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TABLE NO. 4.5
ALL INDIA DROPOUT RATES OF STUDENTS OF SCHOOLS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION FROM 1980-81 TO 1994-95
Primary Stages Middle Stages High School Stages
Classes (I-V) Classes (I-VIII) Classes (I-X )
S no. State/Union BOYS GIRLS TOTAL BOYS GIRLS TOTAL BOYS GIRLS TOTAL
Territories
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 1980-81 56.20 62.50 58.70 58.00 79.40 72.70 79.80 86.63 82.46
2 1981-82 51.10 57.30 53.50 68.50 77.70 72.10 79.44 86.81 82.33
3 1982-83 49.40 56.30 52.10 66.04 74.96 69.57 78.21 86.24 81.37
4 1983-84 47.83 53.96 50.26 66.10 75.27 69.26 76.41 84.79 79.71
5 1984-85 45.62 51.41 47.93 61.83 70.87 65.39 74.71 83.34 78.13
6 1985-86 45.84 50.27 47.61 60.70 70.04 64.42 73.97 83.16 77.62
7 1986-87 46.87 51.17 48.60 61.44 70.16 64.90 73.27 81.31 76.44
8 1987-88 43.28 49.42 46.97 58.80 67.55 62.29 72.14 80.06 75.30
9 1988-89 46.74 49.69 47.93 59.38 68.31 65.40 72.68 79.46 75.36
10 1989-90 46.50 50.35 48.08 61.00 68.75 64.09 70.99 77.72 73.66
11 1990-91 40.10 45.97 42.60 59.12 65.13 60.91 67.50 76.96 71.34
12 1991-92(P) 41.03 45.17 42.78 54.30 62.04 57.48 68.55 75.87 71.51
13 1992-93(P) 40.07 43.02 41.30 53.99 60.06 56.48 68.15 74.69 70.80
14 1993-94(P) 36.07 39.05 37.32 49.55 56.78 52.80 68.41 74.54 70.90
15 1994-95(P) 35.18 37.79 36.27 50.02 56.53 52.74 67.15 73.78 69.89
(P) The dropout Notes are calculated on the basis of Provisional date
available for these years.
Statewise dropout Rates of Students of Schools for General Education 1990-91
Primary stages(Classes I-V) Middle Stages(Classes I-VIII) High School Stages (Classes I-X)
Sno. State/Union territories BOYS GIRLS TOTAL BOYS GIRLS TOTAL BOYS GIRLS TOTAL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 ANDHRA PRADESH 48.55 56.05 51.87 69.08 78.07 72.93 76.68 84.63 80.06
2 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 60.71 60.78 60.73 76.36 75.84 76.16 79.10 82.20 80.22
3 ASSAM 45.97 59.77 52.42 71.44 72.93 72.09 79.82 83.39 81.37
4 BIHAR 63.24 66.88 64.47 76.85 83.90 79.15 82.75 89.50 84.88
5 GOA -8.59 1.79 -3.64 14.31 20.09 17.05 50.22 53.40 51.72
6 GUJRAT 38.71 48.84 43.27 52.89 64.15 57.82 68.60 74.22 70.99
7 HARYANA 17.97 28.70 22.66 34.09 47.78 39.69 59.02 67.87 62.39
8 HIMACHAL PRADESH 33.00 32.84 32.93 26.69 36.02 30.93 44.90 57.66 50.59
9 JAMMU & KASHMIR 53.46 41.25 48.48 43.09 70.78 54.19 67.85 78.94 72.18
10 KARNATAKA 41.37 51.33 46.12 54.70 70.35 62.34 67.66 78.69 73.01
11 KERALA -8.90 -6.87 -7.91 3.16 4.15 3.64 41.99 34.96 38.57
12 MADHYA PRADESH 29.47 38.50 33.16 54.38 70.94 60.78 69.70 84.71 73.91
13 MAHARASHTRA 29.16 38.87 33.73 47.30 61.85 54.07 56.63 75.94 69.44
14 MANIPUR 72.37 73.95 73.11 76.15 76.13 76.14 74.17 78.40 76.09
15 MDGHALAYA 36.49 25.94 26.23 67.32 61.82 64.77 66.03 59.68 63.10
16 MIZPRAM 51.62 49.07 50.42 56.47 53.52 55.03 45.43 42.23 43.91
17 NAGALAND 31.46 39.66 35.54 57.50 57.98 57.72 68.97 68.69 68.85
18 ORISSA 46.55 45.62 46.17 55.69 67.79 60.46 72.20 81.17 75.91
19 PUNJAB 24.09 25.11 24.56 40.44 47.55 43.70 56.25 64.62 60.12
20 RAJASTHAN 58.55 66.15 60.90 66.82 75.16 69.17 90.00 92.28 90.59
21 SIKKIM 60.73 52.94 57.31 80.29 77.73 79.17 84.92 85.98 85.39
22 TAMIL NADU 18.27 22.68 20.31 40.16 49.43 44.47 64.68 72.97 68.52
23 TRIPURA 62.02 63.35 62.63 71.73 72.18 71.93 83.54 85.70 84.51
24 UTTAR PRADESH 30.67 42.42 34.82 54.97 65.60 58.32 58.37 78.05 64.71
25 WEST BENGAL 43.21 56.68 49.16 55.21 60.23 57.36 84.51 85.85 85.07
26 A & N ISLANDS 0.74 6.83 3.63 29.56 35.82 32.49 60.14 62.23 61.13
27 CHANDIGRAH 3.95 0.53 1.89 @ 16.11 0.93 10.40 0.51 6.01
28 DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI 35.25 53.65 43.28 53.39 61.45 56.76 76.53 83.06 79.33
29 DAMAN & DIU @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
30 DELHI 21.38 26.23 23.72 -5.54 17.33 5.60 24.59 33.17 26.69
31 LAKSHADWEEP 17.96 27.70 22.69 28.28 43.36 35.62 67.15 75.75 71.28
32 PANDICHEERY -5.27 -12.08 -8.48 10.44 11.21 0.02 50.92 54.37 52.57
INDIA 40.10 45.97 42.60 59.12 65.13 60.91 67.50 76.96 71.34
A DAMAN & DIU was part of U. T. of Goa. Daman and Diu in the year 1980-81.
B Included in Goa
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TABLE - 4.7
EFFICIENCY IN EDUCATION Efficiency is a concept which has been developed and refined by economists. It refers to the relationship between the inputs into the system and the outputs from that system. An activity is said to be 'efficient' if maximum output is being obtained from given inputs, or if a given output is being obtained with the minimum possible inputs. Educational inputs comprise the buildings, teachers, text books, teaching aide, equipments, science labs., libraries, school campus etc. which may all be aggregated financially in terms of expenditure per student year. This exercise is rather cumbersome. Therefore, an input indicator appropriate for the measure of output interms of successful completers is the number of pupil years used by cohort. In a system consisting of 5 to a grades a minimum of five pupil years or eight pupil years would be required for pupils to complete successfully the cycle. However, perfect efficiency is almost never achieved in the real world. Pupil repeat grades, so increasing the number of pupil years. Students drop out before completing the school, thus diminishing output. This definition of efficiency of education is comparatively narrow and is not an economic definition because it ignores the financial costs of inputs and the monetary values of outputs. However, it is a fairly useful indicator for comparative analysis of the effects of repetition and drop outs. For describing the flow of students certain statistics must be calculated as under:
(i) Students may be promoted to next higher grade.
(ii) Students may repeat the same grade during the following year.
(iii) Students may drop out for various reasons.
These may be calculated in the following manner:
(a) The promotion Rate: (Pi t)
No. of students promoted to grade i+1 in year t+1 (Pi t) = -------------------------------------------------- No. of students in grade (i) in year t.
(Pi +1 t+1) - Symbolically:(pi t) = -------- (E i t)
(b) The Repetition Rate (ri t )
No. of students repeating grade i in year t+1 (ri t) = ------------------------------------------------- No. of students in grade i in year t
(ri t+1) Symbolically: (ri t) = ---------------- (Ei t)
(c) The Rate of Dropouts : (di t)
t No. of students droping out from grade i in year t (d ) = ----------------------------------------------------- i No. of student in grade i in year t
(Eit) - (Rit+1 + Pi+1 t+1)/Eit -Symbollically : (dit) = ------------------------------------------- (Ei t)
The enrolment and repeaters in primary classes i.e. classes I-V for this years 1984 to 1988 are given school-wise and sex-wise in table given below :
TABLE 1
ENROLMENT AND REPEATERS: PRIMARY EDUCATION M P (combined)
Year 1 2 3 4 5
1984 Enrolment 23916348 20234611 16243180 13641699 11614953
Repeaters 1007822 658519 570222 624395 544733
1985 Enrolment 26030667 18305727 16599089 14421482 12083549
Repeaters 1199933 760971 7165525 694513 531890
1986 Enrolment 23422880 20409986 16622384 14281182 12402789
Repeaters 1034602 602199 587710 684870 509662
1987 Enrolment 24281805 21048937 17262074 14825709 13041372
Repeaters 1077655 604697 638327 711051 410983
1988 Enrolment 25847370 19848007 17473606 14987438 13114740
Repeaters 1138349 543595 543696 674368 680574
ENROLMENT AND REPEATERS : PRIMARY EDUCATION : MALES
1984 Enrolment 14075115 12251591 9879784 8415680 7299736
Repeaters 596564 385703 326268 362995 322970
1985 Enrolment 15328881 10704978 9929875 87963181 7489859
Repeaters 704777 438106 426563 414399 315491
1986 Enrolment 13468846 12109782 9846365 8608665 7649491
Repeaters 596762 351014 344413 428865 311803
1987 Enrolment 13975278 12463626 10164847 8890485 8013885
Repeaters 626312 360442 381406 442570 170708
1988 Enrolment 15087638 11588615 10216378 8949873 7993476
Repeaters 668020 313726 324581 418344 429774
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ENROLMENT AND REPEATERS: PRIMARY EDUCATION :FEMALES
1984 Enrolment 9841233 7983020 6368396 5226019 4315217
Repeaters 411258 272816 243954 261400 221763
1985 Enrolment 10701786 7600749 6669214 5628301 4593690
Repeaters 495156 322865 289962 280114 216399
1986 Enrolment 9954034 8300204 6766019 5672517 4753298
Repeaters 437840 251185 243297 256005 197859
1987 Enrolment 10306527 8585311 7097227 5935224 5027487
Repeaters 451343 244255 256921 268481 240275
1988 Enrolment 10759732 8259392 7257228 6037565 5121264
Repeaters 470329 229869 219115 256024 250800
On the basis of these enrolment and repeaters data, the rates
promotion,repetition and drop outs for classes I to for the years 1984
1987 have been calculated and are given below sex-wise and classwise in table-2
Table 2
PROMOTION, REPETITION AND DROP-OUT RATES
PRIMARY EDUCATION. MF (Combined)
Year Rate 1 2 3 4 5
1984 Promotion 0.734 0.785 0.845 0.847 0.954
Repetition 0.050 0.038 0.044 0.051 0.046
Drop-out 0.216 0.177 0.111 0.102 0.000
1985 Promotion 0.761 0.875 0.819 0.825 0.958
Repetition 0.040 0.033 0.035 0.047 0.042
Drop-out 0.199 0.092 0.145 0.128 0.000
1986 Promotion 0.873 0.814 0.850 0.884 0.967
Repetition 0.046 0.030 0.038 0.050 0.033
Drop-out 0.081 0.156 0.112 0.066 0.000
1987 Promotion 0.795 0.804 0.829 0.839 0.948
Repetition 0.047 0.026 0.031 0.045 0.052
Drop-out 0.158 0. 170 0.139 0.116 0.000
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PROMOTION, REPETITION AND DROP-OUT RATES
PRIMARY EDUCATION : MALES
1984 Promotion 0.729 0.776 0.848 0.853 0.957
Repetition 0.050 0.036 0.043 0.049 0.043
Drop-out 0.220 0.189 0.109 0.098 0.000
1985 Promotion 0.767 0.888 0.824 0.834 0.958
Repetition 0.039 0.033 0.035 0.049 0.042
Drop--out 0.194 0.080 0.142 0.117 0.000
1986 Promotion 0.899 0.808 0.858 0.911 0.978
Repetition 0.047 0.030 0.039 0.051 0.022
Drop-out 0.055 0.162 0.103 0.038 0.000
1987 Promotion 0.807 0.794 0.839 0.851 0.946
Repetition 0.048 0.025 0.032 0.047 0.054
Drop-out 0.145 0.181 0.129 0.102 0.000
PROMOTION, REPETITION AND DROP-OUT RATES.
PRIMARY EDUCATION. FEMALES
1984 Promotion 0.740 0.799 0.840 0.838 0.950
Repetition 0.050 0.040 0.046 0.054 0.050
Drop-out 0.210 0.160 0.115 0.109 0.000
1985 Promotion 0.752 0.853 0.812 0.809 0.957
Repetition 0.041 0.033 0.036 0.045 0.043
Drop-out 0.207 0.109 0.151 0.145 0.000
1986 Promotion 0.838 0.824 0.838 0.884 0.949
Repetition 0.045 0.029 0.038 0.047 0.051
Drop-out 0.117 0.146 0.124 0.109 0.000
1987 Promotion 0.779 0.820 0.815 0.821 0.950
Repetition 0.046 0.027 0.031 0.043 0.050
Drop-out 0.175 0.153 0.155 0.136 0.000
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Based on the above rates of promotion, repetition and drop-out, diagrams have been prepared which are given below as diagram 1,2 and 3. The diagram relating to primary classes indicates that there had been 3783 pupil years into the system of primary education while the number of candidates passing out of the system was only 538 thereby a student took 7.03 as against normal 5 years. The input out put ratio in the system during the period 1984 to 1988 has been 1.41 against the ideal ratio of one. The boys took 6.82 years while the females took 7.28 as against the period of normal 5 yearn. The rates of drop-outs and promotion during this period have been as under :
Stage Boys Girls Total
Primary Stage (I to V Classes)
Drop outs. 44.5 48.7 46.2
Promotees 55.5 51.3 53.8
On the whole, the promotes and drop out are in the ratio of 54.46 in the primary stage of education. This by no means can be considered to be a very efficient system of education in the country.
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TABLE NO 4.9
Statewise Attrition Rates of Teachers - 1984
PRIMARY SCHOOLS
NUMBER OF TEACHERS WHO LEFT THE PROFESSION
STATE/UNION TERRITORY AT THE BEG- RETIRED/ RESIGNED/ TRANS- TOTAL PER-
INNING OF DIED TERMINAT- FERED COL 4 TO 6 CENTAGE
THE SESSION ED
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 ANDHRA PRADESH 94442 1548 159 757 2464 2.61
2 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 1690 5 1 6 12 0.71
3 ASSAM 56017 90 8 6 104 0.19
4 BIHAR 111892 689 30 0 719 0.64
5 GOA 2895 11 14 5 30 1.04
6 GUJARAT 30776 405 420 112 937 3.04
7 HARYANA 15763 112 26 13 151 0.96
8 HIMACHAL PRADESH 16489 89 14 18 121 0.73
9 JAMMU & KASHMIR 11620 30 11 75 116 1.00
10 KARNATAKA 37312 169 38 410 617 1.65
11 KERALA 48296 1313 328 237 1878 3.89
12 MADHYA PRADESH 155017 646 788 531 1965 1.27
13 MAHARASHTRA 115418 1473 1054 566 3093 2.68
14 MANIPUR 8665 40 13 3 56 0.65
15 MEGHALAYA 6817 37 15 10 62 0.91
16 MIZORAM 3296 16 10 1 27 0.82
17 NAGALAND 5281 49 19 4 72 1.36
18 ORISSA 74823 390 79 159 628 0.84
19 PUNJAB 47274 273 29 310 612 1.29
20 RAJASTHAN 60437 201 1897 176 2274 3.76
21 SIKKIM 1768 3 33 5 41 2.32
22 TAMIL NADU 112923 1470 229 234 1933 1.71
23 TRIPURA 7236 45 6 35 86 1.19
24 UTTAR PRADESH 264230 1951 429 697 3077 1.16
25 WEST BENGAL 169405 2134 210 0 2344 1.38
26 A & N ISLANDS 574 6 0 1 7 1.22
27 CHANDIGARH 346 1 16 0 17 4.91
28 DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI 175 2 0 0 2 1.14
29 DAMAN & DIU 181 1 0 0 1 0.55
30 DELHI 18126 64 108 18 190 1.05
31 LAKSHADWEEP 184 1 0 0 1 0.54
32 PONDICHERRY 1667 10 27 1 38 2.28
INDIA 1481485 13274 6011 4390 23675 1.60
(CONTD..)