TEACHERS
TEACHERS play a vital role in the improvement of the quality of education. In any assessment of the educational system, it is important to know whether there are enough teachers, who are not only well-qualified to teach the different subjects, but are also able to cope with the changing curriculum and growth in knowledge. It is important to know about the facilities that exist for upgrading their knowledge and improving their skills of teaching in their jobs. Fur- ther, since the teacher is looked upon as an agent of change in rural areas, where he can play a useful role in removing class prejudices, bringing about a social reform, it is a matter of concern to study what new roles he can play in a transforming society, how well he is equipped for the purpose and what facilities exist for his training.
In our country problem of non-availability of well qualified and adequately trained teachers is serious, specially in rural areas. Efforts were made to study the adequacy and qualifications of teachers teaching at school stage in each of the three All-India Educational Surveys completed earlier. In the Third Survey, a separate questionnaire was used for teachers and a lot of valuable data was collected on several aspects. In the present survey, teacher information has been collected on limited variables through School Information Form.
There are 6,34,144 recognised schools in the country (as on 30.9.78) of which 4,74,636 are primary, 1, 12, 404 middle, 36, 675 secondary and 10,429 higher secondary schools. In all, these schools have 30,01,726 sanctioned teaching posts of which 29,40,337 (97.95%) are filled. Of these teachers, 20,60,527 (70.08%) are working in rural schools. As per Third Survey (31.12.73) there were 5,89,031 schools and 26,90,399 sanctioned teaching posts of which 26,25,408 (97.58%) were filled. Thus it is observed that there is an increase of 7.66% in schools and 12.00% in teachers since the Third Survey. Amongst the sanctioned posts, 21,11,788 (70.35%) are in rural schools and the rest 29.65% in urban schools as per present survey. In urban schools the percentage of filled posts is a little more (98.86%) compared to rural schools (97.57%). The women teachers constitute only 26.90% (7,91,037) of the working teachers. It is interesting to point out that among the rural teachers there are only 18.42% women teachers while in urban schools this percentage is 46.76. In the Third Survey, the percentage of woman teachers was slightly less, 25.14%.
From the professional competence point of view, the teachers have been separated in two groups, trained and untrained. Of the total 29,40,337 teachers working, 86.63% (25,47,033) are trained and remaining 13.37% are untrained. In the Third Survey about 14.65% teachers were untrained. In rural and urban areas there is not much difference in proportion of trained teachers as 86.50% teachers in rural schools and 86.93% in urban schools are trained. In terms of professional competence there is not much difference between male and female teachers, as 86.32% male and 87.47% female teachers are trained. In the Third Survey also the position was similar as 82.5% male and 84.7% female teachers were trained.
As regards the service conditions of teachers, information has been collected about the permanent and non-permanent teachers. Of the total teachers, 76.49% (22,49,124) are permanent and 23.51 % non- permanent. Further, in terms of representation of backward classes among teachers, it is observed that there are only 2,00,307 (6.81%) teachers belonging to Scheduled Castes and 1,01,928 (3.47%) belonging to Scheduled Tribes. The percentage of teachers belonging to SC and ST was 7.22 and 3.36, respectively during the Third Survey.
120 FOURTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
Academically the urban teachers possess higher qualifications than rural teachers. Amongst the rural teachers 12,56,737 (60.99%) are matriculate or less qualified and remaining 39.01% above matriculate, while these percentage in urban areas are 42.77 and 57.23, respectively.
8.1 Teachers in primary schools In this survey efforts have been made to know the gap between sanctioned and actual strength of teachers in schools, schools without any teacher, single teacher schools, distribution of teachers in schools in different managements, Scheduled Castes/Tribe teachers, part time/full time teachers, trained/untrained teachers and the tenure of service of teachers, etc., which is being discussed in the following paragraphs.
8.1.1 Teachers in position and sanctioned posts There are 4,74,636 primary schools in the country of which 4,31,602 (90.93%) are in rural areas. Amongst the rural schools, 92.16% (3,97,751) have reported no difference between the number of teachers working in them and the number of sanctioned posts. Further, 6.24% (26,928) schools reported less working teachers; than the sanctioned posts in them and the remaining, 1.60% schools have more teachers working in them than the sanctioned posts. In urban areas, in 87.92%, schools number of teachers is same as the sanctioned posts in them, while in 9.00% there are less teachers and the remaining 3.08% schools have more teachers, than the sanctioned posts.
Further, it is observed that in rural areas there are578 schools for which `No' teaching posts are sanctioned. Of these, only 10 schools are without any teachers in real sense, and the remaining schools have one or more working teachers with them. In urban areas there are only 16 such schools and all have one or more working teachers in each. This peculiar situation exists in few States, where some schools work as `Branch Schools' attached to another school in the same village. Teachers working in main schools are being deputed in these branch schools to teach, but they are on regular staff of the main schools. Hence. for these branch schools no separate posts are sanctioned as reported at the time of the Survey.
STATEMENT 8.1
Primary schools according to sanctioned posts and teachers in
position
Schools Rural Urban Total
1 2 3 4
Having equal number of 3,97,751 37,834 4,35,585
sanctioned posts and (92.16) (87.92)
teachers in position
Having more sanctioned 26,928 3,872 30,800
posts than the number (6.24) (9.00)
of teachers in position
Having more teachers in 6,923 1,328 8,251
Position than the number (1.60) (3.08)
of sanctioned posts
Total 4,31,602 43,034 4,74,636
(100.00) (100.00)
Note : Figures within parentheses indicate percentages.
TEACHER 121
It is interesting to note that in rural areas there are 2,815 schools having one or more posts sanctioned but no teachers are actually working in them while this number is only 112 in urban areas. Of these schools without any teacher working, 11 in rural and 14 in urban schools have 6 to 10 posts sanctioned and one in rural and 7 is urban schools have even more than 10 posts sanctioned. In rural 35.46% (1,53,036) schools have upto one post sanctioned but actually 37.58% (1,62,203) schools have one teacher working in each school. In urban there are 5.88% (2,530) such schools i.e. with one post sanctioned but in 6.34% (2,728) schools one teacher is working. Thus, in all, 1,64,931 (34.75%) primary schools are `Single Teacher Schools'. There are 419 schools in rural areas having 1 to 5 posts sanctioned but actually more than 10 teachers are working in each of those schools while in urban there are only 15 such schools.
It is further observed that percentage-wise there is not much difference in schools with posts sanctioned 1 to 5, 6 to 10 and more than 10, and the total schools with such number of teachers actually working. In rural areas 94.33% schools have 1 to 5 posts, 4.93% have 6 to IO posts and 0.61 % have more than 10 posts sanctioned, while 93.87%, 4.78% and 0.70% schools have respectively the same number of teachers working. The same trend is observed in urban areas.
In rural areas schools with `No teacher' are mostly found in the States which account for 99.86% of such schools, and the remaining 0.14% schools are equally distributed between Union Territories of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Pondicherry. In states maximum proportion of such schools is found in Uttar Pradesh (20.88%). In urban areas also all such schools are in the States only, of which highest percentage is found in Bihar Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, each having 18.75% of such schools.
STATEMENT 8.2
Schools according to teachers
Posts
sanctioned Teachers in schools
in schools Rural Urban
Zero 1-5 6-10 More Total Zero 1-5 6-10 More Total
than than
10 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Zero 10 568 - - 578 - 16 - - 16
(0.13) (0.03%)
1-5 2803 403157 711 419 407090 91 23809 357 15 24272
(94.33) (56.41)
6-10 11 1379 19793 137 21320 14 717 12795 211 13737
(4.93) (31.93)
More 1 16 130 2467 2614 7 12 691 4299 5009
than 10 (0.61) (11.63)
Total 2825 405120 20634 3023 431602 112 24554 13843 4525 43034
(0.65) (93.87) (4.78) (0.70) (100) (0.26) (57.05) (32.17) (10.52) (100)
Note : Figures within parentheses indicate percentages.
122 FOURTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
8.1.2 Teachers working: There are 12,87,499 teachers working in Primary schools which constitutes 98.01% of the sanctioned posts. Taking into account all teachers teaching at school stags in the country, the primary school teachers represent 43.79%. There are 10,26,830 teachers working in rural schools. Further it is observed that more posts in rural schools are vacant than in urban schools, as 97.81% posts in rural areas and 98.82% posts in urban areas are filled. Schools run by government in rural as well urban areas have less posts filled than the schools run by other managements. Management-wise, the schools run by local bodies have maximum teachers (55.82%) followed by Government schools (32.54%), private aided schools (8.80%) and private unaided schools (2.84%).
In States, only Tripura has 100% posts filled, while Assam, Jammu & Kashmir Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Punjab and Tamil Nadu have above 99% filled posts. Another five States e.g. Haryana, Maha- rashtra, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal have 98% to 99% posts filled which is also more than all-India percentage, it being 98.01%. The remaining nine States have between 94% to 97.85% filled posts, the minimum being in Karnataka (94.01%) and maximum in Rajasthan (97.85%) in this group. Among the Union Territories, Lakshadweep has more teachers working than sanctioned posts, thus 101.77% filled posts, followed by Mizoram (99.68%), Chandigarh (99.32%), Goa, Daman & Diu (98.86%) and Dadra & Nagar Haveli (98.74%). The remaining Union Terri- tories, e.g., A & N Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi and Pondicherry have 95.89% 96.38%, 97.20% and 97.59% filled posts, respectively.
STATEMENT 8.3
Posts sanctioned and teachers working in primary schools according to management
Management Manage-
Rural Urban Total ment-wise
Sanctioned Working Sanctioned Working Sanctioned Working Percentage
of Teachers
Working
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Government 367915 356063 63810 62873 431725 418936 32.54
(96.77) (98.53) (97.03)
Local body 620488 610280 109691 108354 730179 718634 55.82
(98.35) (98.78) (98.41)
Private 51249 50402 63521 62907 114770 113309 8.80
aided (98.34) (99.03) (98.72)
Private 10204 10085 26753 26535 36957 36620 2.84
unaided (98.83) (99.18) (99.08)
Total 1049856 1026830 263775 260669 1313631 1287499 100.00
(97.81) (98.82) (98.01)
Note : Figures within parentheses indicate percentages of working teachers to sanctioned posts in each category.
TEACHERS 123
STATEMENT 8.4
SC and ST teachers in primary schools
Area Total Teachers SC Teachers ST Teachers
Full-Time Part-Time Total Full-Time Part-time Total Full-Time Part-Time Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Rural 1026038 792 1026830 98395 37 98432 58613 84 58697
(99.92) (0.08) (9.58) (5.71)
Urban 259121 1548 260669 17427 49 17476 3379 10 3389
(99.40) (0.60) (6.70) (1.30)
Total 1285159 2340 1287499 115822 86 115908 61992 94 62086
(99.81) (0.19) (9.00) (4.82)
Note: Figures within parentheses indicate percentages to total teachers in each area.
8.1.3Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and Part-time Teachers There are 9.00% Scheduled Caste and 4.82% Scheduled Tribe teachers in primary schools. Rural schools have more SC and ST teachers, i.e. 9.58% and 5.71% respectively, than urban schools, their percentage being 6.70 and 1.30, respectively.
Further, it is observed that most of the teachers in rural as well urban schools work as full-time teachers, as only 0.08% in former and 0.60% in latter are part-time teachers. A very neglible number of teachers belonging to SC and ST are working as part-time teachers.
In States, the following have more SC teachers than All-India percentage of 9.00 in which Tamil Nadu (14.83%) tops the list followed by Andhra Pradesh (11.26%), Gujarat (10.85%), Uttar Pradesh (10.67%), Himachal Pradesh (10.23%), Maharashtra. (10.11%). and Madhya Pradesh (9.54%). There was no SC teacher in Nagaland. In remaining States, the percentage of SC teachers is less than 9.00. None of the Union Territory has 9.00% SC teachers and Lakshadweep is the only Union Territory not having even single SC teacher. As regards teachers belonging to ST, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab and Pondicherry are without any such teachers, while Meghalaya, Nagaland and Mizoram have above 95% such teachers. Further, about 52% teachers in Lakshadweep, 45% in Dadra & Nagar Haveli, 44% in Manipur, 26% in Sikkim, 17% in Arunachal Pradesh, 13% in Tripura and Gujarat each and 12% in Assam belong to ST. The rest of the States and Union Territories have less than 10% ST Teachers of which Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Chandigarh, Delhi, and Goa, Daman & Diu have less than 1% ST teachers.
124 FOURTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
STATEMENT 8.5
Teachers according to tenure of service in primary schools
Management Rural Urban Total
Permanent Non-permanent Permanent Non-permanent Permanent Non-permanent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Government 268447 87616 47968 14905 316415 102521
(75.40) (24.60) (76.30) (23.70) (75.53) (24.47)
Local body 476020 134260 87455 20899 563475 155159
(78.00) (22.00) (80.72) (19.28) (78.41) (21.59)
Private aided 43910 6492 53682 9225 97592 15717
(87.12) (12.88) (85.34) (14.66) (86.13) (13.87)
Private unaided 4003 6082 15813 10722 19816 16804
(39.70) (60.30) (59.60) (40.40) (54.12) (45.88)
Total 792380 234450 204918 55751 997298 290201
(77.17) (22.83) (78.62) (21.38) (77.46) (22.54)
Note : Figures within parentheses indicate percentages w.r.t. total teachers in each category.
8.1.4 Tenure of service of teachers Service conditions of the teachers in government and local body schools are expected to be same, more or less, and their jobs are more secure. The teachers working in private aided schools also enjoy certain benefits as per government directions. But as there is no control over the private unaided schools, the teachers there work under insecure conditions of jobs. It is evident from the fact that though as a whole 77.46% teachers in primary schools are permanent, this percentage in private unaided schools is only 54.12. In private aided schools this percentage is highest (86.13%) followed by local body schools (78.41%) and government schools (75.53%), respectively. The insecurity of job is more in rural areas than urban areas. In rural schools though 77.17% teachers are permanent, but only 39.70% teachers working in private unaided schools are permanent. In urban areas the position is slightly better as 59.60% teachers working in private unaided schools are permanent. It is observed that teachers working in private aided schools have more security of job than their counterparts working in local body or government schools, the least being in private unaided schools.
8.2 Teachers in middle schools
8.2.1 Teachers in position and sanctioned posts There are 1,12,404 middle schools of which 94,180 (83.79%) are in rural areas. Of these schools 87.38% (98,209) have reported having same number of teachers in position as the number of posts sanctioned in them. Further, 9.92% (11,150) have less teachers and remaining 2.70% have more teachers than the number of sanctioned posts. It is observed that percentage wise there are more schools in rural areas with fewer teachers working than the sanctioned posts, while in urban areas there are more schools with teachers in excess of the sanctioned posts.
TEACHERS 125
STATEMENT 8.6
Middle schools according to posts sanctioned and teachers in position
Schools Rural Urban Total
1 2 3 4
Having equal number of 82330 15879 98209
sanctioned posts and teachers (87.42) (87.14) (87.38)
in position
Having more sanctioned posts 9627 1523 11150
than the number of teachers (10.22) (8.35) (9.92)
in position
Having more teachers in position 2223 822 3045
than the number of (2.36) (4.51) (2.70)
sanctioned posts
Total 94180 18224 112404
(100.00) (100.00) (100.00)