Teachers below the age of 40 years who have put in less than 5 years of service should, however, be required to undergo the full training course of one or two years. It would, of course, be open to these teachers to take this training either in full-time courses or through part-time and correspondence courses in accordance with the arrangements made.
13. In the present Survey, the age and experience of 179 out of the total of 5,06,860 untrained teachers have not been reconciled. Data about the age and experience of 5,06,681 untrained teachers are available. It can be seen from Statement 39 that there are 5,093 (one per cent) untrained teachers who are '40 or above' and have less than five years of experience. Again there are 55,131 teachers '40 or above' with at least five years of service. A special short-term course will have to be provided for these teachers after which they may be deemed to be trained. Again, Statement 39 shows that there are 1,51,681 teachers below the age of 40 who have put in at least five years of service. As recommended by the Education Commission*, a shorter course specially designed for the purpose will have to be devised for this group of teachers.
STATEMENT 40
TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SECTIONS UNDER VARIOUS MANAGEMENTS IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS
Management Rural areas Urban areas All areas
1 2 3 4
Government 1,80,280 52,909 2,33,189
(19.4) (19.9) (19.5)
Local body 6,10,736 1,21,123 7,31,859
(65.6) (45.7) (612)
Private aided 1,34,460 76,130 2,10,590
(14.4) (28.7) (17.6)
Private unaided 5,294 15,179 20,473
(0.6) (5.7) (1.7)
All managements 9,30,770 2,65,341 11,96,111
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
Figures in brackets indicate percentages.
* Report of the Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Government of India, page 84.
TEACHERS 69
TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SECTIONS 14. Teachers in primary sections constitute the largest number among the school teachers in the country. The 4,55,681 recognized primary sections located in rural and urban areas employ 11,96,111 teachers. Uttar Pradesh accounts for the largest number of teachers, i.e. 1,67,084 (14 per cent). Among the States, Jammu & Kashmir has the least, 8,712 (0.7 per cent). Of the teachers in primary sections, 77.8 per cent are serving in rural areas. In terms of management, the local bodies account for 7,31,859, i.e. (61.2 per cent) of the total teachers serving in the country in primary sections.
General Qualifications 15. From the point of view of general qualifications, teachers in primary sections range from those who have not completed the middle school course to those possessing post-graduate degrees. In addition there are teachers belonging to the category of 'others' which consists of teachers of arts, crafts, physical education, etc.
16. It is observed that 91 per cent of the teachers in primary sections are those who have either completed the middle school course (49.7 per cent ) or matric or its equivalent (41.3 per cent). Only 1.9 per cent of the teachers are below middle pass. The percentages of women teachers with qualifications below middle pass and also graduates and post-graduates are higher than those for men. Among the States, Mysore has 6.3 per cent teachers who are below middle pass while Punjab has a minimum of 0.52 per cent. The Union Territory of Goa, Daman & Diu leads with 7.98 per cent below middle pass with Delhi having just 0.30 per cent in this category.
17. Private unaided primary sections have the maximum of both below middle pass teachers (5.7 per cent) and teachers with degrees (7.7 per cent) and post-graduate degrees (1.2 per cent ) respectively. The percentage of primary teachers who are matriculate or above is the highest in government schools (62.8) followed by private unaided (60.7), private aided (48.5) and local body schools (41.8).
STATEMENT 41
MEN AND WOMEN TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SECTIONS ACCORDING TO EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS
Rural areas Urban areas All areas
Qualification Men Women Men Women Men Women Men and Women
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Below middle pass 13,087 5,117 2,167 2,536 15,254 7,653 22,907
(1.6) (3.8) (1.7) (1.9) (1.6) (2.9) (1.9)
Middle pass 4,01,512 76,453 53,439 62,950 4,54,951 1,39,403 5,94,354
(50.4) (57.2) (40.9) (46.8) (49.0) (52.0) (49.7)
Matriculate 3,36,384 46,609 56,380 54,309 3,92,764 1,00,918 4,93,682
(42.2) (34.9) (43.1) (40.4) (42.3) (37.6) (41.3)
Intermediate 35,090 1,414 11,719 7,282 46,809 8,696 55,505
(4.4) (1.1) (8.9) (5.4) (5.0) (3.2) (4.6)
Graduate 6,994 490 4,679 4,455 11,673 4,945 16,618
(0.9) (0.4) (3.6) (3.3) (1.4) (1.9) (1.4)
Post-graduate 239 27 480 547 719 574 1,293
(0.01) (0.02) (0.4) (0.4) (0.1) (0.2) (0.1)
Others 3,847 3,507 1,958 2,440 5,805 5,947 11,752
(0.5) (2.6) (1.5) (1.8) (0.6) (2.2) (1.0)
Total 7,97,153 1,33,617 1,30,822 1,34,519 9,27,975 2,68,136 11,96,111
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
Figures in brackets indicate percentages
70 SECOND ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
STATEMENT 42
TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SECTIONS UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENTS ACCORDING TO EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
Qualifications Government Local body Private aided Private unaided Total
Below middle pass 4,236 13,959 3,553 1,159 22,907
(1.8) (1.9) (1.7) (5.7) (1.9)
Middle pass 79,313 4,08,269 1,00,774 5,998 5,94,354
(34.0) (55.8) (47.9) (29.3) (49.7)
Matriculate 1,28,056 2,69,025 87,619 8,982 4,93,682
(54.9) (36.8) (41.6) (43.9) (41.3)
Intermediate 14,647 30,650 8,581 1,627 55,505
(6.3) (4.2) (4.1) (7.9) (4.6)
Graduate 3,559 6,037 5,451 1,571 16,618
(1.5) (0.8) (2.6) (7.7) (1.4)
Post-graduate 275 330 436 252 1,293
(0.1) (0.004) (0.2) (1.2) (0.1)
Others 3,103 3,589 4,176 884 11,752
(1.3) (0.5) (2.0) (4.3) (1.0)
Total 2,33,189 7,31,859 2,10,590 20,473 11,96,111
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
Figures in brackets indicate percentages.
Professional qualifications of primary school teachers 18. Amongst the teachers in primary sections, 26.3 per cent are untrained. Both in rural as well as in urban areas the percentages of untrained teachers among women are lower than those for men. There is wide variation in the proportions of trained teachers among the States. Punjab (97.61 per cent), Madras (97.60 per cent) and Kerala (97.26 per cent) each have almost all the teachers in primary sections trained whereas West Bengal has only 43.8 per cent trained teachers. Among the Union Territories, Delhi has 99.5 per cent trained teachers whereas the Union Territory of Goa, Daman & Diu has just 23.6 per cent trained teachers.
19. The percentage of untrained teachers is the highest (54.5) in case of private unaided primary sections. Government-managed sections have only 20.5 per cent untrained teachers whereas in sections under the management of local bodies there are 27.7 per cent untrained teachers. The private aided sections are better than local body sections in that there are only 25 per cent untrained teachers as is seen in Statement 44.
STATEMENT 43
TRAINED AND UNTRAINED MEN AND WOMEN TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SECTIONS IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS
Rural areas Urban areas All areas
Sex
Trained Untrained Total Trained Untrained Total Trained Untrained Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Men 5,80,180 2,16,973 7,97,153 97,457 33,365 1,30,822 6,77,637 2,50,338 9,27,975
(72.8) (27.2) (100.0) (74.5) (25.5) (100.0) (73.0) (27.0) (100.0)
Women 99,799 33,818 1,33,617 1,04,050 30,469 1,34,519 2,03,849 64,287 2,68,136
(74.7) (25.3) (100.0) (77.4) (22.6) (100.0) (76.0) (24.0) (100.0)
Total 6,79,979 2,50,791 9,30,770 2,01,507 63,834 2,65,431 8,81,486 3,14,625 11,96,111
(73.0) (27.0) (100.0) (75.9) (24.1) (100.0) (73.7) (26.3) (100.0)
TEACHERS 71
STATEMENT 44
TRAINED AND UNTRAINED TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SECTIONS UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENTS IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS
Professional qualification Government Local Body Private aided Private unaided Total
1 2 3 4 5 6
Trained 1,85,444 5,28,848 1,57,851 9,343 8,81,486
(79.5) (72.3) (75.0) (45.6) (73.7)
Untrained 47,745 2,03,011 52,739 11,130 3,14,625
(20.5) (27.7) (25.0) (54.4) (26.3)
Total 2,33,189 7,31,859 2,10,590 20,473 11,96,111
Figures in brackets indicate percentages.
Untrained Teachers 20. The total number of untrained teachers in the primary sections in the country is 3,14,625 (26.3 per cent). This constitutes the total backlog of untrained teachers. However, when the age and experience of these teachers are studied it is seen that there is need to provide diversified programmes of training facilities for the untrained teachers. Excluding 147 teachers about whom the data of age and experience have not been reconciled it is observed that there are 35,391 (11.3 per cent) teachers whose age is 40 years or above and have at least five years of experience in the teaching profession. As suggested by the Education Commission, only a short course is to be provided for this group of teachers. Again, 95,859 (30.5 per cent) teachers are below the age of 40 years and have put in at least five years of service. For these teachers a shorter course has to be designed according to the
STATEMENT 45
UNTRAINED TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SECTIONS ACCORDING TO THEIR AGE AND EXPERIENCE
Experience in years
Age in years
Up to 4 5-8 9-12 13-16 17-20 More than 20 Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Less than 20 21,969 581 - - - - 22,550
20-24 95,034 11,292 387 - - - 1,06,713
25-29 48,477 27,966 6,274 357 - - 83,074
30-34 11,671 12,218 11,117 4,277 525 - 39,808
35-39 3,394 4,715 6,184 6,042 3,410 514 24,259
40-44 1,289 1,574 2,557 3,373 3,486 1,916 14,195
45-49 684 748 1,382 1,860 2,584 2,715 9,973
50 and above 710 793 1,535 1,711 2,751 6,406 13,906
Total 1,83,228 59,887 29,436 17,620 12,756 11,551 3,14,625*
*Includes 147 untrained teachers whose age and experience have not been reconciled.
72 SECOND ALL INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
recommendations of the Education Commission. Lastly, 1,80,545 (57.4 per cent) teachers are below the age of 40 years and have put in less than five years of service. This is the real backlog and a full training course of one or two years may have to be provided for them according to the suggestions of the Education Commission. There are only 2,683 (0.8 per cent) untrained teachers whose age is 40 years or above but have less than five years teaching experience. The Education Commission have not made any specific recommendation for this category of teachers. It is felt that these teachers should also be provided with a short course of training.
Teachers fulfilling Desirable Qualifications 21. If matric or its equivalent with teacher training certificate is the desirable qualification for a primary teacher, then hardly 3,91,184 of the 11,96,111 teachers i.e. 32.7 per cent fulfil this condition. Further, a larger percentage of teachers (38.27 per cent) in urban areas conform to this specification than in the rural areas (31.12 per cent). Considering men and women teachers separately it is observed that a larger percentage of women teachers (33.60 per cent) fulfil this condition than male teachers (32.45 per cent) as is seen in Statement 46.
STATEMENT 46
MEN AND WOMEN TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SECTIONS IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS WHO FULFIL THE MINIMUM
DESIRABLE QUALIFICATIONS OF MATRICULATION AND TRAINING
Management Sex Rural areas Urban areas All areas
1 2 3 4 5
Men 75,719 14,985 90,704
(50.95) (56.32) (51.76)
Government Women 18,085 13,744 31,829
(57.11) (52.26) (54.91)
Men and women 93,804 28,729 1,22,533
(52.03) (54.30) (52.55)
Men 1,37,303 24,864 1,62,167
(25.34) (38.47) (26.73)
Local body Women 8,252 16,854 25,106
(12.0) (29.83) (20.04)
Men and women 1,45,555 41,718 1,87,273
(23.83) (34.44) (25.59)
Men 36,388 9,602 45,990
(35.64) (28.59) (33.89)
Private aided Women 13,341 15,231 28,572
(41.24) (35.80) (38.15)
Men and women 49,729 24,833 74,562
(36.98) (32.62) (35.41)
Men 369 1,861 2,230
(8.24) (31.0) (21.27)
Private unaided Women 183 4,403 4,586
(22.45) (47.98) (45.90)
Men and women 552 6,264 6,816
(10.43) (41.27) (33.29)
Men 2,49,779 51,312 3,01,091
(31.33) (39.22) (32.45)
Total Women 39,861 50,232 90,093
(29.83) (37.34) (33.60)
Men and women 2,89,640 1,01,544 3,91,184
(31.12) (38.27) (32.70)
Figures in brackets indicate percentages.
TEACHERS 73
Position in States and Union Territories 22. Among the States, Punjab and Kerala have the highest percentages of teachers, both among men and women, who fulfil the desirable qualifications. Orissa and Assam on the other extreme are at a considerably low level under all the three categories in comparison to the all-India figures. Among the Union Territories, Delhi and Pondicherry are on the high positive side while Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Manipur are on the lowest side in this group.
TEACHERS IN MIDDLE SECTIONS 23. There are 4,35,939 teachers in middle sections, including 3,40,121 male teachers (78.02 per cent) and 95,818 women teachers (21.98 per cent). The percentages of women teachers in rural and urban areas separately are 12.72 and 38.09 respectively.
Teachers according to Managements 24. Of the total number of teachers in middle sections, 24.11 per cent are in government schools, 35.73 per cent in local body schools, 36.54 per cent in private aided institutions and 3.61 per cent in private unaided institutions. At the middle stage, therefore, government and local body institutions play a predominant role and they account for about 60 per cent of the teachers.
STATEMENT 47
TEACHERS IN MIDDLE SECTIONS UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENTS IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS
Management Rural areas Urban areas Total
1 2 3 4
Government 66,685 38,431 1,05,116
(24.1) (24.2) (24.1)
Local body 1,12,080 43,697 1,55,777
(40.5) (27.5) (35.7)
Private aided 89,468 69,827 1,59,295
(32.3) (43.9) (36.6)
Private unaided 8,583 7,168 15,751
(3.1) (4.4) (3.6)
Total 2,76,816 1,59,123 4,35,939
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
Figures in brackets indicate percentages.
STATEMENT 48
MEN AND WOMEN TEACHERS IN MIDDLE SECTIONS ACCORDING TO EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
Rural areas Urban areas All areas
Qualification Men Women Men Women Men Women Total
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Below matric 37,472 5,152 8,361 6,100 45,833 11,252 57,085
(15.5) (14.6) (8.5) (10.1) (13.5) (11.8) (13.1)
Matriculate 1,20,872 21,104 44,265 30,188 1,65,137 51,292 2,16,429
(50.0) (59.9) (44.9) (49.8) (48.6) (53.5) (49.7)
Intermediate 30,843 1,6171 3,641 5,459 44,484 7,076 51,560
(12.8) (4.6) (13.8) (9.0) (13.1) (7.4) (11.8)
Graduate 31,545 2,3571 9,2071 1,916 50,752 14,273 65,025
(13.1) (6.7) (19.5) (19.6) (14.9) (14.9) (14.9)
Post-graduate 4,406 387 4,181 2,125 8,587 2,512 11,099
(1.8) (1.1) (4.3) (3.5) (2.5) (2.6) (2.5)
Others 16,475 4,586 8,853 4,827 25,328 9,413 34,741
(6.8) (13.1) (9.0) (8.0) (7.4) (9.8) (8.0)
Total 2,41,613 35,203 98,508 60,615 3,40,121 95,818 4,35,939
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
Figures in brackets indicate percentages.