SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1. There are 9,82,251 rural habitations in the areas covered in this report, and their population is estimated at 39,65,80,123. Of these, 76.41 per cent are in the population slab 'below 500' and they account for 35 per cent of the rural population. The percentage of small habitations is very high in all the States except Kerala. 2. The total number of urban habitations identified is 2,802.
Primary Education
3. The percentage of rural habitations with primary sections in them or within the walking distance of a mile is 87.23. This includes 37.98 per cent with primary sections in them.
4. The percentage of rural population with primary sections in their own habitations or within a walking distance of one mile is 94.96, including 71.48 per cent having primary sections in their own habita- tions. The habitations in the slab '500 and above' are by and large served by primary sections. Of the rural habitations not served, 87.23 per cent have a population of 'below 300' each, including 45.37 per cent with population 'below 100' each. The question of expanding primary school facilities in future will be mainly that of providing schools for small habitations.
5. In Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Madras, Maharashtra, Mysore and West Bengal, more than 97 per cent of the rural population are served by primary sections at present. In Assam, Kerala, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh, the percentages vary between 91 and 97. In the remain- ing States these vary between 87 and 90.
6. According to the First All-India Educational Survey, 83.09 per cent of the rural population were served by primary sections on 31 March, 1957 and the proposal envisaged a target of 99.30 per cent. The percentage of population served at present is less than the target proposed in the First Survey.
7. There are 4,55,681 primary sections in the country. Of these, 84.98 per cent are primary schools, 13.58 per cent are part of PM schools and 1.44 per cent are part of PMS schools. The primary sec- tions, therefore, are largely primary schools. The percentage of primary sections which are primary schools is higher in rural than in urban areas. On an average, 9.23 primary sections and 24 teachers are available for every 10,000 population. The range of variation in the case of teachers among the States is from 18 in Bihar to 34 in Madras. In Manipur, however, 64 teachers are available for every 10,000 popu- lation.
8. On an average, a primary section has 104 pupils. The averages for rural and urban areas are 90 and 226 respectively. In rural areas the range of variation is from 39 in Jammu & Kashmir to 269 in Kerala. If Kerala is considered an exception because of its characteristic demographic composition, the range of variation is from 39 in Jammu & Kashmir to 130 in Uttar Pradesh.
9. In the urban areas the average enrolment varies from 115 in Bihar to 368 in Punjab.
10. There are many instances of disproportionate allocation of teach- ers in rural and urban areas.
11. In the rural areas, 40.72 per cent of the primary sections are one-teacher sections, 28.50 per cent are two teacher sections and 14.72 per cent have three teachers each. Only in 15.95 per cent of the primary sections the number of teachers is four or more than four.
12. In the urban areas, 8.37 per cent of the primary sections are one- teacher sections. These percentages are very high in Bihar (24.42), Jammu & Kashmir (39.40) and Orissa (26.94). There is need to examine the existence of one-teacher sections in such large percentages in these States. Of the primary sections in the urban areas in the country, 11.22 per cent are two teacher sections and 12.43 per cent are three-teacher sections. Thus, in about one-third of the primary sections in urban areas, the number of teachers is less than four. These percentages are very high, especially in Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir and Orissa.
13. In 23.68 per cent of the primary sections in urban areas the enrolment is 'up to 100' only. Considered in the context of the recommendations of the Education Commission, the enrolment is more than 160 only in 56.17 per cent of the urban primary sections.
N.B. While making inter- State comparisons, Union Territories have not been included because for the special conditions obtaining in the latter, which cannot be explained in the Summary.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 95
14. In 19.96 per cent of the primary sections the enrolment is up to class III only. The percentages for rural and urban areas separately are 21.11 and 9.25 respectively.
15. It has been seen that 1,08,840 primary sections, i.e. 23.89 Per cent are incomplete primary sections, that is, they do not have the final primary class according to the pattern of classes in every State and Union Territory. The percentages of incomplete primary sections for rural and urban areas are 25.26 and 11.27 respectively. In Bihar 67.29 per cent of the primary sections (68.72 per cent rural and 45.65 per cent urban) are incomplete primary sections. In Orissa also, 64.46 per cent of the primary sections are incomplete (65.21 per cent rural and 46.32 per cent urban). The percentages of incomplete pri- mary sections are also above the all-India average in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. 16. Multiple-class teaching is necessary in 3,68,454 primary sections, i.e. 80.86 per cent of the primary sections in the country. The percentages separately for rural and urban areas are 85.97 and 33.80 respectively. Some of the States where the percentages are very high are Assam (95.95), Bihar (92.25), Orissa(91.73), Jammu & Kashmir (91.27) and Madhya Pradesh (88.67). Kerala is the only exception to the large scale need for multiple- class teaching arrangements at the primary stage. 17. Girls constitute 36.20 per cent of the enrolment in the primary sections in the coun- try. The corresponding figures for rural and urban areas separately are 34.26 and 43.20 respectively.
18. The enrolment in classes I to V is 74.36 per cent of the estimat- ed population in the age-group 6+to 10+. These percentages vary from 46.99 in Bihar to 116.57 in Kerala. The percentages of enrolment are low also in Rajasthan (51.46), Jammu & Kashmir (56.10), Madhya Pradesh (56.35) and Assam (66.43). Compounding for the enrolment of the chil- dren below 6+and above 10+, the percentages of children of the age- group 6+to, 10+ attending schools would be fairly low in all these cases. Considering the data in the context of the population served by primary sections, it becomes obvious that in many cases the enrol- ment has not kept pace with schooling facilities. The percentages of population served by primary sections in Bihar and Kerala are 97.13 and 92.57 respectively.
19. The enrolment in classes I to V is 74.36 per cent of the estimat- ed population in the age-group 6+to 10+. The percentages separately for boys and girls are 93.39 and 54.70 respectively. The target of enrolment under the Third Five-Year Plan was 76.4 per cent (90.4 per cent for boys and 61.6 per cent for girls). The percentages for girls are below all-India average in Assam (50.40), Bihar (23.09), Jammu & Kashmir (31.92), Madhya Pradesh (31.46), Orissa (47.04), Rajasthan (23.86), Uttar Pradesh (53.64) and West Bengal (51.93). 20. For every 10,000 population, 989 pupils are enrolled in classes I to V. The indices for boys and girls separately are 631 and 358 respec- tively. 21. Of the total enrolment in classes I to V, 37.77 per cent are in class 1. These percentages for rural and urban areas are 40.36 and 28.53 respectively. 35.82 per cent of boys and 41.20 per cent of girls on the rolls are in class 1. 22. The ratio between the enrolment in classes I and V is approximately 7:2 and the corresponding ratios for rural and urban areas separately are 4:1 and 2:1 respectively.
23. Among boys, the ratio between the enrolment in classes I and V is 3:1 in the country as a whole and for the girls it is 9:2. The ratios for boys for rural and urban areas separately are 7:2 and 7:4 respec- tively. As regards girls the ratios for rural and urban areas are 6:1 and 2:1 respectively.
24. Altogether 7,12,894 rural habitations (72.58 per cent) are served by middle sections, i.e. they have middle sections in them or within a walking distance of three miles. These include 69,424 (7.07 per cent) habitations with middle sections in them. 25. In the rural areas 82.25 per cent of the population are served by middle sections, including 25.45 per cent with middle sections in their own habitations.
26. According to the First All-India Educational Survey, 50.4 'per cent of the rural habitations were served by middle sections and the proposals therein envisaged that the percentage would be raised to 89.05. Though the number of middle sections at present is more than visualized in the First Survey, the percentage of habitations served at present is below the target of the First Survey.
27. Of the habitations not served at present, 3.51 per cent are in the slab '1,000 and above' while 96.49 per cent are in the slab 'below 1,000'. The bulk of the habitations not served by middle sections at present are of small size. The percentages of population served by middle sections among the States vary from 55.17 in Rajasthan to 96.00 in Kerala. Considering only the population with middle sections in their own habitations, the lowest and the highest percentages are 10.23 in Uttar Pradesh and 63.08 in Gujarat.
28. There are 96,932 middle sections in the country. Of these 15.87 per cent are M schools, 63.84 per cent are part of PM schools, 13.49 per cent are part of MS schools and 6.80 per cent are part of PMS schools. A large percentage of middle sections are, therefore, part of PM schools. The percentage in rural areas is higher
SECOND ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY 96
than that in urban areas.
29. In the country, 196 middle sections and 882 teachers are avail- able per million of the population.
30. On an average, a middle section has 112 pupils. The corresponding figures for rural and urban areas are 84 and 212 respectively. Among the States with a middle stage of three years' duration, the range of variation is from 51 in Jammu & Kashmir to 212 in Kerala.
31. There are numerous instances of the disproportionate allocation of teachers and also of small middle sections. About 70 per cent of the middle sections have an enrolment less than 121,* the minimum optimum limit suggested by the Education Commission.
32. Considering the group of States and Union Territories with a three-year middle stage, 24.54 per cent of the middle sections in rural areas have an enrolment of up to 30 only. The percentages for some of the States are: Jammu & Kashmir (58.74), Gujarat (46.52), Mysore (40.26) and Rajasthan (5.64).
33. Assuming that in urban areas the minimum enrolment in a middle school of three years should not be less than 121, the percentage of sections not fulfilling this condition is as high as 36. These per- centages are very high in Jammu & Kashmir (61.16) and Mysore (46.70), but are low in Punjab (18.63) and Kerala (25.56).
34. About 17 per cent of middle sections are either one teacher sec- tions or do not have teachers at all. Middle sections 'without teach- ers' are either part of PM or MS or PMS schools and the teachers of those schools devote most of their time to primary and/or secondary sections. 35. In rural areas about 20 per cent of the sections have up to one teacher each. These percentages are very high in Gujarat (47.95), Mysore (42.37), Jammu & Kashmir (32.57), Kerala (18.89), Andhra Pradesh (14.82) and Bihar (11.13).
36. In the urban areas, though the percentage of up to one-teacher middle sections is not high for the country as a whole, in a few cases they are appreciable and worth mentioning, especially in Mysore (15.32), Gujarat (11.21) and Kerala (8.43).
37. Of the middle sections, 18,347, i.e. 18.93 per cent are incom- plete. The percentages for rural and urban areas are 21.42 and 9.81 respectively.
38. Contrary to the common belief that multiple-class teaching is necessary at the primary stage (and that too in rural areas only) multiple-class teaching arrangements have been found necessary in 16.59 per cent of the middle sections. The percentages for rural and urban areas are 20.06 and 3.88 respectively. The percentages are very high in the rural areas of Mysore (43.45), Gujarat (39.40), Maharash- tra (38.00) and Madras (22.39). As regards urban areas the percentages for some of the States are: Mysore (10.14), Gujarat (7.35) and Maha- rashtra (5.70). 39. The data regarding multiple-class teaching at the primary and middle stages indicate the importance of this subject. The need for multiple-class teaching will be far greater if the recom- mendation of the Education Commission, that habitations with a popula- tion of '700 or above' should have higher primary sections, is imple- mented.
40. Of the enrolment in middle sections, girls constitute only 27.78 per cent. The percentages for rural and urban areas are 22.00 and 36.13 respectively. The range of variation of the percentages of girls enrolment in rural areas is from 4.63 in Rajasthan to 44.13 in Kerala. The corresponding range for the urban areas is from 25.31 in Rajasthan to 45.72 in Kerala.
41. The enrolment in classes VI to VIII is equal to 30.15 per cent of the estimated population in the age group 11+ to 13+. The percentages for boys and girls are 43.46 and 16.33 respectively. The target under the Third Five-Year Plan was 28.6 per cent (39.9 per cent for boys and 16.5 per cent for girls). As at the primary stage, at the middle stage too the enrolment has not kept pace with the expan- sion of educational facilities in many States and Union Territories. For example, in Bihar whereas 90.71 per cent of the population in rural areas are served by middle sections the enrolment in this State is 15.88 per cent of the estimated population in the age-group 11+ to 13+. The enrolment percentages are below all-India average also in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajas- than, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The enrolment percentages of girls in rural areas need special consideration in many States, espe- cially in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
42. It has been found that 207 pupils are on the rolls per 10,000 population, including 152 boys and 55 girls.
43. Of the total enrolment in classes VI to VIII, 39.93 per cent are in class VI, 32.59 per cent in class VII and 27.48 per cent are in class VIII. Nearly half of the girls in classes VI to VIII in rural areas are in class VI.
44. Private aided institutions account for the largest percentage of the enrolment at the middle stage.
45. At present 6,01,154 habitations (61.20 per cent) are served by secondary sections, including 16,231 habitations (1.65 per cent) with secondary sections in them. Evaluating the present position in terms of population,
* The Education Commission recommended the limit of 120. But for convenience for analysis it has been assumed as 121 in this report.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 97
71.37 per cent of the population are served by secondary sections including 9.09 per cent that have secondary sections in their own habitations.
46. In the population slab '5,000 and above', 1,881 habitations (94.05 per cent) are served by secondary sections, including 1,333 (66.65 per cent) with secondary sections in them. The percentages of the 'habi- tations not served' in the population slabs '2,000-4,999', '1,0001,999' and 'below 1,000' are 16.83, 24.05 and 40.43 respective- ly.
47. In 1957, 3,01,553 habitations (35.90 per cent) were served by secondary sections, including 4,500 habitations (0.54 per cent) with secondary sections in them. The proposals of the First Survey envis- aged that the number of habitations served would be increased to 6,98,874 (83.20 per cent) including 13,487 habitations (1.61 per cent) with secondary sections in them. Excluding the areas not covered in the First Survey, the number of habitations served at present is 5,41,008, including 14,497 with secondary sections in them. Though the number of habitations with secondary sections in them, in the areas common to the two Surveys, is about one thousand more than the proposals of the First Survey, the number of habitations served is less by about 1.5 lakhs. 48. The range of variation in population served by secondary sections is from 38.13 per cent in Rajasthan to 93.00 per cent in Kerala. These percentages vary between 81 and 90 in Bihar, Madras, Punjab and West Bengal; between 71 and 80 in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Jammu & Kashmir and Maharashtra; and between 61 and 70 in Gujarat, Mysore, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh, however, the percentage is as low as 42.65.
49. On an average, a secondary section in the rural areas serves about 17,500 of population. 50. There are 26,883 secondary sections in the country. Of these, 26.81 per cent are S schools, 48.64 per cent are part of MS schools and 24.54 per cent are part of PMS schools.
51. Both in rural and urban areas, about half of the secondary sec- tions are part of MS schools. But the percentage of S schools is higher in rural areas (34.38) than in urban areas (15.18). It will be seen later that the secondary sections, especially in rural areas, are mostly small units. Their existence as S schools in a large percent- age in the rural areas should be a matter of enquiry in the future.
52. On an average, a secondary section in the country has 232 pupils. The figures for rural and urban areas separately are 168 and 329 respectively. In rural areas the average enrolment in a secondary section in the States varies from 59 in Jammu & Kashmir to 517 in Kerala. If Kerala were treated as an exception, then the next highest average is 241 in Bihar. The averages are below all-India figure also in Andhra Pradesh (93), Madhya Pradesh (138), Madras (149), Maharash- tra (138), Orissa (129), Punjab (109), Rajasthan (108) and West Bengal (86).
53. In the urban areas, the average enrolment per secondary section varies from 162 in West Bengal to 623 in Kerala. The averages are below the all-India figure also in Andhra Pradesh (283), Assam (268), Jammu & Kashmir (169), Madhya Pradesh (285), Orissa (235), Punjab (228) and Rajasthan (281). In Delhi the average enrolment per second- ary section is very low (234). It is true that some variation in the average enrolment in the secondary sections of various States exists because of the different pattern of classes at the secondary stage. Nevertheless, it is necessary that secondary sections should have adequate enrolment in order to be economically viable units, irrespec- tive of the classes. The low averages in urban areas in so many States call for a close examination of the secondary sections.
54. In rural areas 41.52 per cent of the secondary sections have enrolment 'up to 100' only. The percentages of secondary sections in rural areas with enrolment 'up to 100' are above all-India average in Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan and West Bengal. About 80 per cent of the secondary sec- tions in rural areas have enrolment 'less than 241' each.
55. In urban areas, 48.80 per cent of the secondary sections have enrolment 'less than 241' each. The percentages of secondary sections with enrolment 'less than 241' are high in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajas- than, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
56. In rural areas, 35.84 per cent of the secondary sections have teachers 'up to 5' only. The percentages are high in Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Mysore, Punjab and West Bengal.
57. In urban areas, 15.28 per cent of the secondary sections have teachers 'up to 5' only. The percentages are high in Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and West Bengal.
58. There are 3,595 secondary sections, i.e. 13.37 per cent, which are incomplete. The percentages for rural and urban areas separately are 17.52 and 7.00 respectively. Taking the rural and urban areas togeth- er, the percentages of incomplete secondary sections are fairly high in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir and Orissa. In West Bengal, however, almost all secondary sections are complete units.
59. Of 26,883 secondary sections, 8,032 are without
98 SECOND ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
science laboratories of any kind. The latter include 5,928 (36.40 per cent) secondary sections in rural and 2,104 (19.85 per cent) secondary sections in urban areas. The number of laboratories for general science, physics, chemistry, biology and home science are 14,550, 7,081, 6,922, 3,240 and 1,005 respectively.
60. In the rural areas, 95.09 per cent of the secondary sections have one medium of instruction and 4.40 per cent have two media of instruc- tion each. The sections with one medium of instruction largely use their respective regional languages.
61. In urban areas, 84.16 per cent secondary sections have only one medium of instruction each while 72.71 per cent have their respective regional languages as the medium of instruction. In non-Hindi speak- ing areas 178 secondary sections have Hindi as the medium of instruc- tion. 590 secondary sections (5.57 per cent) have English as the medium of instruction. There are 1,465 secondary sections with two media of instruction each. These include 827 sections with English and a regional language as media of instruction and 47 sections where English and a language other than the regional language or Hindi are media of instruction. In 178 secondary sections the regional language and two other languages are the media of instruction.
62. The girls in secondary sections constitute 23.36 per cent of the enrolment in secondary sections. The percentages for rural and urban areas are 16.58 and 28.69 respectively. There is considerable varia- tion in the proportions of girls' enrolment in the rural areas in the various States and Union Territories. In Uttar Pradesh the ratio of the enrolment of boys to girls in rural areas is 55:1.
63. The enrolment in class IX and X is equal to 19.37 per cent of the estimated population in the age-group 14+ and 15+. The per- centages for boys and girls separately are 29.02 and 9.26 respective- ly. The range of variation for boys is from 16.87 in Orissa to 49.75 in Kerala. The percentages are below the all-India figure also in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. In the case of girls, the range of variation is from 2.06 in Bihar to 39.62 in Kerala. After Kerala, the next highest per- centage is 16.89 in Madras. The percentages are also below the all- India figure in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
64. There are 82 children in classes IX and X per 10,000 of popula- tion, including 63 boys and 19 girls.
65. Of the total enrolment in the country,64.50 per cent are in private aided institutions.
66. There are 19,09,187 teachers in the country including 11,96,111 (62.6 per cent) in primary sections, 4,35,939 (22.8 per cent) in middle sections and 2,77,137 (14.6 per cent) in secondary sections.
67. Women constitute 21.7 per cent of the total number of teach- ers in the schools.
68. Local bodies are the largest employer of teachers, followed by voluntary organisations (30.9 per cent) and the government (20.7 per cent).
69. The percentages of trained teachers at primary, middle and second- ary stages are 73.7, 75.2 and 69.5 respectively. The over-all per- centage of trained teachers for all the stages is 73.4.
70. The teachers in primary sections include 22,907 (1.9 per cent) below middle pass, 5,94,354 (49.7 per cent) middle pass, 4,93,682 (41.3 per cent) matriculates and 85,168 (7.1 per cent) who are above matriculates or in other categories.
71. The percentages of trained teachers vary from 43.80 in West Bengal to 97.61 in Punjab. The percentages of trained teachers are below all-India average also in Assam, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir, Mysore, Orissa, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The percentages of trained men and women teachers separately are 73.02 and 76.02 respec- tively.
72. Considering matriculation and teacher training as the desirable qualifications for teachers at primary stage, only 32.70 per cent of them fulfil both these qualifications. The percentages separately for men and women teachers are 32.45 and 33.60 respectively. Among the States, the percentages of the teachers fulfilling these qualifica- tions vary from 3.40 in Orissa to 81.11 in Punjab. The percentages are below all-India average also in Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Madras, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
73. The percentages of the teachers fulfilling these qualifications in schools of different managements are 52.55 in government sections, 25.59 in local body sections, 35.41 in private aided sections and 33.29 in private unaided sections.
74. Considering the backlog of untrained teachers in accordance with the recommendations of the Education Commission, regular training courses are necessary for 1,80,545 (57.38 per cent) teachers and short training courses are necessary for 1,34,080 (42.62 per cent) teachers.
75. The teachers in middle sections include 3,40,121
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 99
(78.02 per cent) men teachers and 95,818 (21.98 per cent) women teachers. The percentages of women teachers in rural and urban areas separately are 12.72 and 38.09 respectively.
76. The percentage of trained teachers is 75.25. The percentages for rural and urban areas are 73.23 and 78.75 respectively. The percent- ages of trained men and women teachers are 74.13 and 79.21 respective- ly.
77. The percentages of trained teachers are very much below the all- India average in Assam (27.75), Orissa (31.24) and West Bengal (33.28).
78. Of the teachers in middle sections 86.91 per cent are at least matriculates. These percentages for men and women separately are 86.52 and 88.26 respectively.
79. The percentage of teachers who have passed at least the matricula- tion examination varies from 58.49 in Gujarat to 96.80 in Rajasthan.
80. Of the teachers, 14.9 per cent are graduates and 2.5 per cent are post-graduates. Thus graduates or postgraduates constitute a small fraction of the teachers.
81. Considering matriculation and teacher training as the minimum desirable qualifications for teachers at the middle stage, 63.8 per cent of the teachers fulfil these qualifications. The percentages separately for men and women teachers are 62.28 and 69.25 respective- ly. The percentages of teachers fulfilling these qualifications vary from 15.86 in Assam to 90.09 in Madras. These percentages are very low in Gujarat (46.38), Orissa (29.56) and West Bengal (32.69).
82. The percentages of teachers fulfilling these desirable qualifica- tions in schools of different managements are 74.53 in government sections, 62.68 in local body sections, 59.98 in private aided sec- tions and 42.34 in private unaided sections.
83. If a degree and teacher training are considered desirable quali- fications, 10.80 per cent of the teachers possess them. The percent- ages for institutions of different managements separately are: 18.24 in government, 4.38 in local body, 11.43 in private aided and 18.28 in private unaided sections. These percentages do not include teachers in the category 'others trained'. If teachers in the category 'others trained' are grouped with trained graduates, on the assumption that the former fulfil the qualifications fixed for their specific posts, the corresponding all-India percentage is 16.58 and those for the various managements are 24.10, 9.38, 18.18 and 21.35 respectively.
84. Accepting the recommendations of the Education Commission regard- ing the nature of training for untrained teachers, in accordance with their age and experience, it is found that 62,456 (58 per cent) will require a full course of teacher training and the remaining 42 per cent will require short-term training courses.
85. There are 2,77,137 teachers in secondary sections including 2,26,358 (81.68 per cent) men teachers and 50,779 (18.32 per cent) women teachers.
86. Of the teachers in secondary sections, 46.52 per cent are in rural areas. The corresponding percentages for primary and middle sections are 77.82 and 63.50 respectively.
87. Of the total number of teachers in secondary sections, 20.66 per cent are in government schools, 12.99 per cent in local body schools, 63.32 per cent in private aided institutions and 3.03 in private unaided institutions. Voluntary organisations, therefore, play a dominant role at the secondary stage.
88. It has been found that 75.4 per cent of the teachers are `gradu- ates or above'. The corresponding percentages for men and women teachers separately are 74.9 and 77.9 respectively. Thus, there is virtually no. difference between the percentages of 'graduates or above' among men and women teachers.
89. The percentages of teachers who are 'graduates or above' are 80.4 in government sections, 66.4 in local body sections, 75.6 in private aided sections and 77.7 in private unaided sections.
90. Among the teachers 0.3 per cent are 'below matric' and 8.7 per cent are matriculates. The percentages of 'matriculates or below' are relatively high in Andhra Pradesh (14.58), Gujarat (18.88), Jammu & Kashmir (13.79) and Maharashtra (23.29).
91. The percentage of trained teachers is 69.57. The corresponding percentages for rural and urban areas are 63.59 and 74.78 respec- tively.
92. The percentages of trained teachers among men and women teachers are 67.75 and 77.68 respectively.
93. The percentages of trained teachers vary from 20.17 in Assam to 95.45 in Punjab. The percentages are below all-India average also in Bihar (43.18), Madhya Pradesh (61.28),Mysore (59.04), Orissa (50.12), Rajasthan (60.32)and West Bengal (51.88).
94. Although the private aided sections employ the largest number of teachers, the percentage of trained teachers in these is lower (64.9) than in government sections (81.0).
95. The percentage of teachers who fulfil the desirable qualifications of a degree and teacher training is 60.64. The percentages vary from 15.14 in Assam to 85.09 in Kerala.
96. The percentages of teachers fulfilling both the desirable quali- fications are 73.53 in government sections, 65.52 in local body sec- tions, 55.95 in private aided sections
100 SECOND ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
and 50.01 in private unaided sections' 97. Considering the existing backlog of untrained teachers, in accordance with the recommendations of the Education Commission, regular full-time training courses are necessary for 51,775, i.e. 61.4 per cent of the untrained teachers. Short-term training courses will be necessary for the remaining 38.6 per cent of the untrained teachers.
98. It has been found that 64,981 teachers (23.4 per cent) are teach- ing science. The academic qualifications of these teachers vary from 'matriculation without science' to a Master's degree in science.
99. The number of teachers who have had science in their last academic examination either at the degree or post-graduate level, is 43,848 (67.5 per cent), including 38,511 (59.3 per cent) who are graduates only and 5,337 (8.2 per cent) who are post-graduates.
100. The number of teachers who have science in the last academic examination at the degree level or above and are also trained in methods of teaching science as one of their subjects is 20,254 only. They constitute 46.19 per cent of the science teachers who are 'gradu- ates or above' and 31.16 per cent of the total number of teachers teaching science. The average number of fully qualified science teachers in a secondary section is, therefore, less than one.
101. Only 22,287 science graduates and post-graduates out of 43,848, i.e. 50.83 per cent devote more than 60 per cent of their teaching time to science. It is, therefore, surprising that all the science graduates and post-graduates do not devote their full time to teaching science, especially when the available resources of science teachers are very meagre.
102. The data regarding class-rooms pertain to primary sections only. There are 9,08,929 class-rooms for primary sections including 7,08,282 (77.93 per cent) in rural areas and 2,00,647 (22.07 per cent) in urban areas. 103. The average area of a class-room is 291 square feet. The averages for rural and urban areas are 290 square feet and 294 square feet respectively. 104. The average area per pupil is 6 square feet. Same is the average for rural and urban areas. Though the averages for rural and urban areas do not differ, they need not reflect similar features. It is possible that the average area per pupil in rural areas is low because a number of pupils study in the open air or verandahs, etc. which have not been included in the class- room space. As regards urban areas, the average may be low because the class-rooms are over crowded. 105. In the rural areas the average area per pupil varies from 3 square feet in Uttar Pradesh to 8 square feet in Assam and Jammu & Kashmir. In the urban areas the variation is from 4 square feet to 7 square feet.
106. In rural areas, 5.09 per cent of the P schools and 5.08 per cent of PM schools run in shifts. The percentages for M, S, MS and PMS schools are very low. 107. In urban areas, 12.61 per cent of P schools, 21.39 per cent of PM schools, 19.99 per cent of MS schools and 11.97 per cent of PMS schools run in shifts. The percentages of schools that run in shifts in urban areas are fairly high.
108. The percentage of schools sharing buildings in rural areas is very low but the figure for urban areas is fairly high (11.28 per cent).
109. In the rural areas, 66.97 per cent of the buildings of the primary sections are owned by the school managements, 7.26 per cent are hired and 25.77 per cent are not owned but are available free of rent. In the urban areas, 50.89 per cent of the buildings of primary sections are owned, 38.36 per cent are hired and 10.75 per cent are not owned but are available on a rent-free basis.
110. For middle sections in rural areas, the percentages of buildings which are 'owned', 'rented' and 'not owned but rent free' are 74.16, 10.88 and 14.96 respectively. The corresponding percentages for urban areas are 65.96, 27.99 and 6.05 respectively.
111. For secondary sections, the percentages of buildings in rural areas which are 'owned', 'rented' and 'not owned but rent free' are 72.19, 16.94 and 10.86. In urban areas, these percentages are 66.79, 28.34 and 4.86 respectively.
112. In rural areas 1,85,044 (45.00 per cent) primary sections have facilities for playgrounds. These include 28.64 per cent of the primary sections with their own playgrounds and 16.37 per cent which have the facilities for playgrounds but these are not owned by the school managements.
113. In rural areas 4,584 (28.15 per cent) secondary sections have hostel facilities in their own villages. The percentages vary from 3.47 per cent in Jammu & Kashmir to 77.33 per cent in Orissa.
114. In rural areas 5.71 per cent of the students on the rolls in secondary sections reside in hostels. The percentages are very low in almost all States except in Orissa (21.04) and West Bengal (14.47).