AN OVERVIEW
1. POPULATION 1.1 It is observed that the Population of India has been growing steadily over the past several decades. The growth rate has been higher particularly after 1951. The total population figures according to census are given below from 1951 onwards:-
Statement 1
Growth of Population
(in 000's)
Census Year Total Population Decadal
Person Male Female Growth Rate
1951 361088 185528 175560 +13.31
1961 439235 226293 212942 +21.64
1971 548160 284049 264111 +24.80
1981 683329 353374 329955 +24.66
1991 846303 439231 407072 +23.50
1.2 The Population in the age-group 6-11 years is estimated to have increased from 99.6 million in 1993 to 103.5 million in 1994. Likewise, the Population in the age-group 11-14 years is estimated to have increased from 57.3 million in 1993 to 58.9 in 1994.
2. LITERACY RATES 2.1 The literacy rates have shown a considerable increase since Independence. But the disparity between the male and female literacy rates continue to exist.
2.2 The sex wise literacy rates (percentages) relate to population aged five years and above for 1951, 1961 and 1971. The rates for the year 1981 and 1991 relate to the population aged seven years and above as per the census. These are as under:-
Statement 2
Literacy Rates
Year Persons Male Female
1951 18.33 27.16 8.86
1961 28.31 40.40 15.34
1971 34.45 45.95 21.97
1981 43.67 56.50 29.85
1991 52.21 64.13 39.29
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3. INSTITUTIONS 3.1 There has been considerable increase in the number of primary and upper primary level institutions during the period between 1950-51 and 1992-93. This is evident from the table below:-
Statement 3
Growth of Recognised Educational Institutions since 1951
Years Primary Upper High/Hr Sec Colleges Colleges Univer-
Primary Inter/Pre Deg for Gen- for Prof sities
Jr Colleges eral Edn Edn.
1950-51 209671 13596 7416 370 208 27
1955-56 278135 21730 10838 466 218 31
1960-61 330399 49663 17329 967 852 45
1965-66 391064 75798 27614 1536 770 64
1970-71 408378 90621 37051 2285 992 82
1975-76 454270 106571 43054 3667 3276** 101
1980-81 494503 118555 51573 3421 3542** 110
1985-86 528872 134846 65837 4067 1533** 126
1990-91 560935 151456 79796 4862 886 184 @
1991-92 * 565786 152077 81747 5058 950 196 @
1992-93 * 572541 153921 84086 5334 989 207 @
* Provisional
** Includes institutions for Post-Matric Courses.
@ Includes Deemed to be Universities & institutions of National
Importance.
3.2 A Comparative position of selected type of institutions during 1992-93 and 1993-94 has been presented in the following statement-
Statement 3.1
Number of Institutions
Type of Institutions 1992-93 1993-94
a) Pre-Primary Schools 13662 17172
b) Primary Schools 572541 572923
c) Middle Schools 153921 155707
d) High Schools 62984 65255
e) Hr. Sec. Schools (New Pattern) 18880 20167
f) Inter/Jr./Pre Degree Colleges 2222 2989
g) Arts.Sci & Com. Colleges 5334 5639
h) Engg./Tech. Colleges 299 308
(Degree & above Level)
i) Medical Colleges (Allopathy) @ 133 233
Ayurvedic
j) Teacher Training Colleges 557 584
k) Polytechnics 1040 1021
l) Universities* 207 213
* Includes Deemed to be Universities & Institutions of National
Importance.
N.B. Diploma level institutions are given separately in Table IV.
@ Excludes Ayurvedic Colleges.
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4. ENROLMENT 4.1 Statement given below presents the progress of sex-wise enrolment figures for different: stages of school education from 1950-51 to 1993-94:-
Statement 4
Sex-wise Enrolment by Stages/Classes since 1951 - School level
(in millions)
Year Primary Middle/Upper Primary High/Hr.sec.
Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
1950-51 13.8 5.4 19.2 2.6 0.5 3.1 1.3 0.2 1.5
1955-56 17.1 7.5 24.6 3.8 1.0 4.8 2.2 0.4 2.6
1960-61 23.6 11.4 35.0 5.1 1.6 6.7 2.7 0.7 3.4
1965-66 32.2 18.3 50.5 7.7 2.8 10.5 4.4 1.3 5.7
1970-71 35.7 21.3 57.0 9.4 3.9 13.3 5.7 1.9 7.6
1975-76 40.6 25.0 65.6 11.0 5.0 16.0 6.5 2.4 8.9
1980-81 45.3 28.5 73.8 13.9 6.8 20.7 7.6 3.4 11.0
1985-86 52.2 35.2 87.4 17.7 9.6 27.3 11.5 5.0 16.5
1990-91 57.0 40.4 97.4 21.5 12.5 34.0 12.8 6.3 19.1
1991-92 * 59.2 42.4 101.6 21.4 13.0 34.4 14.2 7.0 21.2
1992-93 * 60.5 44.9 105.4 23.7 15.0 38.7 15.0 7.7 22.7
1993-94 * 61.8 46.4 108.2 24.2 15.7 39.9 15.3 8.0 23.3
* Provisional
4.2 The participation of girls at all stages of education has been increasing steadily over the time as may be seen from Statement 4. 1. However, the percentages are still much below fifty per cent at all stages of education.
Statement 4.1
Girls Enrolment by Stages
( % to total enrolment)
Year Primary Middle Sec/Hr.Sec Hr. Education
I-V VI-VIII 10+2/Inter (Degree & above level)
1950-51 28.1 16.1 13.3 10.0
1955-56 30.5 20.8 15.4 14.6
1960-61 32.6 23.9 20.5 16.0
1965-66 36.2 26.7 22.0 20.4
1970-71 37.4 29.3 25.0 20.0
1975-76 38.1 31.3 26.9 23.2
1980-81 38.6 32.9 29.6 26.7
1985-86 40.3 35.6 30.3 33.0
1990-91 41.5 36.7 32.9 33.3
1991-92 41.7 37.8 33.0 32.3
1992-93 42.6 38.8 33.9 33.2
1993-94 42.9 39.3 34.3 33.5
* Provisional
N.B. Some discrepancies have been observed in the data on enrolment received from some of the States relating to by Stage and by Type of Institutions at Primary, Middle, Higher/Higher Secondary levels.
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5. GROSS ENROLMENT RATIOS 5.1 The gross enrolment ratio is defined as the percentage ratio of the enrolment in classes I-V and VI-VIII to the estimated child population in the age groups 6-11 years and 11-14 years. Enrolment at primary stage 6-11 years include under age and over- age children. Hence the total percentage-may be more than 100. The gross enrolment ratios for the age-group 6-11 years and 11-14 years are presented below in the statement
Statement 5
Gross Enrolment Ratios
BOYS
Years I-V VI-VIII I-VIII
Primary Upper Primary Elementary
1950-51 60.6 20.6 46.4
1960-61 82.6 33.2 65.2
1970-71 95.5 46.5 75.5
1980-81 95.8 54.3 82.0
1990-91 114.0 76.6 100.0
1991-92 116.6 74.2 101.2
1992-93 118.1 80.5 104.2
1993-94 115.3 79.3 102.3
GIRLS
Years I-V VI-VIII I-VIII
Primary Upper Primary Elementary
1950-51 24.8 4.6 17.7
1960-61 41.4 11.3 30.9
1970-71 60.5 20.8 44.4
1980-81 64.1 28.6 52.1
1990-91 85.5 47.0 70.8
1991-92 88.1 47.4 73.2
1992-93 92.7 53.8 75.5
1993-94 92.9 55.2 79.3
TOTALS
Years I-V VI-VIII I-VIII
Primary Upper Primary Elementary
1950-51 42.6 12.7 32.1
1960-61 62.4 22.5 48.7
1970-71 78.6 33.4 61.9
1980-81 80.5 41.9 67.5
1990-91 100.1 62.1 86.0
1991-92 102.7 61.2 87.7
1992-93 105.7 67.5 91.8
1993-94 104.5 67.7 91.2
3-706 Deptt. of Edu./94 4
Statement No.5.1
Dropout Rates at Primary & Middle Stages
1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 1991-92
Classes I-V
Boys 61.7 64.5 56.2 42.0 41.0
Girls 70.9 70.9 62.5 47.6 45.2
Total 64.9 67.0 58.7 44.3 42.8
Classes I-VIII
Boys 75.0 74.6 68.0 60.6 54.3
Girls 85.0 83.4 79.4 67.6 62.0
Total 78.3 77.9 72.7 63.4 57.5
6. TEACHER 6.1 In terms of the teacher, a substantial increase has been registered from 1950-51 to 1992-93 at all types of schools except a slight decrease in upper primary schools due to decline in their number as reported by certain states (viz; Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and U T of Pondicherry) as may be seen in the table below:-
Statement 6
Distribution of Teachers by Type of Schools since 1951
(in 000's)
Year Primary Upper Primary High/Hr Sec
M F T M F T M F T
1950-51 456 82 538 73 13 86 107 20 127
1955-56 574 117 691 132 19 151 155 35 190
1960-61 615 127 742 262 83 345 234 62 296
1965-66 764 180 944 389 139 528 368 111 479
1970-71 835 225 1060 463 175 638 474 155 629
1975-76 965 283 1248 554 224 778 559 200 759
1980-81 1021 342 1363 598 253 851 669 257 926
1985-86 1094 402 1496 663 305 968 793 339 1132
1990-91 1143 473 1616 717 356 1073 917 417 1334
1991-92 * 1194 499 1693 718 354 1072 880 430 1310
1992-93 * 1189 493 1682 736 346 1082 908 445 1353
1993-94 * 1196 507 1703 710 370 1080 938 467 1405
* Provisional
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7. COLLEGIATE EDUCATION 7.1 Based on the data received from State/UTs, number of students enrolled in General Education Courses (Arts, Science & Commerce) increased from 3975 thousand in 1992-93 to 4146 thousand in 1993-94. The percentage of girls is 34.61. in 1993- 94. The enrolments in three important Professional degree courses viz. Eng/Tech (B.E./B.Tech), Medicine (M.B.B.S.) and Teachers Training (B.Ed/B.T.) increased from 442661 in 1992-93 to 460109 in 1993-94. The increase in girls enrolment in the courses was from 99104 in 1992-93 to 107678 in 1993-94.
8. EDUCATION AMONG SCHEDULED CASTE/SCHEDULED TRIBES 8.1 As per the 1991 Census, the total population, of the Scheduled Caste was 13.82 crores (7.19 crores males and 6.63 crores females) and that of Scheduled Tribes was 6.77 crores (3.43 crores males and 3.34 crores females) representing 16.3 percent and- 8.0 percent respectively of the country's total population.
8.2 The sex-wise literacy rates among SC & ST as per 1981 and 1991 Census are as under :-
Literacy Rates SC/ST
1981 1991
Persons Male Female Persons Male Female
Scheduled Castes 21.38 31.12 10.93 37.41 49.91 23.76
Scheduled Tribes 16.35 21.52 8.04 29.60 40.65 18.19