SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
 

12.1 Habitations

1. There are 9,64,664 rural habitations in the country with an estimated rural population of 50,91, 63,428. Of these rural habitations 6,59,662 (68.37%) habitations are in the population slab of 'below 500' and their total population is 13,14,76,660 (25.82%).

2. Out of these rural habitations the number of those predominantly populated by Scheduled Castes is 69,058 and of those predominantly populated by Scheduled Tribes is 1,53,778.

They account for 7. 10% and 15.9% of the total habitations respectively. Further, about 80.9% of the former and 88.4% of the latter are in the population slabs 'below 500'.

3. Urban habitation areas identified in the survey are 3,573 with an estimated population of 13,20,8 1,000.

12.2 Primary education

1. 46.80% rural habitations in the Country are served within the habitation of residence, 80.24% up to 1 km and 93.16% up to 2 km.

2. 78.53% population in rural areas in the country is served within the habitation of residence, 92.82% within 1 km and 97.85% within 2 km.

3. 32,413 habitations with population 300 or more are not served for primary stage up to 1 km. Of these, 42 habitations belong to the population slab '5000 and above', 432 to slab '2000-4999' and 1791 to slab '1000-1999'.

4. in Gujarat, Haryana, Manipur, Nagaland, Punjab, Chandigarh and Delhi more than ninety eight per cent of rural population is served within a walking distance of 1 km.

5. 31.58% habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Castes are served within the habitation of residence, 77.96% up to 1 km and 93.76% up to 2 km.

6. 62.40% population in habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Castes is served within the habitation of residence, 88.94% within 1 km and 97.26% up to 2 km.

7. 2,262 habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Castes and having population 300 or more are unserved up to 1 km. Of these, 4 habitations belongs to the population slab '2000-4999' and 66 to the slab '1000-1999.'

8. 38.05% habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Tribes are served within the habitations of residence, 68.52% up to 1 km. and 83.45% up to 2 km.

9. 63.96% population in habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Tribes is served within the habitation of residence, 82.99% within 1 km and 91.63% within 2 km.

10. 3,953 habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Tribes and having population 300 or more are unserved up to 1 km. Of these, 2 habitations belong to the population slab '5000 and above', 8 to the slab '2000-4999' and 57 to '1000-1999'.

11. There are 5,70,010 primary sections in the country. Of these, 5,08,164 (91.25%) are in rural areas. Of the 5,70,010 primary sections, 4,74,636 (83.27%) are independent primary schools.

12. 34.75% primary schools are single teacher schools. Among States, Jammu & Kashmir has the highest percentage (78.52%) of these schools.

13. 39.16% primary sections are managed by government and 52.12% by local bodies. That is, 91.28% primary sections are under the public sector. The corresponding percentages for the rural areas

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 197

rare 40.51, 54.13 and 94.64, respectively.

14. 61.34% primary sections are with enrolment less than 100. The figures for rural and urban areas are 66.08% and 22.33%, respectively.

15. On an average, there are 2.81 teachers per primary section and the corresponding figures for rural and urban areas are 2.43 and 5.87 respectively.

16. For the primary stage, the pupil-teacher ratio is 41. Rajasthan has the highest pupil-teacher ratio (59) and Manipur the lowest (17).

17. The enrolment in classes I-V is 6,86,02,224 including 2,62,51,230 (38.27%) girls. Enrolment in rural areas is 5,19,31,700 including 1,87,90,75 (36.18%) girls.

18. Of the enrolment in classes I-V, 33.33% is in government schools 51.08% in local body schools 12.59% in private aided schools and 3.00% in private unaided schools.

19. In Kerala, Meghalaya, A & N Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi, Goa, Daman & Diu and Mizoram, girls enrolment is more than 45% of the total enrolment in classes I-V. Meghalaya has the highest percentage (49.33) and Rajasthan the lowest (24.33).

20. The age-specific enrolment ratio for the age-group 6 to below 11 is 64.13 and for boys and girls separately these ratios are 76.27 and 51.28, respectively. The corresponding ratios for rural areas are 61.72, 75.04 and 47.36, respectively and for urban areas are 72.68, 80.71 and 64.72, respectively.

21. Of the total enrolment in classes I-V, 31.42% students are in class I and the corresponding percentages for classes II, III, IV and V are 22.91, 18.55, 14.87 and 12.25, respectively.

22. There are 1,01,06,897 students belonging to Scheduled Castes in classes I-V and constitute 14.73% of the total enrolment in these classes. Of the 1,01,06,897 students, 3,4,72,704 (34.36%) are girls.

23. There are 43,09,060 Scheduled Tribe students including 14,34,618 (33.29%) girls in classes I-V. These constitute 6.28 per cent of the total enrolment in classes I-V.

12.3 Education at middle stage

1. 10.74% rural habitations in the country are served within the habitation of residence, 66.86% up to 3 km and 85.52% upto 5 km.

2. 33.47% population in rural areas is served within the habitation of residence, 78.83% within 3 km and 92.09% within 5 km.

3. 19,106 habitations with population 1000 or more are not served with facilities for education at middle stage within 3 km. Of which 96 have more than 5000 population and another 2,719 habitations are in the population slab 2000-4999.

4. Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab and Tamil Nadu serve more than 80% of population with a middle section within 3 km. Chandigarh, Delhi, Goa, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and Pondicherry among the Union Territories, serve more than 90% population within this distance.

5. 2,479 (3.6%) habitations populated predominantly by Scheduled Castes are served by middle sections within the habitation while 88.4% are served with 5 km.

6. 12.92% of the population of the habitations populated predominantly by Scheduled Castes is served within the habitation while 74.14% population is served within 3 km.

7. Only 6,685 habitations of the 1,53,778 populated predominantly by Scheduled Tribes, are served by middle sections. 56,033 remain unserved within 5 km and 94.56% of them have less than 500 of population.

8. 13.31% population of habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Tribes is served within the habitation of residence while 53.77% and 73.57% are served within distances of 3 km and 5 km, respectively.

9. 83.79% of the total of 1,12,404 middle schools in the country are in rural areas.

10. The percentages of government, local body, private aided and private unaided schools are respectively 40.31, 38.13, 16.90 and 4.66.

11. Co-educational middle schools account for 78.35%, while percentages of boys and girls middle schools are 12.96 and 8.69, respectively.

12. Out of 1,47,250 middle sections, about three-fourth (76.34%), are parts of M (19.10%) and PM (57.24%) schools.

13. The enrolment in classes VI to VIII is 1,79, 58,477 including 58,72,208 (32.70%) girls. Enrolment in rural areas is 1,09,69,60,204 (61.03%) including 30, 49, 879 (27.83%) girls.

14. The age-specific enrolment ratio for the age-group '11 to below 14' is 41.72 and for boys and girls these ratios are 53.44 and 29.29 respectively. The corresponding ratios for rural areas are 37.09, 49.27 and 23.71, and for urban areas 55.00, 66.05 and 44.31, respectively.

15. Of the total enrolment in classes VI to VIII, 9.40% are in class VI while that in classes VII and VIII constitute 32.92% and 27.68%, respectively.

16. Of the enrolment in classes VI to VIII, 33.8.8%

198 FOURTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY

are in government schools, 19.57% in local body schools, 41.47% in private aided schools and 5.08% in private unaided schools.

17. 20,12,412 pupils belonging to scheduled castes are enrolled in classes VI to VIII and constitute 11.21% of the total enrolment of these classes. Of these 5,19,667 (25.82%) are girls.

18. 6,09,154 Scheduled Tribe pupils including 1,64,310 (26.97%) girls are in classes VI to VIII. They constitute 3.39% of the total enrolment.

19. The percentage of girls in classes VI to VIII is the highest in Kerala (46.87%) followed by Meghalaya (45.68%), Nagaland (42.24%) and Tripura 40.27%). It is the lowest in Rajasthan (18.96%). Among the Union Territories girls percentage is highest in Mizoram (45.96%) followed by Chandigarh (44.89%) and Goa, Daman and Diu (44.39%) Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest percentage (29.01%).

12.4 Secondary and higher secondary education

1. At secondary stage 72.54% habitations are served by secondary sections within 8 km including 3.06% habitations with secondary in them.

2. In terms of population 82.18% of the population is served by secondary sections within 8 km including 14.58% that have secondary sections in their own habitations.

3. In Punjab, Kerala, Haryana, West Bengal, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Chandigarh, Pondicherry and Goa, Daman & Diu, more than 90% habitations are served by secondary sections within 8 kms.

4. Out of 69, 638 habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Castes, 77.61% are served by secondary sections within 8 km including 1.05% which have this facility within them.

5. The population of habitations predominantly populated by scheduled castes served by secondary sections within 8 km is 82.96% including 4.54% having secondary section with them.

6. There are 42.61% habitations out of 1,53,778 predominantly populated by Scheduled Tribes which are served by secondary sections within 8 kms including 0.76% which have this facility within the habitation.

7. The population of habitations predominantly populated by scheduled tribes which are served by secondary sections is 42.61% including 0.76% having secondary sections within. their own habitation.

8. The habitations served by higher secondary sections within 8 km are 36.55% including 0.49% having this facility in them.

9. The percentage of rural population served within 8 km by higher secondary sections is 41.08 including 2.78% population served within the habitation.

10. In West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Chandigarh and Pondicherry more than 60% population is served by higher secondary sections with 8 km.

11. Among the habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Castes 44.83% are served by higher secondary sections within 8 km including 0. 13% served with them.

12. The population of habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Castes served by higher secondary sections within 8 km is 50.15% including 0.60% population served within habitation.

13. Out of habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Tribes 15.26% are served by higher secondary sections within 8 km including 0.08% having this facility within them.

14. The population of habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Tribes is 18.80% which is served by higher secondary sections within 8 km including 0.44% served within the habitation.

15. Of the 44,650 secondary sections in the country 66.75% are in rural areas. MS schools contribute maximum (38.94%) to secondary sections.

16. A majority of 59.23% secondary sections are in private aided schools. The government and local body schools constitute 37.31%.

17. Higher secondary sections in the country are 10,429 and a majority of these (56.01%), are in urban areas. MS HS schools contribute 50.57% higher secondary sections.

18. Majority (55.69%) of higher secondary sections are private aided. The government and local body contribute 41.29% higher secondary sections.

19. The number of secondary schools is 36,675 and out of these 72.27% are in rural areas. A majority of these schools (57.76%) are run by private managements aided by government.

20. The number of incomplete secondary schools is 1,647.

21. There are 10,429 higher secondary schools and out of these 43.96% are in rural areas. Majority of higher secondary schools, 55.69% are run by private-aided managements.

22. Incomplete higher secondary schools are 399.

23. The total enrolment in class IX and onwards is 88,72,141. Of which, 41,80,136 (47.12%) pupils are in rural areas.

24. The number of boys in classes IX onwards is 63,26,870 (71.31%) and the percentage of girls is 28.69.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 199

25. The percentage enrolment in classes X, XI and XII to class IX enrolment are 79.38, 29.50 and 17.37, respectively.

26. Majority of pupils (60.53%) in classes IX onwards are in private aided schools. In government and local body schools the percentage of pupils is 36.34.

27. Scheduled Caste enrolment in class IX onwards is 8,67,213 constituting 9.77% of total enrolment in these classes. Out of these 53.68% pupils are in rural areas.

28. Scheduled Tribe enrolment in classes IX onwards is 2,52,010 constituting 2.84% of total enrolment in these classes. The percentage of these pupils in rural areas is 66.81%.

29. As many as IO States and 5 Union Territories have reported having run higher secondary/puc attached to degree colleges. The total number of institutions running these classes are 1,166.

30. The total enrolment in higher secondary/puc attached to degree colleges is 5,84,795. Out of these pupils 72.59% are in urban areas. The girls enrolment is 28.14%. Bihar, Kerala, West Bengal and Assam each contribute more than 10% enrolment in these classes.

12.5 Teachers

1. There are 29,40,337 teachers working at the school stage and 26.90% of them are women. Among these teachers 86.63% are trained, 70.08% work in rural schools, 6.81% belong to Scheduled Castes and 3.47% to Scheduled Tribes.

2. Of the 12,87,499 teachers (43.79% of the total teachers) working in primary schools, 10,26,830 are in rural schools. 9.00% and 4.82%, respectively belong to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

3. There are 15,99,182 teachers teaching primary sections and of these, 77.29% are in rural schools, 27.37% are women and 86.25% are trained. According to qualifications, 26.24% are middle pass or below, 65.20% are matric/higher secondary/inter or equivalent and 7.76% graduates and post-graduates. Only 0.33% and 0.47% are language and other teachers.

4. There are 8,14,559 teachers in middle schools (27.70% of the total teachers) and of these 73.13% are in rural schools, 6.96% belong to Scheduled Castes and 3.53% to Scheduled Tribes.

5. Middle sections are being taught by 7,44,918 teachers and of these, 68.24% are in rural schools, 27.76% are women and 86.68% are trained. Among these teachers, 7.08% are middle pass or below, 55.06% matric/higher secondary/inter or equivalent, 30.61% graduates and post-graduates, 3.47% language teachers and 3.78% other teachers.

6. Secondary schools have 5,50,097 teachers (18.71% of the total teachers) and among these, 62.59% are in rural schools. 3.63% and 1.65%, respectively belong to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

7. Only 4,57,924 teachers teach secondary sections and 57.50% of these are in rural schools, 88.41% teachers are trained and 25.70% are women teachers. 'There are 0.27% middle pass or below, 9.77% matric pass and higher secondary/inter or equally qualified teachers. Another 58.03% are graduates, 17.76% postgraduates, 7.39% language teachers and 6.780/'o are having other qualifications.

8. There are 2,88,182 teachers (9.80% of total teachers) in higher secondary schools, and of these 32.55% are in rural schools and only 2.68% belong to Scheduled Castes and 0.67% to Scheduled Tribes.

9. Higher secondary sections are being taught by 1,38,313 teachers and among these, 38.19% are in rural schools, 84.50% are trained and 20.85% are women teachers. According to qualifications, 0.12% teachers are middle pass or below, 1.94% matric and 4.52% higher secondary/inter or equivalent, 27.73% are graduates, 58.38% post- graduates, 3.12% language teachers and 4.19% teachers have some other qualifications.

12.6 School buildings

1. 92.44% primary schools have buildings of which 74.67% are owned. The corresponding figures for rural areas are 91.92% and 76.71% and for urban areas 97.70% and 55.80%, respectively.

2. In 98.60% schools, buildings are available and 82.69% of these schools own them. In rural areas 98.39% schools have buildings and of these 86.86% are owned. These figures for urban areas are 99.65% and 61.39, respectively.

3. There are 99.84% secondary schools having buildings and of these, 75.45% own their buildings. For rural areas, these figures are 99.88% and 78.52% and for urban areas, 99.75% and 67.45%, respectively.

4. 99.89% higher secondary schools have buildings and of these 84.85% are owned. In rural areas, 99.96% schools have buildings and 87.65% of these, are owned while for urban areas, these figures are 99.85% and 82.66%, respectively.

5. There are 72.67% primary schools which need additional accommodation and of these, 91.97% are in rural areas.

6. There are 76.02% middle schools which require

200 FORTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY

additional accommodation and 85.81% of these are from rural areas.

7. 69.91% secondary schools need additional accommodation and 75.38% of these are in rural areas.

8. 70.30% higher secondary schools require additional rooms of which, 48.40% are from rural areas and 51.60% from urban areas.

9. 50.35% shools have drinking water facility. This facility exists in 95.61% higher secondary schools. 88.19% secondary schools, 66.15% middle schools and 40.50% primary schools. In rural areas, 37.79% primary schools, 63.09% middle schools, 87.45% secondary schools and 95.40% higher secondary schools have this facility.

10. Only 14.81% primary schools have toilet facility which is 10.84% in case of rural schools and 54.59%. in urban schools.