FACILITIES 169
STATEMENT 10.10
Percentage of schools having textbook bank according to management
Percentage of schools having textbook bank
Management Primary Middle Secondary Hr. Secondary
Government 32.80 48.27 73.94 85.87
Local body 44.58 57.68 81.47 86.99
Private aided 53.37 49.00 62.21 81.65
Private unaided 21.24 62.77 46.72 60.32
Total 40.01 52.66 66.94 82.78
It is interesting to note that in secondary and higher secondary schools, textbook banks are available in larger proportion of schools in rural areas than in their counterparts in urban areas. This may be due to the liberal grants given by Government to schools in the rural areas to help the economically backward students of the community. The position is completely reversed in case of primary and middle schools where proportion of schools having textbook banks is higher in urban areas.
Considering this aspect management-wise, it is observed that the primary schools under private aided management have highest proportion (53.37%) of schools with textbook banks. In the case of middle schools, it is the private unaided schools, which have highest percentage (62.77%) with a textbook bank. But at the secondary and higher secondary level, the school under local bodies emerge to be the best where the percentages of schools with textbook banks are 81.47 and 86.99 respectively.
Tamil Nadu, Tripura and Dadra & Nagar Haveli have got textbook banks in more than 90% of the primary schools. Haryana, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, A & N Islands and Chandigarh are other States and Union Territories which have got this facility in more than 75% of the schools. The scheme of textbook banks in primary schools does not seem to have been implemented in Bihar, Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Lakshadweep.
All middle schools in Tripura have got textbook banks. Haryana, Tamilnadu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli have got this facility in more than 90% of the schools whereas Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, A & N Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi, Goa, Daman & Diu and Pondicherry have textbook banks in more than 75% of the middle schools. There is no such facility at all in the middle schools of Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh and Lakshadweep.
All secondary schools in Tripura and Dadra & Nagar Havali have got the facility of textbook banks. Haryana and Tamil Nadu have got textbook banks in more than 90% of the schools. The remaining States having this facility in more than 75% of the secondary schools are Andhra Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Meghalaya, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, A & N Islands, Delhi and Pondicherry. The Union Territories of Arunachal Pradesh and Lakshadweep do not have textbook banks in any of the secondary schools.
All the higher secondary schools in Tripura, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep have got textbook banks. Haryana, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi are other States which have reported textbook banks in more than 90% of the higher secondary schools.
It seems that the scheme of textbook banks has not been introduced in Arunachal Pradesh. It may be perhaps due to the provision of free supply of textbooks to students studying at various school stages.
170 FOURTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
10.3 Blackboards and supply of chalks It is needless to emphasise the utility of blackboards in classroom teaching. In a poor country like India which cannot afford to provide every school in the country with sophisticated audio-visual aids, blackboards are the only visual aids available. Survey figures reveal that a large number of schools do not even have adequate number of blackboards.
10.3.1 Primary schools Of the 4,74,636 primary schools only 2,86,095 (60.28%) have reported having adequate number of blackboards in them. The corresponding figures for rural and urban areas separately are 58.53 and 78.05, respectively. This clearly indicates that the schools in rural areas are inadequately equipped in respect of blackboards as compared to the schools in urban areas. Analysing management-wise, it is observed that the percentage of schools with adequate blackboards is highest (80.68) among the private aided schools and the lowest (53.69) among the government schools.
STATEMENT 10.11
Percentage of schools having adequate number of blackboards and continuous supply of chalks in
rural and urban areas
Percentage of schools having
Adequate number of blackboards Continuous supply of chalk
Area Primary Middle Secondary and Primary Middle Secondary and
Hr. Secondary Hr. Secondary
Rural 58.50 78.45 89.53 89.82 93.73 96.60
Urban 78.05 90.39 89.67 92.53 94.67 95.57
Total 60.28 80.39 89.58 90.07 93.88 96.25
STATEMENT 10.12
Percentage of schools having adequate number of blackboards and continuous supply of chalks under
different managements
Percentage of schools having
Adequate number of blackboards Continuous supply of chalks
Management Primary Middle Secondary and Primary Middle Secondary and
Hr. Secondary Hr. Secondary
Government 53.69 72.12 83.85 87.71 91.00 92.58
Local body 62.83 83.36 85.74 91.46 96.05 95.10
Private aided 80.68 90.46 92.88 94.93 95.88 98.31
Private unaided 76.62 91.02 94.68 86.27 93.82 97.19
Total 60.28 80.39 89.58 90.07 93.88 96.25
FACILITIES 171
Gujarat, Chandigrah and Dadra & Nagar Haveli have adequate number of blackboards in all the primary schools, Jammu & Kashmir (85.33%), Karnataka (85.43%). Kerala (92.54%), Tamil Nadu (87.16%), Delhi (93.46%), Goa, Daman & Diu (85.49%) and Lakshadweep (88.24%) are other States which have this facility in most of the schools. Among the remaining States Assam (21.47%), Meghalaya (32.11%) and Sikkim (38.13%) have adequate number of blackboards in less than 40% schools. The position of supply of chalks in primary schools may be considered satisfactory as more than 90% of them have continuous supply of chalks. There is not much difference on this aspect between rural and urban schools. Managementwise, it is found that the proportion of schools having continuous supply of chalks varies from 86.27% (private unaided schools) to 94.93% (private aided schools).
All the primary schools in Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, West Bengal, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep have reported having continuous supply of chalks closely followed by Tripura (99.43%), Arunachal Pradesh (99.18%), Maharashtra (98.71%) and Delhi (98.02%). The percentage of such schools is the lowest (40.80) in Sikkim.
10.3.2 Middle schools The proportion of middle schools with adequate number of blackboards is 80.39% which is much higher than that existing in primary schools. But the gap between rural and urban areas is quite large which shows the superiority of urban schools over rural ones in respect of availability of blackboards in the middle schools. The proportion of schools with adequate facility of blackboards is the highest (91.02%) among the private unaided schools and the lowest (72.12%) in case of government schools.
Among the States Gujarat, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep have adequate number of blackboards in all ths middle schools. West Bengal (98.02%) and Delhi (90.68%) have reported adequate facility of blackboards in more than 90% of the schools. Tripura has the lowest percentage (41.78%).
Nearly 94% middle schools have continuous supply of chalks in them. No significant difference is observed between rural and urban schools. Also, there is not much variation in the percentage of schools with continuous supply of chalks which are under the different managements, the highest being 96.05 in case of schools under local bodies and 91.00, the lowest for government schools.
Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Tripura, West Bengal Arunachal Pradesh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Laksdweep have the facility of continuous supply of chalks in all the middle schools closely followed by Maha- rashtra (99.65%), Delhi (99.38%) and Goa, Daman & Diu (99.27%). Haryana has the lowest percentage (65.17%).
10.3.3 Secondary and Higher Secondary schools Secondary and Higher Secondary schools in rural and urban areas do not differ much in respect of having adequate number of blackboards. On the whole, nearly 90% schools have this facility adequately. Analysing management-wise, it is found that the pro- portion of schools with adequate blackboards is the highest among the private unaided schools (94.68%) followed by private aided schools (92.88%), schools under local bodies (85.74%) and schools managed by the government (83.85%).
Tripura (68.06%) and Arunachal Pradesh (66.67%) are the only States which have adequate number of blackboards in less than 70% secondary and higher secondary schools. While all the schools in Gujarat, Manipur, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep have this facility, Bihar (94.52%), Karnataka (94.32%), Maharashtra (96.32%), Orissa (93.76%), West Bengal (93.38%) and Delhi (94.24%) have it in more than 90% schools.
Of the 47,104 secondary and higher secondary schools as many as 45,337 (96.25%) have continuous supply of chalks. As in case of middle schools here too, the percentage of schools in rural and urban areas having this facility do not differ widely. Managementwise, the percentage varies from 92.58 in case of government schools to 98.31 in the case of schools under local bodies.
Among the States, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, A & N Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep have continuous Supply of chalks in all the secondary and higher secondary schools. Pondicherry has the lowest percentage (66.67).
10.4 Mats/furniture for students Mats/furniture are one of the essential requirements of a school for its smooth functioning. But it is astonishing that a large number of schools in the
172 FOURTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
country do not have any mats/furniture in them. Prior to this survey no detailed information was available about the number of such schools areawise and management-wise at the national level. For the first time an attempt has been made in this direction. From the survey figures it is observed that about one-fourth of both primary and middle schools are run without mats/furniture in any of the classrooms.
10.4.1 Primary schools Of the 4,74,636 primary schools in the country as many as 1,62,008 (34.13%) are without any mats/ furniture.
Of these 1,54,126 (95.13%) are located in rural and 7,882 (4.87%) in urban areas whereas percentages of primary schools in rural and urban areas are 90.93 and 9.07, respectively. This indicates that the primary schools in rural areas have higher proportion of schools without this facility. The percentage of rural schools without furniture is 35.71 which is almost double the percentage of such schools in urban areas. Further, only 17.30% of the primary schools in rural areas have reported to be having adequate furniture as against 40.63% schools in urban areas. This clearly shows that primary schools in rural areas are much worse in respect of availability of furniture for students.
Considering management-wise, it is observed that the proportion of private schools having this facility is higher than the proportion of schools under government and local bodies both in rural and urban areas.
STATEMENT 10.13
Percentage of primary schools according to availability of mats/ furniture for students
Percentage of schools having
Management no. mats/furniture adequate mats/furniture
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Government 36.54 24.08 35.72 18.95 29.36 19.63
Local body 36.47 19.55 35.34 14.80 38.91 16.40
Private aided 14.79 11.90 13.45 42.47 49.11 45.54
Private unaided 10.28 11.07 10.69 28.38 61.74 45.77
Total 35.71 18.31 34.13 17.30 40.63 19.42
This is evident from the fact that the proportion of private schools without any mats/furniture is about one-third of the proportion in government and local body schools. Further, the proportion of private schools having adequate furniture is more than twice the proportion of such schools among the government and local body schools.
Majority of schools in Bihar. Gujarat and Orissa are without any mats/furniture. Orissa has the highest percentage (71.58) of schools without furniture followed by Gujarat (62.42) and Bihar (60.18). The percentage of schools having adequate furniture in these States is lower than the all-India percentage. Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir and Kerala can be named among the States which have got adequate furniture for students in most of the primary schools. In Dadra & Nagar Haveli, 44.78% of the schools have no furniture at all, The rest of the Union Territories are better placed.
10.4.2 Middle schools Out of 1,12,404 middle schools 26,335 (23.43%) do not have any furniture for students. The corresponding figures for rural and urban areas are 24,120 (25.61 %) and 2,215 (12.15%) respectively. As far as the adequacy of this facility in middle schools is concerned about 30% have reported to be having adequate furniture. The percentage of these schools in rural and urban areas is 26.05 and 47.68 respectively. This clearly indicates that like the primary schools, the middle schools also in rural areas are more disadvantaged in respect of furniture.
FACILITIES 173
STATEMENT 10.14
Percentage of middle schools according to availability of mats/furniture for students
Percentage of schools having
No mats/furniture Adequate mats/furniture
Management Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Government 20.25 12.92 19.25 24.24 32.34 25.35
Local body 38.45 17.99 35.81 18.30 49.00 22.25
Private aided 10.23 7.11 9.51 45.98 56.95 48.51
Private unaided 11.13 5.30 8.72 48.24 69.25 56.93
Total 25.61 12.15 23.43 26.05 47.68 29.55
The pattern of management-wise distribution of middle schools on this aspect is more or less similar to that of primary schools. Here also schools in private sector are better placed as compared to schools in public sector.
Middle schools in Bihar and Gujarat are in no way better placed than the primary schools in them. In these States percentage of middle schools without any furniture is 27.99 and 52.31 respectively. Maharashtra and Punjab are two other States which do not have any furniture for students at all in majority of the middle schools. The percentage of schools having adequate furniture in these States is lower than the all-India average. Jammu & Kashmir and Kerala among the States and A & N Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Delhi and Goa, Daman & Diu among the Union Territories have got adequate furniture in more than 60% of the schools.
10.4.3 Secondary and Higher Secondary schools In the secondary and higher secondary schools about 6% have reported non-availability of any furniture in them whereas 63.73% have adequate furniture. The corresponding figures for rural areas are 6.81% and 59.42%, respectively which shows that larger proportion of schools in rural areas do not have adequate furniture. Again, like primary and middle schools, the secondary and higher secondary schools under private sector are better equipped with furniture than their counterparts in public sector both in rural and urban areas.
STATEMENT 10.15
Percentage of secondary and higher secondary schools according to availability of mats/furniture
for students
Percentage of schools having,
Management No mats/furniture Adequate mats/furniture
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Government 10.07 5.77 8.71 42.37 58.39 48.84
Local body 14.29 8.32 12.84 36.06 55.57 40.80
Private aided 3.63 3.52 3.59 72.09 79.11 74.56
Private unaided 7.59 4.05 5.62 56.50 84.50 73.03
Total 6.81 4.49 6.02 59.42 72.10 63.73
174 FOURTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland and Punjab do not seem to be so well off in the availability of furniture secondary and higher secondary schools as other States are. In these States more than 10% of the schools do not have any furniture at all, and the percentage of schools having adequate furniture in Andhra Pradesh (36.40), Haryana (49.29), Himachal Pradesh (56.52), Madhya Pradesh (48.44), Nagaland (46.81), and Punjab (34.30) is lower than the all-India percentage of 63.73. Gujarat, Maharashtra and Sikkim have got adequate furniture in majority of their schools.
10.5 Availability of chairs for teachers
10.5.1 Primary schools Of the 4,31,602 primary schools in the country, in 84,915 (17.89%) schools no chair has been provided in the classrooms. Amongst these, 82,171 schools belong to rural areas constituting 19.04% of the rural schools and the remaining 2,744 belong to urban areas constituting 6.38% of the urban schools. Among the schools which have got chairs, a large number of them do not have chairs in each and every classroom but only in some of the classrooms. Of these, 43,494 (9.16%) have chairs in not more than one-fifth of the classrooms. In 1,96,737 (41.45%) primary schools chairs have been provided in more than four-fifth of the classrooms. The number of schools with such facility in rural areas is 1,70,752 constituting about two-fifth of the rural primary schools and in urban areas is 25,985 which constitute about 60% of the urban primary schools.
STATEMENT 10.16
Percentage of Primary schools according to availability of chairs for teachers in rural
and urban areas
Percentage of schools in percentage slabs of classes having chair
Area Zero 1-20 21-80 81-100
Rural 19.04 9.42 31.98 39.56
Urban 6.38 6.58 26.66 60.38
Total 17.89 9.16 31.50 41.45