pupil will be roughly double that for the ordinary courses for arts and commerce, i.e. at Rs. 1,500 per student in 1975-76 and Rs. 2,000 per student in 1985-86. It must be noted that these are 'average' costs and that in quality and pace-setting institutions, the cost might be much higher, i.e. about as much as 10 times that in the ordinary institutions.
(3) Of the total enrolment in professional and science courses given in (2) above, 30 per cent would be in part-time courses. This will cost Rs. 750 in 1975-76 and Rs. 1,000 in 1985-86.
SIII.07 On the above assumptions, the recurring cost of the programme at the undergraduate stage in 1975-76 and 1985-86 will be as given in Table below. The details of the enrolments assumed here have been discussed earlier in Chapter XII.
TABLE SIII.2 RECURRING COST OF THE PROGRAMME AT THE UNDERGRADUATE
STAGE
(1) Enrolment (in 000's) 1975-76 1985-86
Arts and Commerce
Full-time 526 896
Part-time 226 384
TOTAL 752 1,280
Science and Vocational Education
Full-time 790 1,344
Part-time 339 576
TOTAL 1,129 1,920
(2) Cost (Rs. in 000's)
Arts and Commerce
Full-time 385,716 821,363
Part-time 67,800 153,600
TOTAL 453,516 974,963
Science and Vocational Education
Full-time 1,185,000 2,688,000
Part-time 254,250 576,000
TOTAL 1,439,250 3,264,000
GRAND TOTAL 1,892,766 4,238,963
8
924 EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT SIII.08
SIII.08 Post SIII.08 Postgraduate Education. At the postgraduate stage, costing becomes even more difficult because the range of variation is very large-from course to course and from institution to institution. For purposes of these estimates, we have made the following assumptions:
(1) 40 per cent of the total enrolment at the postgraduate stage would be in courses of arts and commerce. Of these, 30 per cent would be in correspondence and part-time education.
(2) The remaining 60 per cent of the enrolment would be in science and professional courses. Of this also, 30 per cent would be in part-time and correspondence education.
(3) The 'average' cost per student in courses in arts and commerce has been assumed at Rs. 3,000 for 1975-76 and Rs. 3,600 in 1985-86. In part-time courses, the cost assumed is Rs. 900 in 1975-76 and Rs. 1,200 in 1985-86.
(4) In courses of science and professional education the 'average' cost per student has been assumed at Rs. 5,000 in 1975-76 and Rs. 6,000 in 1985-86. In part-time courses the cost is assumed at Rs. 2,500 in 1975-76 and Rs. 3,000 in 1985-86.
SIII.09 On these assumptions, the estimated expenditure on post- graduate education in 1975-76 and 1985-86 would be as shown in the table below. The estimates regarding enrolment have been discussed earlier in Chapter XII.
TABLE SIII.3 ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE ON POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION
(1) Enrolment (in 000's). 1975-76 1985-86
Arts and Commerce
Full-time. 90 269
Part-time. 38 115
TOTAL 128 384
Science and Vocational Education
Full-time. 135 403
Part-time. 581 73
TOTAL 193 576
(2) Cost (Rs. in 000's)
Arts and Commerce
Full-time 270,000 968,400
Part-time 34,200 138,000
TOTAL 304,200 1,106,400
Science and Vocational Education
Full-time 675,000 2,418,000
Part-time 145,000 519,000
TOTAL 820,000 2,937,000
GRAND TOTAL 1,124,200 4,043,400
SIII.10 COST OF HIGHER EDUCATION 925
SCHOLARSHIPS SIII.10 For costing scholarships, we have made the following assump- tions:
(1) in courses in arts and commerce at the undergraduate stage, the average value of a scholarship will be Rs. 75 per month and it would be awarded to 15 per cent of the full-time enrolment in 1975-76 and to 25 per cent of that in 1985-86.
(2) in courses in science and professional education at the undergraduate stage, the value of the scholarship will be Rs. 125 per month and it will be awarded to 30 per cent of the enrolment in full-time courses in 1975- 76 and to 50 per cent of that in 1985-86.
(3) At the postgraduate stage, the average value of the scholarship will be Rs. 300 per month and it would be awarded to 25 per cent of the students in full-time education in 1975-76 and to 50 per cent of those in 1985-86.
TABLE SIII.4 ESTIMATED COSTS ON SCHOLARSHIPS/STIPENDS TO STUDENTS
IN HIGHER EDUCATION (1975-76 and 1985-86)
Type of education Total % of Total Average Total
enrolment students number annual cost on
in full- getting of scholar- value of scholar-
time scholar- ships scholar- ships
courses ships ship
(000's) (000's) Rs. (Rs. in 000's)
1975-76
Undergraduate
Arts and Commerce 526 15 79 900 71,100
Science and
Vocational 790 30 237 1,500 355,500
Postgraduate 224 25 56 3,600 201,600
TOTAL 1,540 37 262 8,200
1985-86
Undergraduate
Arts and Commerce
896 25 224 900 201,600
Science and
Vocational 1,344 50 672 1,500 1,005,000
Postgraduate 672 50 336 3,600 1,209,600
TOTAL 2,912 1,232 2,416,200
8A
926 EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SIII.11 On these assumptions, the total expenditure on the pro- gramme would be as shown in Table SIII.4.
SIII.12 In the light of the above discussions, the total estimated cost on higher education in 1975-76 and 1985-86 will be as given in Table SIII.5 below. Its implications in terms of average annual salaries of teachers, pupil-teacher ratios, level of non- teacher costs and cost per student are given in Table SIII.6.
TABLE SIII.5 EXPENDITURE ON HIGHER EDUCATION (1975-76 to 1985-86)
Type of education Total expenditure Percentage to total
(Rs. in 000's) expenditure
1975-76 1985-86 1975-76 1985-86
(1) Recurring (Direct)
Undergraduate
Arts and Commerce 453,516 974,963 2.9 2.4
Science and Vocational 1,439,250 3,264,000 9.3 8.1
TOTAL 1,892,766 4,238,963 12.2 10.5
Postgraduate
Arts and Commerce 304,200 1,106,400 1.9 2.7
Science and Vocational 820,000 2,937,000 5.3 7.3
TOTAL 1,124,200 4,043,400 7.21 0.0
TOTAL-Recurring (Direct) 3,016,966 8,282,363 19.4 20.5
(2) Recurring (Indirect)
Scholarships 628,200 2,416,200 4.0 6.0
(3) Total Recurring (Direct
and Indirect) 3,645,166 10,698,563 23.4 26.5
(4) Capital
Buildings and Equipment 576,855 2,673,486 3.7 6.6
TOTAL (Higher Education) 4,222,021 13,372,049 27.1 33.1
SIII.12 COST OF HIGHER EDUCATION 927
TABLE SIII.6 AVERAGE ANNUAL COST PER PUPIL (1950-51 to 1985-86)
Average Number Percentage Average annual cost per pupil
Type of institution annual of pupils of non-
salary per per teacher teacher Due to Due to Total
teacher costs to teacher non-teacher
teacher costs costs
costs
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.
Undergraduate
Arts and Commerce
1950-51* 2,696 20 73.7 133 98 231
1965-66* 4,000 20 63.8 200 128 328
1975-76 6,000 15 66.7 440 293 733
1985-86 7,500 15 66.7 550 367 917
Science and Vocational
1950-51**. 3,948 11 118.1 357 422 779
1965-66**. 6,410 11 100.0 583 583 1,167
1975-76 .. .. .. .. .. 1,500
1985-86 .. .. .. .. .. 2,000
Postgraduate
Arts and Commerce
1975-76 10,000 8 118 1,375 1,625 3,000
1985-86 12,000 8 118 1,650 1,950 3,600
Science and Vocational
1975-76 .. .. .. .. .. 5,000
1985-86 .. .. .. .. .. 6,000
* All types of colleges for arts and science (Intermediate to postgraduate).
** All types of vocational/professional colleges.