 PART -I
ABSTRACT-STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

A. ALL INDIA TRENDS

1. INSTITUTIONS

The number of schools of all types decreased from 1042483 in 1990-91 to 1016333 in 1991-92. There are 6 categories of schools; Higher Secondary Schools (10+2) including Intermediate/Pre-Degree level (20213), High Post Basic Schools (62363), Middle/Senior Basic Schools (155926), Primary/Junior Basic Schools (566744), Pre-Primary/Pre Basic Schools (14808) and Pre Matric Diploma Certificates (196235).

83.33% of the schools are located in rural areas. The percentage vary from 85.91% for Primary/junior Basic Schools to 38.13% for Higher Secondary Schools with vocational and academic stream.

122949 schools or in percentage terms 13.00%, cater exclu- sively to girls. The percentage of schools catering exclusively to girls vary from 2.27% for Hr. Secondary (10+2 Pattern) Schools to 38.72% for institutions offering Pre-matric Diploma/Certificate courses.

Over the one year period from 1990-91 to 1991-92 the number of schools had decreased by 2.51%. In aggregate terms (40.67%) of schools were managed by government, (42.09%) by local bodies and (17.24%) by private bodies. Details of institutions of different categories by sex and management are given under Table 1.01 and 1.02. The growth of different categories of institutions is as follows.

              All types:     1016333
              Girls:          122949
        
                    Type of School                             Number       % Growth
        
                                                      90-91      91-92
        
                    Higher Secondary (10+2)           19209    20213          5.23
                    (including Intermediate/
                    Predegree)
                    High/Post Basic                   60459    62363          3.15
                    Middle/Senior Basic              151456   155926          2.95
                    Primary/Junior Basic             560935   566744          1.04
                    Pre-Primary/Pre-Basic             15877    14808      (-) 6.73
                    School level Diploma/            234370   196235    (-)  16.27
                    Certificates.
        
                                            II

2. ENROLMENT

Enrolment in schools of all types increased from 159.58 millions in 1990-91 to 164.91 millions in 1991-92. Enrolment of girls increased from 63.62 millions, to 66.48 millions during the year. category-wise details are shown in Table 1.03, Enrolment has shown an increase for all the; categories of institutions except in Institutions of school level Diploma/Certificate.

Enrolment in schools of rural areas was 104.78 millions or in percentage terms 63.54% of the total enrolment. Rural enrolment is the highest in institutions imparting instructions in Diploma/Certificate (School level) courses (including adult education centres) (72.75%) followed by Middle/senior basic schools (68.16%) and Primary Schools (67.39%) Fewer girls are enrolled in rural areas than in urban areas. Girls in rural schools account for only 59.51% of total girls enrolled while the corresponding percentage for boys is higher at 66.26%. Details of enrolment for different categories of schools are given in Table 1.03. Details of State/UT-wise enrolement for different categories of institutions in rural areas is given Table No. XVI.

Enrolment in school level courses of all types i.e. from pre-primary stage up to intermediate/pre-degree/10+2 pattern of higher secondary including school classes attached with the colleges increased marginally from 159.58 millions to 164.91 millions. Enrolment at the first level of the primary stage consisting of classes I-V increased marginally from 97.38 millions in 1990-91 to 100.94 millions in 1991-92. At the middle stage consisting of classes VI-VIII, the enrolment increased marginally from 34.03 million to 35.65 million during the same period. At the high/higher secondary stage (including intermediate) consist- ing of classes IX-XII it has increased from 19.06 million in 1990-91 to 20.34 million in 1991-92.

At the primary stage(classesI-V), the girls share was to the extent of 41.91%. In middle classes (VI-VIII) and the second- ary/higher secondary classes (including intermediate) (IX-XII), the girls share was 38.15% and 33.76% respectively during the year 1991-92. Details are given in table 1.04. Of the students enrolled in classes I-V, only 3.33% had been repeaters. Percent- age of repeaters in classes VI-VIII was slightly higher at 5.40%. In classes IX & X the percentage (of repeaters was 6.12% and 5.34%.

Coverage of population for the age groups 6-11 years, 11-14 years and 14-18 years during 1991-92 has been estimated. The percentage ratio of the enrolment in classes I-V, VI-VIII and IX- XII to the corresponding age group population of 6-11 years, 11- 14 years and 14-18 years respectively have been worked out. These percentage ratios are termed as gross enrolment ratios for the respective age groups for population.

Gross enrolment ratio for the age group 6-11 years was 100.23% for the 11-14 years and 14-18 years, these ratios work out to be 62.82% and 22.39% respectively during 1991-92. For girls, these ratios are much lower at 86.85% (6-11 yrs), 49.64% (11-14yrs) and 15.70% (14-18 yrs.).

Teachers:

- The number of teachers working in schools of all types increased from 43.00 lakhs in 1990-91 to 43.39 lakhs in 1991-92. The number of women teachers was 14.10 lakhs or 32.50% Women teachers vary considerably for different categories of institutions. The share of women teachers in middle/Sr.basic schools was (33.8%) followed by Higher Schools(33.2%) and Higher Secondary (10+2) pattern Schools 30.9% . The details may be seen in Table 1.05.

B. Trends in States

Statewise details of Institutions, Enrolment and teachers with their detailed break up are given in Table I to XVI of Part II of this publication. For inter-state comparison, following indicators have been worked out to highlight regional desparities in Education Sector.

(i) Percentage of repeaters.

(ii) 'Gross Enrolment Ratios' or Percentage Coverage of children in the age groups 6-11, 11-14 & 14-18 yrs.

(iii) Percentage of Women Teachers.

(iv) Percentage of Trained Teachers.

(v) 'Teacher-Pupil Ratio' or Average number of students per teacher.

(vi) Percentage of Repeaters

: Percentage of repeaters in primary classes(I-V)is found to be the highest (27.49)in Dadra & Nagar Haveli followed by Tripura (23.56). Percentage of repeaters in, Middle classes VI-VIII) are reported to be the highest in Tripura (22.68) followed by Sikkim (19.20). Percentage of repeaters in higher secondary (IX to X) is the highest in Tripura (20.86) followed by Andhra Pradesh (16.85). Statewise details are given in Table VI.

(vii) Gross Enrolment Ratio

: Percentage coverage of children in the age group 6-11 years, e., the gross enrolment ratio is the highest in Lakshdweep (141.2) and the lowest in Chandigarh (59.6). For girls the ratio is highest in Tamil Nadu 130.2 and the lowest in Uttar pradesh 51.7 as against All India level 86.9.

Percentage coverage of children in the age group 11-14 years is the highest in Kerala (109.5) and the lowest in Meghalaya (32.6) as against (62.8) at the All India level. For girls the ratio is the highest in Kerala (108.2) and the lowest in Bihar (20.7) as against (49.6) at the All India level.

Gross enrolment ratio for children in the age group 14-18 years is the highest in Goa (49.1%) and the lowest in Bihar (9.9%) as against the corresponding ratio of (22.4%) at the All India level. For girls, the ratio is found to be the highest in Delhi (49.6) and the lowest in Bihar (4.6) against the All India ratio of 115.7%. Statewise details of percentage of coverage of children for the different age groups are given in Table VII.

(iii) Percentage of Women Teachers

: Percentage of women teachers in Primary/Junior Basic Schools is found to be the highest in Chandigarh (89.5) and the lowest in Bihar (19.9) as against the corresponding percentage of 29.9 at the All India level. In Middle/Senior Basic School, the percentages of women teachers is found to be the highest in Chandigarh (86.4) and the lowest in Orissa (16.4) as against the All India percentage of 33.8%. Percentage of women teachers in High/Post Basic Schools is the highest in Chandigarh (79.6) and the lowest in Bihar (12.1) as against the All India perscentage of 33.7%. Statewise details of teachers are given in Tables XII, XIII and XIV.

(iv) Percentage of trained teachers

: Percentage of trained teachers in Primary/Jr.Basic Schools varies from as high as 100 in Tamilnadu and Chandigarh to as low as 29.1 in Tripura. In Middle/Sr.Basic Schools, the percentage of trained teachers had a much higher variation. It was highest (100) again for Tamilnadu, Chandigarh and Lakshdweep and the lowest for Meghalaya (18.7). Thereof the Union Territories, viz., Chandigarh had 100% trained teachers in High/Post Basic Schools, and the lowest in Assam (27.4). Statewise details are given in Tables XII, XIII and XIV.

(v) Teacher Pupil Ratio

: Average number of students per teacher also termed 'Teacher-Pupil Ratio' varies considerably from State to State and for different categories of institutions. Teacher-Pupil ratio in Primary/junior Basic Schools is found to be the highest in Andhra Pradesh (53) and the lowest in Sikkim (15). In Middle/Sr.Basic Schools, the Teacher- Pupil Ratio is the highest in West Bengal (61) and the lowest in Mizoram (13). The Teacher-Pupil Ratio in High/Post Basic Schools is the highest in West Bengal (45) and the lowest in Lakshadweep (15). Statewise details for different categories of Institutions are given in Table X.

Statement 1 gives the growth of Educational institutions (General Education) during 1950-51 to 1991-92. Number of primary Schools increased from 209671 in 1950-51 to 566744 in 1991-92 in the country. Growth of middle schools and High/Higher Secondary Schools can also be seen from the Statement during the period.

Statement 2 gives sex-wise growth of enrolment in classes (I-V), (VI-VIII) and (IX-XII) during the period 1950-51 to 1991- 92. Growth of number of teachers in Primary, Middle and High/Higher Secondary Schools along with percentage of female teachers for the period 1950-51 to 1991-92 are depicted in State- ment 3.

To have an idea of retention Statement 4 has been construct- ed. It gives the Classwise retention ratios from class I upto class X covering the period 1982-83 to 1991-92. Important con- clusion which can be derived from this is table are;

Out of every 100 students enrolled in class I in 1982-83 only 88 reach class II, 62 reach class V and 44 reach class VIII and 28 reach class respectively X in 1991-92.

Gross Enrolment Ratios for the 6-11, 11-14 & 14-18 years age group population for the years 1950-51 to 1991-92 are given in Statement 5.

Statement 6 gives average teacher pupil ratio in Primary, Middle and High/Higher Secondary Schools for the period 1950-51 to 1991-92.

Drop-out rates for school students for classes (I-V), (I- VIII) and I-X) have been given for the period 1976-77 to 1991-92 in Statement 7.

Statement No. 8 gives the number of girls per hundred boys enrolled in schools during the period 1950-51 to 1991-92.

Statement No. 9 gives the number of female teachers per hundred male teachers at different levels of school Education for the year 1950-51 to 1991-92.

The required data in respect of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal have been estimated due to non receipt of the same from these states for the last four years in a row.

A new Table XVII has been added which gives drop out rates for school children in classes I-V, I-VIII and I-X in all States/UTs during the year 1991-92.

PART -I ABSTRACT-STATISTICAL ANALYSIS