(*) For Totals : Paper 1 of 1981. Prov. Population Totals p. 43. (a) For Rural/Urban : Census of India 1951, C-IV Table. (b) Census of india 1961, Part II-c(i) Social Cultural Tables (c) Census of India 1971, Part II(c) (ii) Social & Cultural Tables & (e) Census of India 1991 Paper 2 of 1992 Vol.II excldg J&K.
With 52.21% of literacy percentage of the country, we have to put lot of efforts to make all our people literate State-wise Rural-urban/male-female literacy percentages for 1991 are given in Table 9.
4.1 Population of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes: The population of Scheduled Castes has increased from 6.45 crores in 1961 to 13.82 crores in 1991. The population of sched- uled tribes increased from 2.99 crores in 1961 to 6.78 crores in 1991.
IX
4.2 Sexwise/Rural-Urban SC Population: Sex-wise/Rural-Urban details of Scheduled Castes population are given below in sub Table IX for 1961 through 1991:
Sub-Table IX
SCHEDULED CASTE POPULATION
YEAR PERSON MALE FEMALE
1961 (a)
Total 64511313 32963779 31547534
Rural 57611465 29299717 28311748
Urban 6899848 3664062 3235786
1971 (b)
Total 80005398 41343194 38662204
Rural 70449154 36265715 34183439
Urban 9556244 5077479 4478765
1981 (c)*
Total 104754623 54210594 50544029
Rural 87996992 45354781 42642211
Urban 16757631 8855813 7901818
1991 (d) @
Total 138223277 71928960 66294317
Rural 112343797 58342419 54001378
Urban 25879480 13586541 12292939
Source: (a) Paper, 1 of 1962, Census of India 1961 FPT
(b) Paper, 1 of 1972, Final Popn. Tables, Census of India' 71
(c) Census of India 1981 Part II B(ii)&(iii) PCA-SC/ST
(d) Census of India 1991 Part II B(i) PCA-General
population (Vol.I &II)
NOTES: * Excludes the population of Assam where Census was not
held during 1981.
@ Excludes population of J&K where Census could not be
held during, 1991.
Rural population increased by 95% while Urban population in- creased by 275.07% during 1961-1991. Total population increased by 114.26%. Rural Male Scheduled Caste population increased by 99.12%, Urban Scheduled Caste Male population increased by 270.81% while the total Male Scheduled Caste population increased by 118.21% during 1961-1991. Female Rural population increased by 90.74%, Female Urban population increased by 279.91% while total Female population increased by 110.14%.
4.3 Sex-wise/Rural-Urban Population of Scheduled Tribes: The population of Scheduled Tribes increased by 126.74% from 2.99 crores in 1961 to 6.78 crores in 1991. The Male Scheduled Tribes population increased by 128.47% from 1.50 crores in 1961 to 3.44 crores in 1991. Female Scheduled Tribes population in- creased by 124.99% from 1.48 crores in 1961 to 3.34 crores in
X
1991. The Rural Scheduled Tribe population increased by 115.57% from 2.91 crores in 1961 to 6.28 crores in 1991 while Urban Scheduled Tribe population increased by 547.32% from 7.73 lakhs in 1961 to 50.07 lakhs in 1991. Year-wise and sex-wise details are given in Sub-Table X.
Sub-Table X
SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION
YEAR PERSON MALE FEMALE
1961. (a)
Total 29883470 15040707 14842763
RuraL 29109918 14632897 14477021
Urban 773552 407810 365742
1971 (b)
Total 38015162 19181450 18833712
Rural 36720681 18498874 18221807
Urban 1294481 682576 611905
1981 (c) *
Total 51628638 26038535 25590103
Rural 48427604 24364350 24063254
Urban 3201034 1674185 1526849
1991 (d) @
Total 67758380 34363271 33395109
Rural 62751026 31755930 30995096
Urban 5007354 2607341 2400013
Source: (a) Paper 1 of 1962, Census of India FPT
(b) Paper 1 of 1972 Final Population Tables
(c) Census of India, 1981, Part. II B(ii) & (iii) PCA-SC/ST
(d) Census of India, 1991. Part II B(i) PCA-General
Population (Vol. I & II).
NOTES: * Excludes population of Assam where Census was not held
@ Excludes population of J&K where Census was not held.
4.4 State/UT wise population of SC/ST (1991 Census) The percentage of Scheduled Castes population is 16.48% and that of Scheduled Tribes population to total population is 8.08%. State/UT-wise details of percentages of SC/ST population are indicated in Tables 4 and 5.
Nagaland, A&N Islands and Lakshadweep have no Scheduled Castes population. Of the remaining States/UTs, fifteen States and three Union Territories have Scheduled Castes population lower than the national average. The lowest percentage of Sched- uled Castes population being in Mizoram while the highest per- centage being in Punjab. Similarly, Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, Delhi and Pondicherry have no Scheduled Tribes population. Of the remaining States/UTs, Goa have the lowest percentage of Scheduled Tribes while Mizoram has the highest percentage of Scheduled Tribes population.
XI
5 Literacy amongst SC/ST: The literacy percentage of Scheduled Castes increased from 10. 27% in 1961 to 37.41% in 1991. The literacy of males was 16.96% in 1961 which increased by 32.95 percentage points and reached 49.91% during 1991 leaving thereby a gap of more than 50% illiterate population to be covered under the literacy pro- grammes. The literacy percentage of females (Scheduled Castes) was as low as 3.29% during 1961 which has now increased to 2.376% thereby giving an increase of 20.47 percentage points during the period 1961-1991. The literacy percentage of Scheduled Tribe was 8.53% during 1961 which, has now increased to 29.60% during 1991. During the year 1961 Male (Scheduled Tribes) was having literacy 13.83% which increased to 40.65% during the year 1991. The females (Scheduled Tribes) having as low as 3.16% literacy during 1961 which increased to 18.19% during the year 1991 leaving thereby a gap of more than 80% illiterate females to be covered under literacy programmes. A comparative table (Sub-Table XI) of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes literacy percentage in Rural-Urban areas is given below:-
Sub-Table XI
TOTAL LITERACY RATES OF SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES BY SEX
COMPARED WITH URBAN AND RURAL LITERACY RATES OF SCs AND STs
1961-1991 CENSUS
Sl. STATE/UT SCHEDULED CASTES SCHEDULED TRIBES
TOTAL RURAL URBAN TOTAL RURAL URBAN
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
INDIA :
Persons:
1961 (a) 10.27 8.89 21.81 8.53 8.16 22.41
1971 (b) 14.67 12.77 28.65 11.30 10.68 28.84
1981 (c) 21.38 18.48 36.60 16.35 14.92 37.93
1991 (d) 37.41 33.25 55.11 29.60 27.38 56.60
Males :
1961 (a) 16.96 15.06 32.21 13.83 13.37 30.43
1971 (b) 22.36 20.04 38.93 17.63 16.92 37.09
1981 (c) 31.12 27.91 47.54 24.52 22.94 47.60
1991 (d) 49.91 45.95 66.60 40.65 38.45 66.56
Females :
1961 (a) 3.29 2.52 10.04 3.16 2.90 13.45
1971 (b) 6.44 5.06 16.99 4.85 4.36 19.64
1981 (c) 10.93 8.45 24.34 8.04 6.81 27.32
1991 (d) 23.76 19.45 42.29 18.19 16.02 45.66
Source:(a) 1961: Census of India 1961: Part V A (i) Special
Table for SC/ST.
(b) 1971: Paper 1 of 1975: Census of India, 1971,
XII
XIII
SCs/STs, Part V.A(i).
(c) 1981: Census of India 1981: PCA SCs/STs series 1,
Part 1 B(ii) & B(iii) 1981.
(d) 1991: Census of India 1991, Final Population totals
(Paper 2 of 1992).
Statewise/UT wise details for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are contained in Table 10. Nagaland, A&N Islands and Lakshadweep have no Scheduled Caste population of the remaining States/UTs, seven States have literacy percentage lower than the national average. In case of females, again some of the States have literacy percentage lower than the national average. Simi- larly States: Haryana, Punjab and UTs: Chandigarh, Delhi and Pondicherry have no Scheduled Tribes population. Of the remain- ing, six states and one Union Territory have literacy percentage lower than the national average. All the other States/UTs have literacy percentage higher than the national average.
6. Educational Institutions: 6.1 There has been considerable progress in the spread of educa- tional institutions during the period between 1950-51 and 1995- 96. This is evident from Sub-Table XII below:
Sub-Table XII
Growth of Recognised Educational Institutions since 1951
Years Primary Upper High/Hr Sec Colleges Colleges Univer-
Primary Inter/Pre for Gen- for Prof. sities.
Deg. Jr. eral Edn Edn.
Colleges
1950-51 209671 13596 7416 370 208 27
1955-56 278135 21730 10838 466 218 31
1960-61 330399 49663 17329 967 852 45
1965-66 391064 75798 27614 1536 770 64
1970-71 408378 90621 37051 2285 992 82
1975-76 454270 106571 43054 3667 3276** 101
1980-81 494503 118555 51573 3421 3542** 110
1985-86 528872 134846 65837 4067 1533** 126
1990-91 560935 151456 79796 4862 886 184
1991-92 566744 155926 82576 5058 950 196 @
1992-93* 572541 153921 84086 5334 989 207 @
1993-94* 572923 155707 88411 5639 1125 213 @
1994-95* 581305 163605 92252 6089 1230 219 @
1995-96* 590421 171216 98134 6569 1354 226 @
* Provisional
** Includes institutions for Post-Matric courses.
@ Includes Deemed to be Universities & Institutions of National
Importance.
While Primary Schools increased by 2.82 times, Upper Primary
XIV
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Schools/High, Sr. Sec. Schools increased by 13 times. Colleges for general education increased by 18 times and the Universities increased by eight times. On the whole, educational institutions quadrupled after independence.
6.2 Comparative position of selected types of institutions during 1994-95 and 1995-96 has been presented in the following Sub-Table XIII. On the whole, the selected types of educational institutions increased by 20246 (2.28%). There has been a de- crease in the pre-primary schools due to over-reporting in previ- ous year. However, all other institutions have registered a steady growth during 1995-96.
Sub-Table XIII
Number of selected type Educational Institutions
Number of Institutions
Decrease
Type of Institutions 1994-95 1995-96 Increase
a) Pre-Primary Schools 41487 38510 (+) 2977
b) Primary Schools 581305 590421 (+) 9116
c) Middle Schools 163605 171216 (+) 7611
d) High Schools 68065 71065 (+) 3000
e) Hr. Sec. Schools (New pattern) 21125 23588 (+) 2463
f) Inter/Jr./Pre Degree Colleges 3062 3481 (+) 419
g) Arts. Sci & Com. Colleges 6089 6569 (+) 480
h) Engg./Tech. Colleges 341 367 (+) 26
(Degree & above Level)
i) Medical Colleges (Allopathy)/ 303 354 (+) 51
Ayurvedic
j) Teacher Training Colleges 586 633 (+) 47
k) Polytechnics 1107 1110 (+) 3
l) Universities* 219 226 (+) 7
* Includes Deemed to be Universities & Institutions of National Importance.
7. Enrolment: Students when enrolled in educational institutions for undergoing systematic instructions in a course of study are classified as enrolment.
7.1 Growth of School Enrolment: Sub-Table XIV given below presents the growth of sex-wise school enrolment for different stages of school education from 1950-51 to 1995-96:
XVI
Sub Table XIV
Sex-wise Enrolment by Stages/Classes since 1950 - School level
(In million)
Primary Middle/Upper Primary High/Hr. Sec.
Year
Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
1950-51 13.8 5.4 19.2 2.6 0.5 3.1 1.3 0.2 1.5
1955-56 17.1 7.5 24.6 3.8 1.0 4.8 2.2 0.4 2.6
1960-61 23.6 11.4 35.0 5.1 1.6 6.7 2.7 0.7 3.4
1965-66 32.2 13.3 50.5 7.7 2.8 10.5 4.4 1.3 5.7
1970-71 35.7 21.3 57.0 9.4 3.9 13.3 5.7 1.9 7.6
1975-76 40.6 25.0 65.6 11.0 5.0 16.0 6.5 2.4 8.9
1980-81 45.3 28.5 73.8 13.9 6.8 20.7 7.6 3.4 11.0
1985-86 52.2 35.2 87.4 17.7 9.6 27.1 11.5 5.0 16.5
1990-91 57.0 40.4 97.4 21.5 12.5 34.0 12.8 6.3 19.1
1991-92 59.6 42.3 100.9 22.0 13.6 35.6 13.5 6.9 20.4
1992-93* 60.5 44.9 105.4 23.7 15.0 38.7 15.0 7.7 22.7
1993-94* 61.8 46.4 108.2 24.2 15.7 39.2 15.3 8.0 23.3
1994-95* 62.3 46.8 109.1 24.5 15.8 40.3 16.0 8.4 24.4
1995-96* 62.4 47.4 109.8 25.0 16.0 41.0 16.1 8.8 24.9