INTRODUCTION
The First All-India Educational Survey was conducted in 1957 by the Ministry of Education in collaboration with the State Governments and the Administrations of the Union Territories. The need for the survey arose because it had been observed by educationists and administrators that there were many areas in the country where, on the one hand, schools were situated so close to one another that they could not attract an adequate number of pupils and, on the other, there were large areas without a single school. It was evident that no definite policies or principles were being followed in determining the location of new schools and that extraneous reasons rather than the genuine educational needs of a particular area often became the deciding factor in such matters. The main objective of the First All-India Educational Survey was to plan the location of schools on a rational basis so that the prevailing uneven distribution of schools might to a great extent be corrected.
2. The idea of carrying out such a survey was first proposed as early as 1911 'but no systematic effort to organize a large-scale survey of this nature had been made until 1957 when the First All- India Educational Survey was undertaken.
3. The social and economic changes, the growth in population, the rapid urbanization and the tremendous expansion in educational facilities that have taken place since 1957 have rendered the findings of the First Survey partially inapplicable so that they can no longer be relied upon for the purpose of planning the provision of educational facilities during the Fourth Five Year Plan period. It was for this reason that the Ministry of Education and the Planning Commission decided to organize the Second All-India Educational Survey. 4. The work of planning and conducting the Survey was undertaken by the National Council of Educational Research and Training, which prepared a draft plan based on discussions with representatives of the Ministry of Education and the Planning Commission and suggestions from State Governments. The draft plan, which outlined the objectives, scope, methods and organization of the Survey, was circulated for comments to the State Governments and Administrations of the Union Territories in August 1965.
Advisory Committee for Educational Survey 5. An Advisory Committee was appointed to advise on the work of the Second Educational Survey with the following nine members:
Prof. V.K.R.V. Rao, Chairman
Member (Education) Planning Commission
Director of Public Instruction, Andhra Pradesh
Director of Public Instruction, Punjab
Shri J.P. Naik, Secretary, Education Commission
Dr. A.C. Joshi, Adviser, Planning Commission
Shri Ashok Mitra, formerly Registrar General of India
Dr. R.K. Mukerjee, Indian Statistical Institute,
Calcutta
Dr. S.K. Mitra, Head of the Department of Psycho-
logical Foundations
Dr. M.B. Buch, Secretary
Head Educational Survey Unit
6. The Committee held its first meeting on 6 October, 1965. The
following were also invited to attend:
Shri L.S. Chandrakant, Joint Director,
National Council of Educational Research and Training
Shri L.O. Joshi, Joint Secretary,
Ministry of Education
Shri D.P. Nayar, Chief (Education)
Planning Commission
Dr. S.N. Saraf, Director (Education),
Planning Commission
Shri S.L. Gajwani, Assistant Psychometrician,
Department of Psychological Foundations
7. The Committee considered the draft proposal along with the views of the State Governments and other individuals and organizations. The objectives for the
2 SECOND ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
Survey as approved by them are given in Chapter IV. The Committee accepted the suggestions that the work of the Second Educational Survey should be undertaken in three phases. It also recommended that studies should be undertaken of unrecognized institutions, particularly those engaged in vocational training, at the post-middle level. Another important recommendation made by the Committee was that the Survey should cover the whole country and that all types of institutions, including medical institutions, should come within its purview.
8. Accordingly, the work of the Second Educational Survey was divided into three phases and the first phase, relating to the revision of the data of the First All-India Educational Survey and the collection of data for the preparation of district development plans for education, was taken up immediately. The present report relates to Phase I of the Survey. For convenience of expression the phrase 'Second All-India Educational Survey' has been used for Phase I of the Survey in this report.
Establishment of the Educational Survey Unit in NCERT 9. The Educational Survey Unit was established as a separate Unit in the National Council of Educational Research and Training in August, 1965. On 1 September, 1965, Dr. M.B. Buch was appointed Head of the Unit. Two Senior Research Officers were appointed on 1 December, 1965, and four Research Associates on 1 January, 1966. Five Research Assistants were also appointed during January and February 1966.
Establishment of State Survey Units in the States 10. The State Governments were requested to establish Survey Units in the States. A Unit in a State included, one State Educational Survey Officer, Survey Supervisors (one for every ten districts) and two Statistical Assistants. Most of the State Governments appointed State Survey Officers and Supervisors very promptly but in some cases the appointments were delayed. In Assam, Madras, Maharashtra, Kerala and Punjab the Educational Survey Units were located in the State Institutes of Education, and in other areas these were located in the offices of the Directors of Education or Public Instruction.
Training Workshop for the State Survey Officers 11. On an invitation from the Director, State Institute of Education, Maharashtra, the training workshop of the State Survey Officers was organized in Poona from 8 to 20 November, 1965. Before starting the workshop, a pilot survey of five blocks in Poona district was also conducted. The training course was attended by the State Survey Officers of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Maharashtra, Mysore, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Goa, Daman & Diu, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Pondicherry and Tripura. In the draft proposal that was circulated in August, 1965, it had been mentioned that the scope of this Survey would not include the areas of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands, Nagaland and NEFA. Later on, as a result of the recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Educational Survey, made on 6 October, 1965, it was decided that the scope of the Survey should be extended to include all the States and centrally administered areas. Thereafter, the administrations of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Nagaland, NEFA and Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands were requested to participate in the Survey and depute their officers to the workshop which was to start in Poona on 8 November, 1965. Obviously because of the extremely short notice given, these Administrations could not depute their officers for training to Poona. Delhi Administration was also unable to send an officer to Poona. In the training workshop at Poona the tools for the collection of data and the forms for analysis and tabulation of data at the block level were finalized. A small brochure entitled Guidelines for Survey Officers was prepared in the workshop and given to every State Survey Officer for use.
12. In a national project of this size, where a large number of people were to be involved in the collection of data and where many of them would not know any language other than the regional one, it was not possible to print instructions for the collection of data and the tools in a single language on a countrywide basis. There were five basic forms of which three, meant for information regarding villages and primary and middle schools, were to be filled in the regional languages. The State Governments were requested to get these forms printed on their own. The other two forms to be used by headmasters of secondary schools and the tables for tabulation of data at block level were to be printed in English. The Educational Survey Unit of the National Council of Educational Research and Training was to get these forms and tables printed Centrally.
13. The forms and tables for analysis in English were printed in Delhi and despatched to the State Survey officers in January, 1966, so that the work of training of Survey Officers and collection of data could be taken up. However, the printing of forms in regional languages was delayed in some States thereby also delaying the work of data collection.
INTRODUCTION 3
Training Courses in the States 14. On the completion of the training at Poona, the State Survey Officers were required to organize training courses for the District Survey Officers in their States. The District Survey Officers, after their training, were required to organize the survey work in the blocks. In some States there was delay in appointing District Survey Officers. Thus the work in these States could not be started promptly. The Officers of the Educational Survey Unit of NCERT assisted the State Survey Officers in training the District Survey Officers in most of the States. The data collection started on different dates in different States. It was, however, decided that data in all the States and Union Territories should be collected as on 31 December, 1965.
15. After the Poona workshop, the administrations of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands, NEFA and the Government of Nagaland were requested to participate in the Survey and to depute officers for training in workshops that were organized specially for them. The administration of Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands sent their officer to Delhi for training in April 1966. On his return to his territory, he completed the work of the Survey by June 1966. A joint workshop was organized in March 1966 for the officers of Nagaland and NEFA. For administrative reasons, the collection of data could not be undertaken immediately. It was started in Nagaland in October 1966, in Andaman & Nicobar Islands in December 1966 and in NEFA in January 1967. Since the work in these areas is yet to be completed, data on these areas could not be included in the present report.
16. The present report is the result of the co-operative work of the staff at various levels, including inspecting staff, and officers of the Educational Survey Units in the States, Union Territories and NCERT. In Assam, Kerala, Madras, Maharashtra and Punjab, the staff of the State Institutes of Education was also associated with the work. The headmasters of all recognized schools in the country co-operated in providing data in respect of their institutions and the habitations served by them.