PREFACE
The present survey is the fourth in series of all-India educational surveys. The first survey was conducted by the Ministry of Education in 1957 with the main aim of indentifying rural habitations with and without schooling facility so that areas where new schools would need to be established could be mapped. The second survey was conducted by the NCERT in 1965. Its scope was enlarged and the facilities available in the existing schools were also studied in detail. Certain special surveys such as, of Junior Technical Schools, of school textbooks, etc. were also taken up as follows-up surveys after the main survey was completed. The third survey which was initiated in 1973 with reference date being 31 December 1973, was much more comprehensive and covered all aspects and levels of education and all types of educational institutions.
So far as school education is concerned, all these surveys have provided comparative data on one very important aspect, namely, availability of facilities for primary, middle and secondary education in the rural habitations of India. Habitations having school facilities in them or within different distance slabs have been enumerated. These four surveys have helped in assessing the progress made in the provision of schooling facilities in rural areas, and also in providing a basis for planning the location of new schools or upgrading of existing schools. They have been unique in the sense that they have provided data not only for the whole country in respect to institutions but also for clusters of population, termed as habitations, served by schools, on a complete enumeration basis.
There is no doubt that statistics collected annually by the Ministry of Education provide data on the number of institutions of different types, enrolment of students by sex and grade and number of trained/untrained teachers in these institutions. These data are however, not sufficient for effective planning of educational facilities, particularly at the elementary and secondary school levels. The past experience has also shown that the survey data are, by and large, more reliable than the educational statistics reported annually. As such, the various tables prepared at the block, district, State and national levels for the fourth survey should prove very useful not only in determining the location of new schools but also for equipping existing schools to a satisfactory level of functioning and for overall planning of school level education. It will not be out of place to mention here that NCERT, in collaboration with the state departments of education, has already initiated a programme, of training the district functionaries in planning of educational facilities at the block level on the basis of the data of this survey.
The work on the fourth survey started in early 1978, soon after the Ministry of Education took a decision to organise a mini-survey to provide data particularly for the planning of elementary education in the Sixth Five Year Plan. By May 1978 most of the States had appointed State Survey Officers, who were entrusted with the responsi- bility of conducting the survey in their respective States. Two schedules, namely, Village Information Form and School Information Form were developed by the Survey and Data Processing Unit. A three- day orientation programme was organised in Delhi in May 1978 to discuss these forms with the State Survey Officers. The Unit also developed blank forms for block tables and guidelines for Survey Officers. These were discussed with the State Survey Officers during a 10-day training programme at Bangalore in June-July 1978. Sarvashri K.N. Hiriyanniah, S.M. Bhargava, C.L.Kaul, R.R. Saxena and D.N.
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Abrol acted as resource persons for this programme. Finally, a brochure, 'Guidelines for Survey Officers' was printed for distribution among survey staff at all levels in the States for their guidance. The forms for block tables were also got printed and the forms for district, State and national tables were developed and finalised.
After the exercise for developing schedules/forms was completed, the main task was that of training survey staff of the States in procedures to be followed for collection, scrutiny and analysis of data at the block level; scrutiny of the block tables (with practical work for at least one block per district); and assisting them in the preparation and scrutiny of the district tables and finalisation of the State tables. Finally, all the State tables were checked and national tables were prepared in the Unit.
While Shri K.N. Hiriyanniah was overall incharge of the project since its inception till July 1979, the responsibility of survey work was divided among the staff members of the Unit by allocating them different States and Union Territories as follows :
S. M. Bhargava and M. K. Gupta-Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Tripura and A & N Islands.
R. R. Saxena, S. C. Mittal and Smt. Manju Trehan - Rajasthan, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Chandigarh and Delhi.
D. N. Abrol and S. G. Bhatkulikar - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and Pondicherry.
Satvir Singh - Assam & Sikkim
K. N. Rao-Nagaland and Manipur
J. K. Gupta - Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.
Some staff members had to visit or scrutinise tables of other States also in addition to those allotted to them. Smt. Manju Trehan compiled the States tables of Lakshadweep; there being no separate Survey Officer for this Union Territory.
For preparation of national tables, the following three groups were formed
(i) S. M. Bhargava (Convener), S. C. Mittal, Smt. Manju Trehan National Tables 1-48 (corresponding to State Tables 1-46)
(ii) K. N. Hiriyanniah (Convener), K. N. Rao, M. K. Gupta-National Tables 49-111 (corresponding to States Tables 47-96)
(iii) C.L. Kaul (Convener), S. G. Bhatkulikar and J.K. Gupta-National Tables 112-172. (corresponding to State Tables 97-139).
They were assisted by a team of Junior Project Fellows in this work. A preliminary report of the survey entitled 'Fourth All-India Educational Survey-Some Statistics on School Education' containing some important tables on school facilities, enrolments and teachers, was prepared soon after the national tables were ready and was published in July 1980.
All the staff members have been involved in the drafting of the present report and the work was divided among them as follows
Chapter I, II and III Shri K.N. Hiriyanniah
Chapter IV Shri K.N. Rao
Chapter V Shri S.M. Bhargava
Chapter VI Shri C.L. Kaul
Chapter VII Dr.S.G. Bhatkuliar
Chapter VIII Shri S.C Mittal
Chapter IX Shri M.K Gupta
Chapter X Shri Satvir Singh, Shri J.K. Gupta
Shri O.P. Arora & Smt. M. Trehan
Chapter XI Shri K.N. Hiriyanniah
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Chapter XII (Summary of the Findings) was prepared jointly by all the staff members.
The draft chapters were finanlised by me with the assistance of Shri K. N. Hiriyanniah, who also shared with me the responsibility of editing the report. I am thankful to all my colleagues in the Survey & Data Processing Unit who dedicated themselves fully to this task and completed it successfully. The other staff in the Unit extended full cooperation in providing secretarial assistance and doing other work relating to the survey such as filing of papers, despatch of material to States, typing and duplication of draft chapters, etc. I am very grateful to them for their assistance and co-operation.
Finally, I take this opportunity of thanking Dr. Shib K. Mitra, Director, NCERT for providing valuable guidance and support in the organisation of the survey. I am also indebted to Dr. T. N. Dhar, Joint Director, NCERT, and Dr. A. N. Bose, the former Joint Director, for taking keen interest in the survey and providing valuable advice at various stages of the work. I am also grateful to the Publication Department of NCERT for its cooperation and assistance in the printing of various documents and materials relating to the survey and for getting this report published very expeditiously.
A.B. L. SRIVASTAVA
Professor and Head
Survey and Data
Processing Unit
Project staff
Head
Dr. A.B.L. Srivastava
Reader
Shri K. N. Hiriyanniah
Lecturers
Shri S.M. Bhargava Dr.Satvir Singh
Shri C. L. Kaul Dr.S.G. Bhatkulikar
Shri R. R. Saxena (till October 1979) Shri K.N Rao (till July 1980 )
Dr. D. N. Abrol (till June 1979) Shri J.K. Gupta
Research Associates
Shri S. C. Mittal Shri O.P.Arora
Shri M. K. Gupta Smt. Manju Trehan
Contents
FOREWARD V
PREFACE vii
Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1
Educational Surveys; Preparation of schedules;
State Survey Units; Training of State Survey
Officers; Training programmes in States.
Chapter II EARLIER SURVEYS 5
First All-India Educational Survey; Second
All-India Educational Survey; Third All-India
Educational Survey; Findings of the three
surveys a comparative picture of the findings.
Chapter III OBJECTIVES AND ORGANISATION OF THE 9
FOURTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
Objectives; Items of information; Concepts and
definitions; Organisation of the survey.
Chapter IV HABITATIONS IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS 12
Rural habitations; Urban habitations;
Habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Chapter V PRIMARY EDUCATION 15
Findings of the First, Second and Third Surveys;
Findings of the Fourth Survey-Educational
facilities; Facilities in habitations predominantly
populated by Scheduled Castes, Villages, S.C
population and facility for primary stages;
Facilities in habitations predominantly
populated by Scheduled Tribes; Villages; ST
population and facility for primary stage;
Statewise analysis; Primary Sections; Primary
schools; Teachers in primary schools; Primary
sections by management; Primary sections
vis-a-vis population; Size of primary sections;
Teachers and primary sections; Pupil-teacher ratio
in primary sections; Enrolment in classes I-V;
Enrolment indices; Age-specific enrolment
ratios; Girls enrolment; Distribution of
enrolment in classes I-V; Enrolment by
management; SC enrolment in classes I-V; ST
enrolment in classes I-V.
Chapter VI EDUCATION AT MIDDLE STAGE 53
Findings of the First, Second and Third Surveys;
Findings of the Fourth Survey-Educational
facilities; Statewise analysis; Facilities in
habitations predominantly populated by
Scheduled Castes; Villages, SC population and
facility for education at middle stage;
Facilities in habitations
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predominantly populated by Scheduled Tribes;
Villages, ST population and facility for education
at middle stage; Middle schools; Middle sections;
Enrolment in classes VI-VIII; Distribution of
enrolment in classes VI-VIII; SC and ST enrolment
in classes VI-VIII; Age-specific enrolment ratios.
Chapter VII SECONDARY AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION 74
Secondary stage-Educational facilities; Facilities
in habitations predominantly populated by SC
and ST; Statewise analysis, Higher secondary stage
Educational facilities; Facilities in
habitations predominantly populated by SC and ST;
Statewise analysis; Villages, SC population and
facility for secondary and higher secondary
education; Villages, ST population and facility for
secondary and higher secondary education;
Secondary sections; Higher secondary sections;
Secondary schools; Higher Secondary schools;
Enrolment in class IX and onwards; SC and ST
enrolment in class IX and onwards; Enrolment
in Pre-University classes attached to degree
colleges; Pupil-teacher ratio at secondary
and higher secondary stages.
Chapter VIII TEACHERS 119
Teachers in primary, middle, secondary and higher
secondary schools-Sanctioned posts; Teachers in
position; SC and ST teachers; Teachers working in
schools under various managements; Tenure of
service; Teachers working at primary, middle,
secondary and higher secondary stages-
Qualifications and training;
Women teachers working at various stages.
Chapter IX SCHOOL BUILDINGS 145
School buildings in primary, middle, secondary
and higher secondary schools; Ownership; Types of
buildings; Facilities available.
Chapter X FACILITIES 163
Library; Book-bank; Black-boards; Furniture;
Playgrounds; Sports and games material; Incentives;
Medical check-up; Contingency fund; Road facility;
Distance from Inspectors' office.
Chapter XI NON-FORMAL EDUCATION 191
Villages with non-formal education centres for
age-groups 6-14, 14+-35, Above 35; Participants.
Chapter XII SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 196
TABLES (1-172) 203
APPENDICES 957
1. Village Information Form 959
2. School Information Form 964
3. Educational Pattern in the States 980
4. List of State Survey Officers. 982
List of Tables
Table No. Title Page
1. Population in Rural Areas as per 1971 Census 204
2. Population in Urban Areas as per 1971 Census 206
3. Habitations and Estimated Population in the Rural Areas 208
4. Estimated Child Population (in thousands) under
Various Age-groups 210
5. Habitations in Various Population Slabs 212
6. Population of the Rural Habitations in Various
Population Slabs 214
7. Rural Habitations Predominanly Populated by
Scheduled Castes in Various Population Slabs 216
8. Population of the Rural Habitations Predominantly
Populated by Scheduled Castes in Various
Population Slabs 218
9. Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by Scheduled
Tribes in Various Population Slabs 220
10. Popoulation of the Rural Habitations Predominantly
Populated by Scheduled Tribes in Various Population
Slabs 222
11. Rural Habitations With and Without Primary
Schools/Sections 224
12. Statewise Rural Habitations With and Without
Primary Schools/Sections 226
13. Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Castes With and Without Primary
Schools/Sections 232
14. Statewise Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated
by Scheduled Castes With and Without Primary
Schools/Sections 234
15. Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Tribes With and Without Primary
Schools/Section 240
16. Statewise Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated
by Scheduled Tribes With and Without Primary
Schools/Sections 242
17. Statewise Rural Habitations Served by Primary Sections 248
18. Rural Habitations With and Without Middle
Schools/Sections 250
19. Statewise Rural Habitations With and Without
Middle Schools/Sections 252
20. Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Castes With and Without Middle Schools/
Sections 258
21. Statewise Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Castes With and Without Middle Schools/
Sections 260
22. Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Tribes With and Without Middle Schools/
Sections 266
23. Statewise Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Tribes With and Without Middle Schools/
Sections 268
24. Statewise Rural Habitations Served by Middle Sections 274
25. Rural Habitations With and Without Secondary Schools/
Sections 276
26. Statewise Rural Habitations With and Without
Secondary Schools/Sections 278
27. Rural Habitations Predominanly Populated by Scheduled
Castes With and Without Secondary Schools/Sections 284
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28. Statewise Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Castes With and Without Secondary Schools/
Sections 286
29. Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Tribes With and Without Secondary
Schools/Sections 292
30. Statewise Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated
by Scheduled Tribes With and Without Secondary
Schools/Sections 294
31. Statewise Rural Habitations Served by Secondary
Sections 300
32. Rural Habitations With and Without Higher
Secondary Schools/Intermediate Junior Colleges/PUC 302
33. Statewise Rural Habitations With and Without Higher
Secondary Schools/Intermediate/Junior Colleges/PUC 304
34. Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Castes With and Without Higher
Secondary Schools/Intermediate/Junior Colleges/PUC 310
35. Statewise Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated
by Scheduled Castes With and Without Higher
Secondary Schools/Intermediate/Junior Colleges/PUC 312
36. Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Tribes With and Without Higher
Secondary Schools/Intermediate/Junior Colleges/PUC 318
37. Statewise Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Tribes With and Without Higher
Secondary Schools/Intermediate/Junior Colleges/PUC 320
38. Rural Habitations Served by Higher Secondary
Schools/Intermediate/Junior Colleges/PUC 326
39. Rural Habitations according to School/Classes
and Population Slabs 328
40. Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Castes according to School/Classes and
Population Slabs 330
41. Rural Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Tribes according to School/Classes and
Population Slabs 332
42. Villages in Various Population Slabs according to
Proportion of Scheduled Caste Population and
Availability of Educational Facilities 334
43. Villages in Various Population Slabs according to
Proportion of Scheduled Tribes Population and
Availability of Educational Facilities 338
44. Villages according to Facilities for Non-formal
Education 342
45. Statewise Villages with Non-formal Education Centres 344
46. Villages according to Number of Participants in
Non-formal Education Centres 348
47. Statewise Villages according to Number of Participants
in Non-formal Education Centres 350
48. Number of Participants in Non-formal Education Centres 354
49. Schools according to Sections and Management in Rural
and Urban Areas 358
50. Statewise Schools according to Sections in Rural and
Urban Areas 360
51. Incomplete Schools under Various Managements 368
52. Statewise Incomplete Schools in Rural and Urban Areas 370
53. Schools according to Area, Management and Type 378
54. Statewise Schools according to Area and Type 380
55. Statewise Schools according to Management 388
56. Rural Schools according to Types of Roads passing
within 1.5 Kilometres 392
57. Rural Schools according to Distance from Railway
Station/Bus-stop 392
58. Schools according to Distance from the Office of
Inspecting Officer 394
59. Schools according to Types of Buildings 396
60. Statewise Schools according to Types of Buildings 400
61. Schools according to Ownership of Building 416
62. Statewise Schools according to Ownership of Building 418
63. Primary Schools according to Covered Area 434