AN OVERVIEW
1. Population 1.1 The Population of India has been growing steadily over the past several decades. The growth rate has been higher particularly after 1951. The total population figures according to census are given below from 1951 onwards:-
Statement I
Growth of Population
Census Year Total Population Decadal
(in thousand) Growth Rate
1951 361088 + 13.31
1961 439235 + 21.64
1971 548160 + 24.80
1981 683329 + 24.66
1991 846303 + 23.50
1.2 The Population in the age-group 6-11 years is estimated to have increased from 98.9 million in 1992 to 99.6 million in 1993. Likewise, the population in the age-group 11-14 years is estimated to have increased from 56.3 million in 1992 to 57.3 million in 1993.
2. Literacy Rates 2.1 The literacy rates have shown a considerable increase since Independence. But the disparity between the male and female literacy rates still exists.
2.2 The sex wise literacy rates (percentages) relate to population aged five years and above for 1951, 1961 and 1971. The rates for the year 1981 and 1991 relate to the population aged seven years and above as per the census. These are as under:-
Statement 2
Literacy, Rates
Year Persons Male Female
1951 18.33 27.16 8.86
1961 28.31 40.40 15.34
1971 34.45 45.95 21.97
1981 43.67 56.50 29.85
1991 52.19 64.20 39.19
I
3. Institutions 3.1 There has been considerable increase in the number of primary and upper primary level institutions during the period between 1950-51 and 1990-91. This is evident from the table below:-
Statement 3
Growth of Recognised Educational Institutions since 1951
Institutions Years
1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91
Primary 209671 330399 408378 494503 558392
Upper Primary 13596 49663 90621 118555 146636
High/Hr. Scc,/Inter 7416 17329 37051 51.624 78619
Pre-Degree/Jr. Colleges
Colleges for Gen. Education 370 967 2285 3421 4862
Colleges for Prof. Edn.* 208 852 992 1317 886
Universities 27 45 82 110 146
Note: *Includes only Engineering, Medicine and Teacher Training Instt.
3.2 A Comparative position of selected type of institutions during 1991-92 and 1992-93 has been presented in the following statement:-
Statement No. 3.1
Number of Institutions
Type of Institutions 1991-92 1992-93
a) Pre-Primary Schools 13515 13662
b) Primary Schools 565786 572541
c) Middle Schools 152077 153921
d) High Schools 61576 62984
e) Hr. Sec. Schools (New Pattern') 18068 18880
f) Inter/Jr. Colleges 2103 2222
g) Arts, Sci. & Com. Colleges 5058 5334
h) Engg./Tech. Colleges 279 299
(Degree & above Level)
i) Medical Colleges (Allopathy) 133 133
j) Teacher Training Colleges 538 557
k) Polytechnics 887 1040
l) Universities* 196 207
* Includes deemed to be Universities & Institutions of National Importance.
N.B. Diploma level institutions arc given separately in Table IV.
II
4. Enrolment 4.1 Statement below presents the sex-wisc enrolment figure for different stages of school education from 1950-51 to 1992-93:-
Statement - 4
Sex-wise Enrolment by Stages/Classes since 1951 - School level
(in million)
Year Primary Upper Primary High/Hr. Sec
Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
1950-51 13.8 5.4 19.2 2.6 0.5 3.1 1.3 0.2 1.5
1960-61 23.6 11.4 35.0 5.1 1.6 6.7 2.7 0.7 3.4
1970-71 35.7 21.3 57.0 9.4 3.9 13.3 4.9 1.7 6.6
1980-81 45.3 28.5 73.8 13.9 6.8 20.7 7.6 3.2 10.8
1988-89 53.8 37.4 91.2 19.3 10.7 30.0 8.2 4.1 12.3
1990-91* 58.1 41.0 99.1 20.9 12.4 33.3 14.0 6.9 20.9
1991-92* 59.2 42.4 101.6 21.4 13.0 34.4 14.2 7.0 21.2
1992-93* 60.5 44.9 105.4 23.7 15.0 38.7 15.0 7.7 22.7
*Provisional
4.2 The participation of girls at all stages of education has been increasing steadily over the time as may be seen from Statement 5. However, the percentages are still much below fifty per cent at all stages of education.
Statement 5
Girls Enrolment by Stages
(Percentage to total enrolment)
Stage 1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 1992-93
Primary(I-V) 28.1 32.6 37.4 38.6 41.4 42.6
Middle(VI-VIII) 16.1 23.9 29.3 32.9 37.4 38.8
Sec./Hr.Scc. 10+2/Inter. 14.3 18.2 25.9 29.4 33.0 34.3
Hr. Education 10.0 16.0 20.0 20.7 33.2 N. A.
(Degree & above level)
5. Gross Enrolment Ratios: 5.1 The gross enrolment ratio is defined as the percentage ratio of the enrolment in classes I-V and VI-VIII to the estimated child population in the age groups 6-11 years and 11-14 years. The gross enrolment ratios for 6-11 years and 11-14 years age groups for the years 1991-92 and 1992-93- are presented below in the statement:-
Statement No. 6
Gross Enrolment Ratios
(Percentage of Enrolment to the respective age-group population)
Class/Age group 1991-92 1992-93
Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
I-V (6-11) 116.61 88.09 102.74 118.1 92.7 105.7
VI-VIII (11-14) 74.19 47.40 61.15 80.5 53.8 67.5
III
6. Teacher 6.1 In terms of the teacher, a substantial increase has been registered from 1950-51 to 1992-93 as may be seen in the table below:-
Statement No. 7
Distribution of Teachers by Type of Schools since 1951
(In 000's)
Year Primary Upper Primary High/Hr. Sec.
M F T M F T M F T
1950-51 456 82 538 73 13 86 107 20 127
1960-61 615 127 742 262 83 345 234 62 296
1970-71 835 225 1060 463 175 638 474 155 629
1980-81 1021 342 1363 598 253 851 658 254 912
1990-91* 1167 470 1637 706 353 1059 857 416 1273
1991-92* 1194 499 1693 718 354 1072 880 430 1310
1992-93* 1189 493 1682 736 346 1082 908 445 1353
*Provisional
6.2 The increase in the number of teachers took place across all levels in education in the primary stage. Their number grew from about 0.54 million in 1950-51 to about 1.7 million in 1992-93. It is also observed from the table that during this period the number of female teachers in all types of schools has gone up considerably.
7. Collegiate Education 7.1 Number of students enrolled in General Education Courses (Arts, Science & Commerce) increased from 3925 thousand in 1991-92 to 3975 thousand in 1992-93. The percentage of girls is 34.4 in 1992-93. The enrollments in three important Professional degree courses viz. Engg./Tech. (B.E./B.Tech.), Medicine (M.B.B.S) and Teachers Training (B.Ed/B.T.) increased from 411623 in 1991-92 to 442661 in 1992-93. The increase in girls enrolment in the courses was from 93054 in 1991-92 to 99104 in 1992-93.
8. Education Among Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes:- 8.1 As per the 1991 census, the total population of the Scheduled Caste was 13.82 crores (7.19 crores males and 6.63 crores females) and that of scheduled Tribes was 6.77 crores (3.43 crores males and 3.34 crores females) representing 16.3 percent and 8.0 percent respectively of the country's total population.
8.2 As per 1991 census the literacy rates among SC & ST arc as under:-
Literacy Rates 1991 Census
Person Male Female
Scheduled Castes 37.41 49.91 23.76
Scheduled Tribes 29.60 40.65 18.19
IV
8.3 The enrolment of SCs increased from 160.37 lakhs in classes I-V; 46.93 lakhs in classes VI-VIII; and 25.81 lakhs in classes TX and above in 1991-92 to 173.51 lakhs, 54.11 lakhs and 26.76 lakhs respectively in 1992-93. The STs enrolment increased from 80.33 lakhs in classes I-V; 17.94 lakhs in classes VI-VIII; and 8.42 lakhs in classes IX and above in 1991-92 to, 83.64 lakhs, 20.29 lakhs and 10.00 lakhs respectively in 1992-93.
8.4 Gross Enrolment Ratios for SC/ST for 1992-93 for the age-groups 6-11 years and 11-14 years are presented in the Statement below:-
Statement No. 8
Gross Enrolment Ratios for SC/ST students 1992-93.
Classes/ Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes
Age Group
Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
I-V (6-11 yrs) 127.99 92.18 110.58 126.71 88.64 108.19
VI-VIII 75.07 44.04 59.97 58.54 32.04 45.64
(11-14 yrs)
9. PLAN OUTLAYS 9.1. The Sector wise Plan Expenditure for Sixth Plan, Seventh Plan and Outlay for Eighth Plan are indicated in the statement below:-
Statement 9
(Rs. in crores)
Sector 6th Plan Expdt. 7th Plan Expdt.
Centre State Total Centre State Total
2 3 4 5 6 7
Elementary Education 72.40 763.33 835.73 663.77 2190.92 2854.69
Adult Education 110.33 113.50 223.83 313.04 156.53 469.57
Secondary Education 16.75 513.59 530.34 596.01 1235.50 1831.51
Higher Education 242.82 315.83 558.65 659.96 541.17 1201.13
Others 43.43 141.01 184.44 61.79 130.88 192.67
Technical Education 135.80 137.07 272.87 610.96 472.38 1083.34
Total Education* 621.53 1984.33 2605.86 2905.53 4727.38 7632.91
*Excludes outlay for Sports & Youth Services and Art & Culture.