PRIMARY EDUCATION
4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The country's resolve to fulfil the constitutional obligation enshrined in Article 45 of the Directive Principles of State Policy has been reiterated by the National Policy on Education, 1986 which has fixed revised time targets for achieving universal and free education up to the age of 11 by 1990 and up to the age of 14 by 1995, It will be possible for the goals to be realized, if elementary schools are provided at convenient walking-distance from the homes of the children. This assumes greater importance in the rural areas, not only because they account for over 70% of the population but also because of the demographic configuration of habitations over which the population stands dispersed within villages. Some suitable criteria have to be evolved for locating the schools so that they become economically viable. These criteria could be a conveniently "walkable distance" and population of a particular habitation or a group of habitations which may ensure some reasonable minimum enrolment. However, these criteria could not be the same for all the regions of the country. The convenient walkable distance has to be fixed taking into consideration the age of the school-going children in question, topographical obstructions like hills, rivers, etc., relative development of the region, and the availability of resources. The present survey has been taken up to assess, besides other things, the extent of the availability of educational facilities to children in rural and urban areas.
4.1.2 There is no defined policy at the Central or the State level about the aforesaid criteria. For no other than historical reasons in the first two surveys the British System of measuring linear distance (miles) was used while in the subsequent surveys the metric system (kilometres) was followed. Though the figures related to the distance of schools from homes may not be comparable these do give a fair idea about the degree of coverage of different areas through educational facilities at the primary stage. In this context it is interesting to attempt a comparative analysis of the significant findings of the last four surveys to be followed by a detailed description of the findings of the present survey.
4.2 First Survey (31 March 1957) The First Survey revealed that 59.75% of the rural population had primary section within habitations of residence while 83.09% population had primary sections in their habitations or at walkable distance of one mile (1.6 km). It was estimated that 99.03% of the rural population could be served with schooling facilities at the primary stage within the habitations of their residence or "nearby" by the existing primary sections and the proposed new schools.
4.3 Second Survey (31 March 1965) According to the Second Survey, out of the 9,82,251 rural habitations identified, 3,73,086 (37.98%) accounting for 71.48% of the rural population had primary sections within their own habitations and 8,56,816 (87.23%) habitations were served either by having primary sections within them or within walkable distance of one mile (1.6 km) meeting the needs of 94.96% of the rural population.
4.4Third Survey (31 December 1973) Out of the 9,53,734 rural habitations identified, 4,22,766 (44.33%) habitations had primary sections within them while 7,20,809 (75.59%) enjoyed the facilities either within the habitations themselves or within a distance of one kilometre. These met respectively the needs of 76.12% and 90.34% of the rural populations.,
4.5 Fourth Survey (30 September 1978) A total number of 9,64,664 rural habitations were identified during the Fourth Survey among which 4,51,457 (46.80%) had primary sections within them while a total of 7,73,998 (80.24%) habitations were served either through primary sections within them or at a distance of one kilometre. In terms of population, 78.53% rural population was served by primary sections within their habitation of residence while 92.82% of the rural population had these facilities either within their own habitations or at a distance of one kilometre.
4.6 Fifth Survey (30 September 1986)
4.6.1 Habitations and Population Served Preparation of the District Development Plans of Education was taken up in some States as a follow-up exercise of the data made available by the previous surveys. There were, thus, two phases, one, that of the preparation of district education plans by some
14 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
States and, the other, of the preparation of the State reports. As there was some time gap between the two phases, in the present survey the two processes have been carried out simultaneously. For the purpose of proposing new primary schools, habitations possessing the facilities within a distance of one kilometre have been considered to be those served with primary schooling facilities. Independent primary schools have been proposed for the habitations with a population of 300 or more without any schooling facilities within one kilometre in plain areas. However, in view of geographical conditions in some areas these norms were relaxed. Also a new primary school has been proposed for a cluster of habitations with a total population of 300 or more within one kilometre radius. A separate section has been devoted to the planning of new primary schools. However, a reference to the distance and the population alone has been enunciated only for examining the degree of the availability of primary education facilities and for identifying the habitations served on the basis of these criteria.
STATEMENT 4.1
Habitations and Population In Rural Areas according to Primary Schooling
Facilities available within Various Distance Slabs
Distance Slab Habitations having Population served by
(in km) Primary Sections Primary Sections
Number Percentage Population Percentage
1 2 3 4 5
Within the
habitation 502343 51.16 477113994 80.38
0.1-0.5 145491 14.82 39975615 6.74
0.6-1.0 175343 17.86 43533365 7.33
Sub-total (up to 1.0) 823177 83.84 560622974 94.45
1.1-1.5 43926 4.47 10563581 1.78
1.6-2.0 62218 6.34 13519795 2.28
More than 2.0 52543 5.35 8853960 1.49
TOTAL 981864 100.00 593560310 100.00
4.6.2 On the date of reference of the survey (30 September 1986) the primary stage comprised Classes I to V in most of the States except in Assam, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, erstwhile Goa, Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep, and Mizoram where this stage covered Classes I to IV and Meghalaya where Classes A, B and I to III constituted this stage. If the primary classes in a State comprised Classes I to IV and if it so happens that a habitation has one or more schools starting with Class V, which actually belongs to the primary stage, and there are no schools with Classes lower down, then the habitation has been treated as having no primary section and the population therein considered to be unserved by primary schooling facility.
4.6.3 The survey identified a total of 9,81,864 rural habitations in the country with a population of 59,35,60,310. Out of the total number of habitations identified at the time of the survey 5,02,343 (51.16%) had primary sections in them while 3,20,834 (32.68%) had this facility outside them up to a distance of one kilometre. Thus as many as 8,23,177 (83.84%) habitations can be considered to be served according to the above criteria. The remaining habitations are served by the facilities for primary schooling at More distance. The survey reveals that there are still 52,543 (5.35%) habitations that do not have primary sections even up to a distance of two kilometres.
4.6.4 So far as "rural population" is concerned, 80.38% is served by primary sections in the habitations of their residence. Besides, 14.07% of the rural population which does not have a primary section within the habitations of residence, has it at varying distances up to one kilometre. Thus, on the basis of the defined criteria, 94.45% of the rural population has a primary section either within their own habitation or within a walking-distance of one kilometre. A small fraction (1.49%) of the rural population is not served even up to a distance of two kilometres.
PRIMARY EDUCATION 15
Habitations In Various Population Slabs served by Primary Sections in Them or up to Various Distances in Rural Areas
Population Number of Habitations served by Primary Sections
Slab Habitations
Within the up to up to up to up to
Habitation 0.5 Km 1.0 km 1.5 km 2.0 km
5000 and above 6407 6267 6330 6366 6375 6381
(97.81) (98.80) (99.36) (99.50) (99.59)
2000-4999 44072 42359 43070 43662 43829 43982
(96.11) (97.73) (99.07) (99.45) (99.80)
1000-1999 110619 101171 104973 108291 109250 110147
(91.46) (94.90) (97.90) (98.76) (99.57)
500-999 197389 156413 171958 187445 190973 195280
(79.24) (87.12) (94-96) (96.75) (98.93)
400-499 72843 48403 57381 66931 68865 71401
(66.45) (78.77) (91.88) (94.54) (98.02)
300-399 98580 53590 68007 84989 89821 95297
(54.36) (68.99) (86.21) (91.11) (96.67)
200-299 130749 49431 74400 105853 113497 123901
(37.81) (56.90) (80.96) (86.81) (94.76)
100-199 170500 33472 73034 124597 137071 155125
(19.63) (42.84) (73.08) (80.39) (90.98)
Below 100 150705 11237 48681 95043 107422 127807
(7.46) (32.30) (63.07) (71.28) (84.81)
TOTAL 981864 502343 647834 823177 867103 929321
(51.16) (65.98) (83.34) (88.31) (94.65)
Note : Figures within parentheses indicate percentage with respect to the total number of
habitations in the slab
Percentage of Rural Population In Habitations In Various Population Slabs served by Primary Sections In the Habitations of Residence or up to Various Distances
Percentage of Rural Population served by Primary Section
Population
Slab Within the up to up to up to up to
Habitation 0.5 km 1.0 km 1.5 km 2.0 km
1 2 3 4 5 6
5000 and above 98.04 99.01 99.49 99.61 99.68
2000-4999 96.13 97.95 99.11 99.45 99.80
1000-1999 92.05 95.29 98.13 98.82 99.58
500-999 80.93 88.33 95.48 97.16 99.10
400-499 67.08 78.14 91.37 94.60 98.21
300-399 55.26 69.52 86.96 91.37 96.83
200-299 38.76 57.33 81.30 87.13 95.07
100-199 20.95 44.31 73.85 80.53 91.03
Below 100 8.97 33.71 65.05 73.18 86.32
TOTAL 80.38 87.12 94.45 96.23 98.51
Out of 6,407 rural habitations with population "5000 and above", 6,267 (97.81%) have primary sections within them. There is thus provision for universal primary education in the habitations in this population slab as 6,366 (99.36%) habitations are served up to a walking-distance of one kilometre. Again, in terms of population, 98.04% is served by primary sections within its own habitations while 99.49% of the rural population is served by the facilities within their own habitations or up to a distance of one kilometre.
16 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
In the whole country only 26 rural habitations, accounting for 0.32% of the population in the slab, are not served by primary sections even up to two kilometres.
There are 44,072 rural habitations in the country in this slab. Out of these 42,359 (96.11%) have primary sections within them serving 96.13% of their population. Also 43,662 (99.07%) habitations in the slab are served by primary sections within them or up to a distance of one kilometre covering a population of 99.11%. There are only 90 habitations in this slab, accounting for 0.20% of the rural population, which are served by these facilities beyond a radius of two kilometres.
Out of 1,10,619 rural habitations in this slab, there are 1,01,171 (91.46%) habitations that have primary sections within them. If we consider the one-kilometre criterion, it is found that in all 1,08,291 habitations are served within this distance limit. Again 92.05% of the rural population of these habitations has a primary section within the habitations of residence. Rural population to the extent of 98.13%, however, has a primary section within the habitation itself or within a distance of one kilometre. There are only 472 habitations in this slab, accounting for 0.42% of the population, which have these facilities beyond two kilometres.
There are 1,97,389 rural habitations in this slab among which 1,56,413 (79.24%) have primary sections within them and the survey reveals that 1,87,445 (94.96%) habitations are served by the facilities up to a distance of one kilometre including those that have primary sections within them. In terms of population 80.93% is served within the habitations of residence while 95.48% has either primary sections within the habitations of residence or up to a distance of one kilometre. In all, 2,109 rural habitations in this population slab with 0.90% population cannot be treated as served as primary sections catering to them are available beyond two kilometres.
Out of 72,843 rural habitations in this slab primary sections are available to 66.45% of them serving 67.08% of the rural population within the habitations of residence. If we consider the habitations served within them or within a distance of one kilometre, there are 91.88% of them covering 91.37% of the population. The number of habitations not served within two kilometres has been considerably reduced from 3,710 during the Fourth Survey to 1,442 (1.98%), accounting for 1.790% population.
There are 98,580 rural habitations in this slab out of which 53,590 (54.36%) with 55.26% population have primary sections within them while these are available to 84,989 (86.21%) habitations if those served within a distance of one kilometre are considered. These serve 86.96% population. The number of habitations which have primary sections available to them only beyond two kilometres, is 3,283 (3.33%), having 3.17% of the population of the slab.
There are 4,51,954 rural habitations in this category out of which 94,140 (28.84%) with 44.84% population have primary sections within them. In all, 3,25,493 (72.02%) habitations have primary sections within them or at a distance of one kilometre serving 82.79% of the population. Only 45,121 habitations in this slab have primary sections at more than two kilometres and these account for only 5.03% of the population in the slab.
The problem of unserved rural habitations and their population
Percentage of Habitations In Various Population Slabs Unserved by Primary Sections up to Various Distances
Percentage of Habitations Unserved
Population
Slab up to 1.0 km up to 1.5 km up to 2.0
a b c a b c a b c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5000 and above 0.64 0.03 0.01 0.50 0.03 0.01 0.41 0.05 0.00
2000-4999 0.93 0.26 0.04 0.55 0.21 0.02 0.20 0.17 0.01
1000-1999 2.10 1.47 0.24 1.24 1.19 0.14 0.43 0.90 0.05
500-999 5.04 6.27 1.01 3.25 5.59 0.65 1.07 4.01 0.21
400-499 8.12 3.72 0.60 5.46 3.47 0.41 1.98 2.75 0.15
300-399 13.79 8.56 1.38 8.89 7.63 0.89 3.33 6.25 0.33
200-299 19.04 15.69 2.54 13.19 15.03 1.76 5.24 13.03 0.70
100-199 26.92 28.92 4.68 19.61 29.13 3.40 9.02 29.26 1.57
Below 100 36.93 35.08 5.67 28.72 37.72 4.41 15.19 43.58 2.33
TOTAL 16.16 100.00 16.16 11.69 100.00 11.69 5.35 100.00 5.35
a - Percentage of unserved habitations in the slab with respect to their total in the slab
b - Percentage of unserved habitations in the slab with respect to the total number of unserved habitations in the country
c - Percentage of unserved habitations in the slab with respect to the total number of habitations in the country
PRIMARY EDUCATION 17
Percentage of Rural Population Unserved by Primary Sections up to Various Distances
Percentage of Habitations Unserved by Primary Section
Population
Slab Up to 1.0 km up to 1.5 /an up to 2.0
a b c a b c a b c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5000 and above 0.51 0.75 0.04 0.39 0.86 0.03 0.32 1.76 0.03
2000-4999 0.89 3.37 0.19 0.55 3.09 0.12 0.20 2.88 0.04
1000-1999 1.87 8.58 0.48 1.18 7.92 0.30 0.42 7.07 0.11
500-999 4.52 18.97 1.05 2.84 17.53 0.66 0.90 14.00 0.21
400-499 8.63 8.48 0.47 5.40 7.80 0.29 1.79 6.54 0.10
300-399 13.04 13.36 0.74 8.63 13.02 0.49 3.17 12.10 0.18
200-299 18.70 17.97 1.00 12.87 18.22 0.69 4.93 17.63 0.26
100- 99 26.15 19.44 1.08 19.47 21.30 0.80 8.97 24.79 0.37
Below 100 34.95 9.08 0.50 26.82 10.26 0.39 13.68 13.23 0.20
TOTAL 5.55 100.00 5.55 3.77 100.00 3.77 1.49 100.00 1.49
a - Percentage of unserved population in the slab with respect to their total in the slab
b - Percentage of unserved population in the slab with respect to the total unserved population in the country
c - Percentage of unserved population in the slab with respect to the total rural population in the country
is not so serious, especially in the case of bigger habitations. Almost all of them are served. The problem becomes acute for a very sizeable fraction of those situated in the hilly or desert areas which are sparsely populated because of topographical conditions. State governments do relax the population and distance criteria for them in regard to the provision of primary education. The discussion on the problem of rural habitations and their population not being served will be confined to three distance limits, that is, to those that are not served within 1.0 km, 1.5 km, and 2.0 km.
The total number of habitations in all population slabs unserved within a distance of one kilometre is 1,58,687 (16.16%) accounting for 5.55% of the country's rural population. These include 1,26,454 (12.88%) habitations with population below 300: Most of the unserved habitations belong to the lower population slabs.,
With the 1.5 km - distance criterion, 1, 14,761 (11.69%) rural habitations accounting for 3.77% of the country's population are unserved. Most of these are smaller habitations with population below 300, which constitute 9.57% of the total number of habitations in the country. However, these are a very small fraction of the population viz. 1.88% of the population of the country. Bulk of the population unserved within 1.5 km is in the population slab. "Below 300" and constitutes 49.78% of the whole of the unserved habitations.
The survey reveals that 52,543 (5.35%) habitations remained unserved with primary education facilities even up to two kilometres. Of these, 4.60% fell under the population slab "Below 300". The unserved rural population comes to be 1.49%. As expected, the number of unserved habitations is very small in the higher population slabs. There are just 26 habitations unserved in the slab "5000 and above" and 90 in the slab "2000-4999".
There are 32,226 habitations with population 300 or more which are not served by the schooling facilities at the primary stage up to one kilometre. Of these, 41 belong to the population slab "5000 and above", 4 1 0 to the slab "2000-4999", and 2,328 to the slab " 1000- 1999", These habitations should be provided with, independent primary schools in a phased manner. It may not be possible to immediately provide independent primary schools to unserved habitations with population below 300 at present because of economic considerations. The possibility of providing nonformal education facilities as an interim measure could be explored until the schools get established in these habitations.
18 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
Habitations predominantly Inhabitated by Scheduled Castes in Rural Areas and Their Population according to Primary Schooling Facilities Available within Various Distance Slabs
Distance Slab (in km) Habitations having Primary Sections Population served by Primary Sections
Number Percentage Population Percentage
Within the
habitation 29297 37.67 21077060 66.31
0.1-0.5 16845 21.65 4061458 12.78
0.6-1.0 17321 22.27 3830827 12.05
Sub-total
up to (1.0) 63463 81.59 28969345 91.14
1.1-1.5 4345 5.59 93405 02.94
1.6-2.0 5742 7.38 1158786 3.64
More than 2.0 4230 5.44 723415 2.28
TOTAL 77780 100.00 31785596 100.00
It was felt that one of the inhibiting factors that prevented children belonging to the Scheduled Caste communities from attending schools, was non-availability of schooling facilities in the habitations of residence. Data on availability of educational facilities for habitations predominantly populated by the Scheduled Castes were collected for the first time during the Fourth All-India Educational Survey. For this purpose the habitations in which the Scheduled Caste population is 50% or more have been classified as "habitations predominantly inhabited by Scheduled Caste population". Ibis exercise was repeated in the present survey.
Habitations predominantly Inhabited by Scheduled Castes in Various Population Slabs In Rural Areas served by Primary Sections in Them or up to Various Distances
Population Slab Number of Habitations Habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled
Castes served by Primary Sections
within the up to up to up to up to
Habitation 0.5 km 1.0 km 1.0 km 2.0 km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5000 and above 91 90 90 91 91 91
(98.90) (98.90) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)
2000-4999 1360 1271 1315 1340 1343 1345
(93.46) (96.69) (98.53) (98.75) (98.90)
1000-1999 5311 4671 4957 5176 5224 5271
(87.95) (93.33) (97.46) (98.36) (99.25)
500-999 13038 9539 10987 12262 12534 12853
(73.16) (84.27) (94.05) (96.13) (98.58)
400-499 5742 3267 4303 5076 5293 5598
(56.90) (74.94) (88.40) (92.18) (97.49)
300-399 8334 3793 5245 7155 7621 8106
(45.51) (62.93) (85.85) (91.44) (97.26)
200-299 11991 3380 6815 9746 10487 11535
(28.19) (56.83) (81.28) (87.46) (96.20)
100-199 16364 2347 7145 12475 13703 15238
(14.34) (43.66) (76.23) (83.74) (93.12)
Below 100 15549 939 5285 10142 11512 13513
(6.04) (33.99) (65.23) (74.04) (86.91)
TOTAL 77780 29297 46142 63463 67808 73550
(37.67) (59.32) (81.59) (87.18) (94.56)
Note: Figures within parentheses indicate percentage with respect to the total habitations in slab
PRIMARY EDUCATION 19
The survey reveals that there are 77,780 habitation predominantly populated by the Scheduled Castes with a population of3,17.85,596. Of these, 29,297(37.67%)habitations have primary sections within them while 63,463 (81.59%), including those which have primary sections within them, are served by primary sections up to a distance of one kilometre. Only 4,230 (5.44%) of such habitations do not have primary sections up to a distance of two kilometres. Thus 94.56% habitations are served up to two kilometres.
In terms of populations it could be said that 66.31% of the population in these habitations is served by primary sections within the habitations of residence and 91.14% population is served either within the habitations of residence or within a distance of one kilometre. A comparison of Statements 4.1 and 4.6 shows that there is near-parity in the situation, in this regard, between the habitations inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population and others so far as provision within one kilometre is concerned.
There are 91 habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Castes in the slab "5000 or more" of which 90 have primary sections within them while the remaining one is served within a distance of one kilometre. Thus all these habitations are served by these facilities. In the population slab "2000-4999", 93.4% habitations covering 94.03% of the population of the slab have primary sections within them and 98.53% habitations with 98.36% of their population are served within one kilometre. It is thus found that the habitations predominantly populated by the Scheduled Castes compare favourably with other habitations.
Percentage of Rural Population In Habitations predominantly Inhabited by Scheduled Castes In Various Population Slabs served by Primary Sections In the Habitations of Residence or up to Various Distances
Population Slab Percentage of Population in Habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled
Castes served by Primary Sections
Within the up to up to up to up to
Habitations 0.5 km 1.0 km 1.5 km 2.0 km
1 2 3 4 5 6
5000 and above 98.96 98.96 100.00 100.00 100.00
2000-4999 94.03 96.92 98.36 98.74 98.89
1000-1999 89.26 94.07 97.56 98.51 99.31
500-999 75.52 85.68 94.42 96.27 98.64
400-499 55.69 73.23 88.71 92.23 97.45
300-399 44.47 64.77 85.84 91.37 97.26
200-299 29.97 56.80 81.25 87.43 96.17
100-199 16.05 44.37 76.06 83.80 93.29
Below 100 6.66 33.64 67.13 76.09 88.44
TOTAL 66.31 79.09 91.14 94.08 97.72
In the slab 73.16% habitations covering 75.52% population have primary sections within them as against 94.05% habitations with 94.42% population having primary sections up to one kilometre, Here also the figures do not appear to show any major divergence as compared to the case of all habitations.
There are 5,742 habitations predominantly populated by the Scheduled Castes in the slab out of which 3,267 (56.90%) have primary sections within them and the percentage of such habitations that are served up to one kilometre rise's 'to 88.40%. In terms of population, 55.69% population of the slab is served within the habitations of residence while the percentage of population served up to one kilometre rises to 88.71.
Of the 8,334 habitations in the slab, 3,793 (45.51%) are served within the habitations of residence and the number of habitations served up to one kilometre almost doubles to 7,155 (85.85%). A similar picture emerges in the case of population where 44.47% of the population is served within the habitation and 85.84% up to one kilometre.
The number of habitations with population below 300 is 43,904 (56.45%) out of the total of 77,780 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Their numbers in the population slabs, "200-299", "100-199" and "Below 100" are 11,991, 16,364 and 15,549, respectively, and the corresponding percentages among them having primary sections within them are
20 FIFTH ALL INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
28.19, 14.34, and 6.04, respectively. But when the habitations served up to one kilometre are taken into consideration we find that 81.28%, 76.23%, and 65.23% are served, respectively. Even though these are small habitations population-wise also, the percentages served in their own habitations are only 29.97, 16.05, and 6.66 of the population in respective slabs. It is encouraging to note that the corresponding percentages of the total populations served up to one kilometre at the national level are 81.25, 76.06, and 67.13.
Percentage of Habitations predominantly Inhabited by Scheduled Castes unserved by Primary Sections up to Various Distances
Percentage of Habitations predominantly inhabited by Scheduled Castes Unserved
Population
Slab up to 1.0 km up to 1.5 km up to 2.0 Ian
a b c a b c a b c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5000 and above 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2000-4999 1.47 0.14 0.03 1.25 0.17 0.02 1.10 0.36 0.02
1000-1999 2.54 0.94 0.17 1.64 0.87 0.11 0.75 0.95 0.05
500-999 5.95 5.42 1.00 3.87 5.06 0.65 1.42 4.37 0.24
400-499 11.60 4.65 0.86 7.82 4.50 0.58 2.51 3.40 0.18
300-399 14.15 8.24 1.51 8.56 7.15 0.92 2.74 5.39 0.29
200-299 18.72 15.68 2.89 12.54 15.08 1.93 3.80 10.78 0.59
100-199 23.77 27.16 5.00 16.26 26.69 3.42 6.88 26.62 1.45
Below 100 34.77 37.77 6.95 35.96 40.48 5.19 13.09 48.13 2.62
TOTAL 18.41 100.00 18.41 12.82 100.00 12.82 5.44 100.00 5.44
a - Percentage of unserved habitations in the slab with respect to their total in the slab
b - Percentage of unserved habitations in the slab with respect to the total number of unserved habitations in the country
c - Percentage of unserved habitations in the slab with respect to the total number of habitations in the country
On the basis of the accessibility criterion of one kilometre, 14,317 (18.41%) habitations including 14.84% habitations with population below 300 are unserved in respect of these facilities. The population of these habitations is 8.87% of the total population of the habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Castes.
Percentage of Habitations predominantly Inhabited by Scheduled Castes unserved by Primary Sections up to Various Distances
Percentage of Rural Population in Habitations predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Castes Unserved
Population
Slab up to 1.0 km up to 1.5 km up to 2.0 km
a b c a b c a b c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5000 and above 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2000-4999 1.64 2.09 0.19 1.26 2.41 0.14 1.11 5.55 0.13
1000-1999 2.44 6.15 0.54 1.49 5.61 0.33 0.69 6.79 0.15
500-999 5.58 17.79 1.58 3.73 17.77 1.05 1.36 16.89 0.38
400-499 11.29 10.24 0.91 7.77 10.55 0.63 2.55 9.00 0.21
300-399 14.16 14.34 1.27 8.63 13.07 0.77 2.74 10.80 0.25
200-299 18.75 19.34 1.71 12.57 19.40 1.15 3.83 15.36 0.35
100-199 23.94 19.89 1.76 16.20 20.14 1.19 6.71 21.71 0.49
Below-100 32.87 10.16 0.90 23.91 11.05 0.66 11.56 13.90 0.32
TOTAL 8.86 100.00 8.86 5.92 100.00 5.92 2.28 100.00 2.28
a-Percentage of unserved population in the slab with respect to the total population in the slab
b-Percentage of unserved population in the slab with respect to the total population unserved in the country
c-Percentage of unserved population in the slab with respect to the total rural population in the country
PRIMARY EDUCATION 21
In all, 9,973 (12.82%) habitations accounting for 5.92% of the population of the habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population are served beyond a distance of 1.5 km. Of these, 10.54% habitations have population below 300 individually. The percentage of the population unserved on the basis of 1.5 km-distance criterion is 5.92. As already stated, no habitation in the population slab "5000 and more" remains unserved. The number of habitations unserved in the population slabs "2000-4999" and "7000-1999" are 17 and 87, respectively.
When the distance criterion is raised to two kilometres 5.44% habitations accounting for 2.28% of the population remain unserved. There are 2,776 habitations with population more than 3000 that remain unserved up to one kilometre. The priority of providing primary schools goes to them.
Percentage of Villages with Various Proportions of SC population In Different Population Slabs having Facility of Primary Stage
Population (in Percentage of Villages with Facility of Primary Stage in Population Slabs
percentage) of
Scheduled Castes
in the Villages 5000 and above 2000-4999 1000-1999 500-499 400-999 300-399 Below 300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zero 96.80 90.48 90.80 82.44 74.03 66.02 30.04
1 - 25 97.59 94.99 89.61 84.54 75.24 68.22 37.32
26 - 50 92.07 94.55 89.99 78.32 69.23 57.70 30.61
51 - 75 94.16 91.39 86.62 76.14 62.05 53.29 27.50
More than 75 96.88 89.13 81.33 69.67 65.47 57.68 21.46
All Villages 96.82 94.42 89.61 82.24 72.87 64.58 31.63
The problem of availability of schooling facilities in villages categorized into various population slabs and also according to the proportion of the Scheduled Castes in them was studied to further probe into it. Statement 4.11 shows that villages have similar level of facilities. A look at the figures under the various population slabs shows that within a particular slab the proportion of villages having primary education facilities does not differ very much as the proportion of the Scheduled Caste population within them increases. However, for obvious reasons the percentage of villages having primary schooling facilities decreases as the size of the population slab decreases. In the population slab "Below 300", the drop in the availability of primary schooling facilities is very steep. But one redeeming feature discernible is that 30.04% villages with no Scheduled Caste population have schooling facilities as compared to 37.32% in the case of villages with up to 25% of such population.
Habitations predominantly Inhabited by Scheduled Tribes In Rural Areas and Their Population according to Primary Schooling Facilities available within Various Distance Slabs
Distance slab Habitations having Population served by
(in km) Primary Sections Primary Sections
Number Percentage Population Percentage
1 2 3 4 5
Within the habitation 74558 45.43 35694575 72.19
0.1 - 0.5 20164 12.28 3437008 6.95
0.6 - 1.0 27492 16.75 4555223 9.21
Sub-total 122214 74.46 43686806 88.35
(up to 1.0)
1.1 - 1.5 7992 4.87 1236814 2.50
1.6 - 2.0 13575 8.27 2050837 4.15
More than 2.0 20348 12.40 2474789 5.00
TOTAL 164129 100.00 49449246 100.00
22 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
Habitations predominantly Inhabited by Scheduled Tribes In Rural Areas In Various Population Slabs served by Primary Sections In Them or up to Various Distances
Population Number of Habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Tribes served by
Primary Sections
Habitations
Within the up to up to up to up to
Habitations 0-5 km 1.0 1.5 km 2.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5000 and above 71 70 70 70 70 70
(98.59) (98.59) (98.59) (98.59) (98.59)
2000-4999 1007 972 983 1000 1000 1005
(96.52) (97.62) (99.30) (99.30) (99.80)
1000-1999 5317 5131 5188 5258 5278 5298
(96.50) (97.57) (98.89) (99.27) (99.64)
500-999 19965 18170 18767 19398 19523 19760
(91.01) (94.00) (97.16) (97.79) (98.97)
400-499 10999 8890 9659 10360 10546 10800
(80.83) (87.82) (94.19) (95.88) (98.19)
300-399 17775 12384 13755 15635 16136 16964
(69.67) (77.38) (87.96) (90.78) (95.44)
200-299 27794 14265 17422 22022 23288 25415
(51.32) (62.68) (79.23) (83.79) (91.44)
100-199 41504 11137 17957 27634 30401 35294
(26.83) (43.27) (66.58) (73.25) (85.04)
Below 100 39697 3539 10921 20837 23964 29175
(8.92) (27.51) (52.49) (60.37) (73.49)
TOTAL 164129 74558 94722 122214 130206 143781
(45.43) (57.71) (74.46) (79.33) (87.60)
Note : Figures within parentheses indicate percentages with respect to the total number of
habitations in the slab
Percentage of Rural Population In Habitations predominantly inhabited by Scheduled Tribes In Various Population Slabs served by Primary Sections In the Habitation or Residence or up to Various Distances
Percentage of Population in Habitations predominantly inhabited by Scheduled
Tribes served by Primary Sections
Population Slab
Within the up to up to up to up to
Habitations 0.5 km 1.0 km 1.5 km 2.0 km
1 3 4 5 6 7
5000 and above 98.56 98.56 98.56 98.56 98.56
2000-4999 96.90 97.84 99.29 99.29 99.81
1000-1999 96.57 97.64 98.95 99.29 99.64
500-999 91.62 94.41 97.36 97.96 99.05
400-499 81.01 87.99 94.29 95.99 98.30
300-399 70.14 77.76 88.08 90.89 95.42
200-299 51.97 63.18 79.59 84.16 91.72
100-199 27.83 44.04 67.57 74.02 85.44
Below 100 10.79 30.10 56.01 64.23 76.91
TOTAL 72.19 79.14 88.35 90.85 95.00
PRIMARY EDUCATION 23
Habitations with 50% or more of the Scheduled Tribe population have been defined as "habitations predominantly inhabited by Scheduled Tribes". There are 1,64,129 such habitations with a population of 4,94,49,246. Of these, 74,558 (45.43%) have primary sections within them serving a population of 3,56,94,575 (72.19%). If we consider the criterion of walkable distance of one kilometre, it is found that 1,22,214 (74.46%) habitations with a population of 4,36,86,806 (88.35%) have these facilities. Only 20,348 (12.40%) habitations accounting for just 5% population have primary sections beyond two kilometres or 87.60% of habitations with 95% population are served within a radius of two kilometres.
In the population slab "5000 and above" 70 habitations out of 71 have primary sections serving 98.59% population of all the habitations in the slab. There is only one habitation in the slab which does not have the facility even within a distance of two kilometres. Out of 1,007 habitations in the slab 2000-4999, 972 have the facilities catering to 96.90% of the population while 983 habitations serving 97.62% of the population have primary sections either within their habitations or up to a distance of one kilometre. For the population slab " 1000-1999" the corresponding habitation percentages are 96.50 and 98.89, respectively, while population percentages are 96.57 and 98.95.
There are 19,965 habitations in this slab out of which 18,170 (91.01 %) have primary sections within them accounting for 91.62% population in the slab. If we consider the 1.0 km - distance criterion 97.16% habitations with 97.36% population are served with the facilities for primary education. Only a small fraction of habitations with still smaller fraction of population in the slab have the facilities beyond two kilometres.
Out of 10,999 habitations in the slab 10,360 (94.19%) including 8,890 (80.83%) having primary sections within them, are served up to one kilometre. The percentages of population served within the habitation of residence and within a distance of one kilometre are 8 1.01 and 94.29, respectively.
There are 17,775 habitations in the slab. Of these, 12,384 (69.67%) have primary sections within them while 87.96% have the facilities up to one kilometre. In the slab 4.56% habitations with 4.58% population do not have these sections even up to two kilometres. In terms of population 70.14% population in the slab is served within the habitations of residence and 88.08% is served with primary education up to one kilometre.
In the population slab "200-299" 51.32% habitations have primary sections within them and 79.23% have these within one kilometre. The corresponding percentages for the slab "100-199" are 26.83 and 66.58 and those for the slab "below 100" are 8.92 and 52.49.
A comparison of the position in their case with the case of "all habitations" shows that these figures compare very well with other areas.
Percentage of Habitations predominantly Inhabited by Scheduled Tribes
unserved by Primary Sections up to Various Distances
Percentage of Habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Tribes Unserved
Population
Slab up to 1.0 km up to 1.5 km up to 2.0 km
a b c a b c a b c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5000 and above 1.41 0.00 0.00 1.41 0.00 0.00 1.41 0.01 0.00
2000-4999 0.70 0.02 0.01 0.70 0.02 0.01 0.20 0.01 0.00
1000-1999 1.11 0.14 0.04 0.73 0.12 0.02 0.36 0.09 0.01
500-999 2.84 1.35 0.34 2.21 1.30 0.27 1.03 1.01 0.13
400-499 5.81 1.52 0.39 4.12 1.34 0.28 1.81 0.98 0.12
300-399 12.04 5.11 1.30 9.22 4.83 1.00 4.56 3.98 0.50
200-299 20.77 13.77 3.52 16.21 13.28 2.74 8.56 11.69 1.45
100-199 33.42 33.09 8.45 26.75 32.73 6.76 14.96 30.52 3.78
Below 100 47.51 45.00 11.49 39.63 46.38 9.59 26.51 51.71 6.41
TOTAL 25.54 100.00 25.54 20.67 100.00 20.67 12.40 100.00 12.40
a - Percentage of unserved habitations in the slab with respect to their total in the slab
b - Percentage of unserved habitations in the slab with respect to the total number of userved habitations in the country
c - Percentage of unserved habitation in the slab with respect to the total number of habitations in the country
24 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
The problem of habitations and population not served at the three distances, 1.0 km, 1.5 km, and 2.0 km has been discussed in the following paragraphs.
On the basis of the criterion of one kilometre of walking-- distance 41,915 (25.54%) habitations with corresponding 11.65% of the population are unserved within this distance. The number of habitations in the population slabs "5000 and above", "2000-4999" and "1000-1999" that remain unserved at this distance are 1,7, and 59, respectively.
In all, 38,923 (20.67%) habitations are unserved by primary sections up to 1.5 km distance and their population constitutes 9.15% of the total. One habitation in the populations lab "5000 and above", 7 in the slab "2000-4999", and 39 in the slab "1000-1999" are unserved at this distance.
With the 2.0 km-distance limit 12.40% habitations accounting for 5.00% population can be considered unserved. Most of these habitations fall under the lower population slabs. One habitation in the population slab "5000 and above", 2 in the slab "2000-4999", and 19 in the slab "1000-1999" remain unserved on this distance criterion.
Percentage of Rural Population In Habitations predominantly inhabited by Scheduled Tribes Unserved
Percentage of Rural Population in Habitations predominantly populated by
Scheduled Tribes Unserved
Population
Slab up to 1.0 km up to 1.5 km up to 2.0 km
a b c a b c a b c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5000 and above 1.44 0.12 0.01 1.44 0.15 0.01 1.44 0.27 0.01
2000- 4999 0.71 0.34 0.04 0.71 0.43 0.04 0.19 0.21 0.01
1000- 1999 1.05 1.26 0.15 0.71 1.08 0.10 0.36 1.00 0.05
500- 999 2.64 6.15 0.72 2.04 6.05 0.56 0.95 5.17 0.26
400- 499 5.71 4.83 0.56 4.01 4.33 0.40 1.70 3.35 0.17
300- 399 11.92 12.58 1.46 9.11 12.24 1.12 4.58 11.24 0.56
200- 299 20.41 23.82 2.78 15.84 23.53 2.15 8.28 22.49 1.12
100 - 199 32.43 33.56 3.91 25.98 34.24 3.13 14.56 35.07 1.76
Below 100 43.99 17.34 2.02 35.77 17.95 1.64 23.09 21.20 1.06
TOTAL 11.65 100.00 11.65 9.15 100.00 9.15 5.00 100.00 5.00
a - Percentage of unserved population in the slab with respect to the total population in the slab
b - Percentage of unserved population in the slab with respect to the total population unserved in the country
c - Percentage of unserved population in the slab with respect to the total rural population in the country
There are 3,413 habitations with population 300 or more unserved within one kilometre with primary stage education that merit immediate attention and should be provided with independent primary schools in a phased manner. Other unserved habitations with population below 300 that do not have primary sections, could be covered by non-formal education centres.
Percentage of Villages with Various Proportions of ST Population in Different Population Slabs having Facility for Primary Stage
Proportion (in per- Percentage of Villages with Facilities for Primary Stage in Population Slabs
centage) of Scheduled
Tribes in the Villages 5000 and above 2000-4999 1000-1999 500-999 400-499 300-399 Below 300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zero 96.11 94.90 87.88 76.32 62.75 55.54 26.41
1 - 25 97.65 93.39 91.51 90.70 88.90 75.24 39.85
26 - 50 95.83 95.17 92.48 90.43 84.66 70.67 36.50
51 - 75 97.62 95.45 93.84 90.51 85.32 73.13 36.75
More than 75 100.00 96.18 96.73 91.08 87.18 81.57 38.74
ALL VILLAGES 96.82 94.42 89.61 82.24 72.87 64.58 31.63
PRIMARY EDUCATION 25
A trend similar to the one found in the case of habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Castes is found in this case also. Obviously, the bigger villages are well provided. As we go down to the villages in the lower population slabs the percentages among them that have primary schooling facilities, go down. As is expected, there is a steep fall in these. percentages in the case of villages with population below 300. There does not appear to be much difference between the villages with no Scheduled Tribe population and those with different percentage class-intervals within each population. slab. In many cases villages with the Scheduled Tribe population fare better.
The Fifth Survey figures reveal that universal provision of schooling facilities at the primary stage stands nearly achieved in Gujarat, Haryana, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Chandigarh, Delhi, Lakshadweep, and Pondicherry. In these States and Union Territories more than 98% of the rural population is served by schooling facilities at the primary stage within the walking distance of one kilometre. It may be mentioned here that whenever we talk of the availability of educational facilities "within one kilometre" it also includes the facilities available within the habitations of residence. Similarly the facilities "within two kilometres" would include facilities within one kilometre and between one and two kilometres. Among the States, Punjab has the highest percentage (99.59%) of the population served within one kilometre and Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest percentage of the population served (73.35%). Among the Union Territories, Delhi and Lakshadweep have achieved one hundred per cent coverage within this distance limit while Andaman and Nicobar Islands trails at only 83.01% coverage. Most of the States and Union Territories have achieved more than 90% coverage. The problem now appears to be one of universal enrolment and retention.
4.11.1 Andhra Pradesh
In Andhra Pradesh there are 57,583 rural habitations with a population of 4,62,85,240. Of these, 39,063 (67.84%) habitations have primary sections within them while 49,451 (85.88%) have them within a distance of one kilometre. Population-wise, 93.29% of the rural population is served within the habitations of residence whereas 9.7.30% and 98.95% of the population is served within one kilometre and within two kilometres, respectively. These figures show a marginal improvement over the corresponding figures of 91.84%, 96.06%, and 98.14% at the time of the Fourth Survey. There are 34,979 habitations with a population of 300 or more, which account for 93.05% of the rural population. Of these, 804 (2.30%) habitations do not have schooling facilities at the primary stage within one kilometre. Among the unserved habitations just one belongs to the population slab "2000- 4999" and 31 in the population slab "1000-1999".
There are 5,081 (8.82%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Of these, 2,959 (58.24%) habitations, covering 83.49% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within them. The percentage of population having these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres is 96.20 and 99.12, respectively. Of the 2,693 (53%) habitations with a population of 300 or more, 84 (3.12%) do not have these facilities within one kilometre. Among these, four habitations fall under the population slab "1000-1999"
There are 11,306 (19.63%) habitations predominantly inhabited by Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, only 31.59%, covering 63.63% of the population, have primary sections within them. However, the percentage of population having these facilities within one kilometre is 77.80 and that within two kilometres is 88.70. There are 2,619 (23.16%) habitations with a population of 300 or more. Of these, 255 (9.74%) habitations are not served within one kilometre. Seven of the unserved habitations have a population of more than 1000.
There are 3,237 habitations with a population of 6,83,930 in Arunachal Pradesh. Of these, only 574 (17.74%) habitations have a population of 300 or more, which account for 59.33% of the rural population. Small habitations are a common feature of the State. Only 1,134 (35.03%) habitations, covering 65.85% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within the habitations themselves. Furthermore, 41.74% of the habitations, covering 73.35% of the population, have these facilities within one kilometre. At the time of the Fourth Survey, however, 60.69% of the population was served within one kilometre, including 55.90% which enjoyed these facilities within the habitations themselves. Thus, the period between the two surveys has witnessed an increase in the facilities for primary education. Despite this, still more than half of the habitations (51.16%), covering 22.30% of the population, continue to remain unserved even within a distance of two kilometres. Amongst the habitations with population 300 or more, 70 (12.20%) habitations do not have these facilities within one kilometre. These include one habitation in the population slab "2000-4999" and three habitations in the slab " 1000- 1999".
The State has only two habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. While none of them has a primary section within the habitation, both of them are served by the facilities within one kilometre.
There are 2,974 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, 463 (15.57%) habitations have a population of 300 or more, which account for 52.40% of the population. Slightly more than one-third of the habitations, covering 64.35% of the population, have primary sections within them. However, about two-fifths of the habitations covering 70.88% of the population, have these facilities within one kilometre. Still more than one-half (53.03%) of the habitations continue to remain unserved even within two kilometres. Most of these habitations are of smaller size and account for 25.43% of the population of the State.
26 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
Seventy per cent of the 31,803 habitations in Assam have primary sections within them, covering 81.74% of the rural population. Those habitations which are served within a distance of one kilometre, constitute 89.98% of their total, covering 93.57% of the population. However, 66.22% of the habitations, covering 81.34% of the rural population, were served by primary sections within them and 88.33% of the habitations, accounting for 94.21% of the rural population, had these facilities within one kilometre during the Fourth Survey. There are still 618(1.94%) habitations, covering 0.94% of the population, which are not served even within two kilometres. About two-thirds (67.85%) of the habitations in the State have a population of 300 or more. These habitations account for 91.41% of the rural population. Of these, 1,574(7.29%) habitations are not served within one kilometre, including one habitation in the population slab "5000 and above", 19 in the slab "2000-4999", and 195 in the slab "1000-1999".
There are only 1,395 (4.39%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population of which 1,024 (73.41%) catering to 84.53% of the population have primary sections within them. Furthermore, the percentage of population enjoying these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres is 94.14 and 99.14, respectively. Out of 1,395 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population, 1,026 (73.55%) have a population of 300 or more. Of these, 72(7.02%) habitations do not have these facilities within a distance of one kilometre.
The State has 6,075 (19.10%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, 3,938 (64,82%) habitations have the facilities for primary education within them whereas 5,398 (88.86%) habitations have these facilities within one kilometre. The corresponding figures of coverage in respect of population are 74.99% and 92.10%, respectively. Furthermore, 98.72% of the population is served within two kilometres. More than half (52.30%) of the habitations predominantly inhabited by, the Scheduled Tribe population have a population of 300 or more of which 231(7.27%) habitations continue to remain unserved within one kilometre.
The State of Bihar has 1,02,137 habitations with a population of 6,92,03,009. More than half of them catering to 78.53% of the population have the facilities for primary education within the habitations themselves, where as 88.40% of the habitations, covering 95.86% of the population, have these facilities within a distance of one kilometre. On comparing these figures with those of the Fourth Survey we find only a marginal increase in the facilities for schooling at the primary stage.
There are 63,131(61.81%) habitations with a population of 300 or more, which account for 91.37% of the rural population in the State. Of these, 3,124 (4.95%) habitations, including 215 with a population of 1,000 or-more, do not have these facilities within one kilometre. These include 41 habitations with a population of 1,000 or more, which continue to remain unserved even within a distance of two kilometres.
Of the 4,960 (4.86%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population, 1,632 (32.90%) covering 55.07% of the population have primary sections within them. While 88.94% of the population is served within one kilometre, 96.99% of the population has access to these facilities within two kilometres. About one-fifth of the habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population have a population of 300 or more. Of these, 72 (7.02%) habitations are not served by primary sections within one kilometre.
About one-fifth (20.72%) of the habitations in the State are predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, 7,596(35.89%) habitations, catering to 58.87% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within the habitations themselves. However, the percentage of population served within one kilometre and within two kilometres is 87A9 and 96.90, respectively. There are 3,177(15.01 %) habitations with a population of 300 or more of which 516(7.87%) do not have access to primary sections within one kilometre.
There are 2,465 habitations with a population of 8,77,999 in Goa. About two-fifths of these habitations, covering 57.72% of the population, have primary sections within them. While 90.60% of the population has access to schooling at the primary stage within one kilometre,98.08% is served within a distance of two kilometres. However, in the erstwhile Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu, 39.4 1% of the habitations, covering 56.82% of the population, had the facilities for primary education within them during the Fourth Survey. Further, the percentages of population then served within one kilometre and within two kilometres were 88.97 and 98.65, respectively.
The Fifth Survey figures reveal that about two-fifths of the habitations in Goa have a population of 300 or more. These habitations account for 76.13% of the rural population. Of these, 87(8.39%) habitations continue to remain unserved within one kilometre. Six of the unserved habitations even fall under the population slab "1000-1999".
The State has 17 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. While only one of them has a primary section within the habitation, 14 of them are served within a distance of one kilometre. It may be stated that all the 17 habitations have a population below 300.
There is, however, no habitation predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population in the State of Goa.
The Fifth Survey figures reveal that 90.48% of the 24,390 habitations in the State of Gujarat have primary sections within them. These habitations cover 97.83% of the rural population. Furthermore, almost the whole of the rural population (99.45%) in the State is served within one kilometre. At the time of the Fourth Survey,
PRIMARY EDUCATION 27
however, 81.28% of the habitations, covering 94.96% of the population, had the facilities for primary education within the habitations themselves. Moreover, the percentage of population served within one kilometre was 98.14 then.
It may be stated that more than four-fifths (81.17%) of the habitations, covering 96.93% of the population, have a population of 300 or more. Of these, 153(0.73%) habitations are not served by primary sections within a distance of one kilometre. Four of the unserved habitations have a population more than 1,000 but below 2,000.
The State has 118(0.48%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Of these, 38.14% catering to 71.13% of the population have the facilities for primary education within the habitations themselves. However, the percentage of population having these facilities within one kilometre is 98.34. Further. all the habitations are served within two kilometres. There are 36(30.51%) habitations with a population of 300 or more and all of them have these facilities within one kilometre.
About one-fourth of the habitations in Gujarat are predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, 96.40% covering 98.72% of the population have access to primary sections within one kilometre. These include 88.53% of the habitations, covering 95.40% of the population, which enjoy these facilities within the habitations themselves. Furthermore, out of 5,015 habitations with a population of 300 or more, 73 (1.46%) continue to remain unserved even within one kilometre.
At the time of the Fourth Survey, 92.39% of the habitations in Haryana had the facilities for primary education within one kilometre, including 77.30% which had these facilities within the habitations themselves. In terms of population, the corresponding percentages were 98.58 and 94.07, respectively. Since then, an increase has been recorded in the facilities during the span of eight years (1978-86). The Fifth Survey figures show that the percentage of habitations served within the, habitations themselves and of those served within one kilometre rose to 85.57 and 94.96, respectively. These habitations cover 96.68% and 99.37% of the rural population. Thus, the State has nearly achieved universal provision of schooling facilities at the primary stage. In Haryana, a majority (85.2 1 %)of the habitations have a population of 300 or more, which account for 98.60% of the rural population. Of these, 77 (1.19%) habitations continue to remain unserved within one kilometre. Among the unserved habitations, three fall even under the population slab "2000-4999" and two under the slab "1000-1999"
The State has 426(5.62%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. A little over 70% of them, covering about 90% of the population, have provision for primary education within the habitations themselves. However, 92.02% of them, covering 98.23% of the population, have these facilities within one kilometre. There are 310 (72.77%) habitations with a population of 300 or more of which seven habitations are not served within one kilometre.
None of the habitations in Haryana is predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population.
There are 30,678 habitations with a population of 45,26,668 in Himachal Pradesh. Of these, only 3,587(11.69%) habitations have a population of 300 or more,which account for 45.85% of the rural population in the State. The State abounds in small habitations. It is observed that only 6,650(21.68%) habitations, covering 46.51% of the population, enjoy the facilities for primary education within the habitations themselves. The percentage of habitations served within one kilometre is 58.92 and of those served within two kilometres is 83.33. These habitations cater to 76.64% and 92.20% of the population, respectively.
At the time of the Fourth Survey, however, 17.16% of the habitations had primary sections within them. These habitations accounted for 38.01% of the population. The percentages of the population served within a distance of one kilometre and within two kilometres were 71.54 and 89.82, respectively.
Of the 3,587 habitations with population 300 or more, 380 (10.59%) continue to remain unserved within one kilometre. Six of the unserved habitations have a population of 1,000 and above.
The State has 5,594(18.23%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Of these, 52.47% have the facilities for primary education within one kilometre, including 15.62% having these facilities within the habitations themselves. The corresponding percentages of the population served within one kilometre and within the habitations of residence are 67.16 and 34.74, respectively. Furthermore, the percentage of the habitations served within two kilometres; is 80.26, covering 88.77% of the population: Out of 5,594 habitations only 408 have a population of 300 or more of which 63(15.44%) do not have these facilities within one kilometre.
The State has 1,826(5.95%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, 566(31.00%) habitations, covering 58.31% of the population, have access to primary sections within the habitations themselves. The percentages of the population served by primary sections within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 79.84 and 92.24, respectively. There are 130 habitations with a population of 300 or more of which five are not served by primary sections within one kilometre.
The total number of habitations in Jammu and Kashmir is 14,628 and their total population is 54,03,741. More than half (53.77%) of them, catering to 78.23% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within the habitations themselves. Further, the percentage of the habitations served within one kilometre is 77.73 and of those served within two kilometres is 91.77. The corresponding percentages in terms of population are 90.70 and 96.92, respectively. On comparing these figures with those of the Fourth Survey we find only a marginal increase in the facilities for primary education during the period between the two surveys.
28 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
Nearly two-fifths of the total number of habitations in the State have a population of 300 or more. These habitations account for 76.39% of the rural population. Of these, 345 (5.94%) habitations, including five in the population slab "1000-1999", do not have access to primary sections within one kilometre.
The State has 966(6.60%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Of these, 432(44.72%) habitations, covering 69.89% of the rural population. have primary sections within them. Almost three-fourths of the habitations, covering 88.95 % of the population, have these facilities within one kilometre. However, 96.60% of the population is served within two kilometres. A little over one-third of the habitations have a population of 300 or more of which 24 (6.94%) habitations are not served within one kilometre.
There is, however, no habitation predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population in the State.
There are 41,980 habitations with a population of 3,00,12,752 in Karnataka. Slightly more than two-thirds (68.90%) of them have primary sections within themselves whereas the percentages of the habitations having these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 87.48 and 96.37, respectively. The corresponding percentages in terms of population are 92.50,97.24 and 99.26, respectively. On comparing these figures with those of the Fourth Survey we find a marginal increase in the availability of the facilities for primary education.
About 62% of the habitations in the State have a population of 300 or more, which account for 92.81% of the population. While 92.89% of them have these facilities within the habitations themselves, 687(2.64%) habitations continue to remain unserved within one kilometre. Among the unserved habitations six fall even under the population slab "2000-4999" while 40 belong to the slab "1000-1999".
The State has 3,072(7.32%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population of which 65.46%, covering 84.27% of the population, are served by primary sections within the habitations themselves. While 94.61 % of the population has these facilities within one kilometre, 98.73 % of the population has it within two kilometres. Almost half of the habitations have a population of 300 or more of which 45 (2.94%) habitations do not have these facilities within one kilometre.
Of the 1,014 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population 71.30% have the facilities for primary education within the habitations themselves. These habitations cater to 92.08% of the population. Further, 85.31% of the habitations which have these facilities within one kilometre, cover 96.07% of the population. About 58% of the habitations have a population of 300 or more of which 95.25% are served by primary sections within them. Among these, 11(1.87%) habitations are still not served within one kilometre.
There are 6,181 habitations with a population of 2,41,75,336 in Kerala. Of these, 6,066(98.14%) habitations have a population of 300 or more. These account for 99.91% of the rural population in the State. The State abounds in large-sized habitations. It is observed that 74.08% of the habitations, covering 87.67% of the population, have primary sections within them. Furthermore, the percentage of the habitations having these facilities within one kilometre is 87.80 and within two kilometres it is 96.04. The corresponding figures in respect of population are 94.39 and 97.96, respectively. There is a marginal increase in the availability of facilities for primary education during the period 1978-86. Out of 6,066 habitations with a population of 300 or more, 707 (11.66%) continue to remain unserved within one kilometre even in 1986. These include 38 habitations in the population slab "5000 and above", 221 in the slab "2000-4999" and 240 in the slab " 1000-1999".
Five of the seven habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population have the facilities for primary education within the habitations. The remaining two habitations do not have it even up to two kilometres. There are only four habitations with a population of 300 or more and all of them have these facilities within the habitations themselves.
The State has 25 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Six of them, covering 68.77% of the population, are served within the habitations themselves. The number of habitations served within one kilometre and within two kilometres is 8 and 17, respectively. These habitations cater to 73.54% and 91.06% of the population, respectively. Seven of the 13 habitations with population 300 or more are not served by primary sections up to one kilometre.
There are 1,06,291 habitations with a population of 4,61,45,599 in Madhya Pradesh. Of these, 51,108(48.08%) habitations have a population of 300 or more, which account for 82.46% of the rural population. It shows that the State has a substantially high proportion of small-sized habitations. More than half (52.75%) of the habitations, covering 81.51% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within them. The percentages of the habitations having these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 81.01 and 92.40, respectively. The corresponding figures in terms of population are 92.92 and 97.34, respectively. Further, 2,202(4.31%) habitations with a population of 300 or more continue to remain unserved up to a distance of one kilometre. Of these, 17 habitations have a population of 1000 and above.
At the time of the Fourth Survey, however, 46.05% of the habitations had primary sections within the habitations and 75.28% had them up to one kilometre. These habitations covered 77.14% and 90.17% of the populations, respectively. Thus, an increase in the percentages of schooling facilities at the primary stage is evident during the period 1978-86.
The State has 4,603(4.33%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population of which 47.30%, covering 73.08% of the population, have primary sections within the habitations themselves. The percentages of the population
PRIMARY EDUCATION 29
served within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 89.46 and 96.58, respectively. There are 2,028(44.06%) habitations with a population of 300 or more of which 118(5.82%) do not have these facilities up to a distance of one kilometre.
More than two-fifths (42.21%) of the habitations in the State are predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, 18,913(42.61%) habitations, covering 66.01% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within the habitations. Further, the percentages of the population having access to these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 87.42 and 94.70, respectively. Among the habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population only 32.19% have a population of 300 or more. Of these, 1,757(5.96%) habitations are not served by primary sections up to one kilometre.
Out of 63,728 habitations in the State of Maharashtra, 57,538 (90.29%) habitations, catering to 97.95% of the population, have access to primary sections within one kilometre. These include 44,059(69.12%) habitations which have these facilities within them and their population is 92.42% of the rural population. Almost the whole population (99.34%) in the State is covered by the habitations which have these facilities within two kilometres. In the Fourth Survey, however, 62.83% of the habitations had primary sections within them and 86.97% had such sections up to one kilometre. These habitations covered 90.10% and 96.97% of the population, respectively.
More than half (57.92%) of the habitations in the State have a population of 300 or more, which account for 91.21% of the rural population. Of these, 600(1.63%) habitations, including 16 with a population of 1,000 or more, do not have access to primary sections within one kilometre.
The State has 1,693(2.66%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Of these, 368 (21.74%) habitations, covering almost half of the population, have. the facilities for primary education within the habitations themselves. The percentages of the population having these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 92.42 and 98.82, respectively. Furthermore, 8 of the 278 habitations with a population of 300 or more continue to remain unserved up to a distance of one kilometre.
The State has 10,685(16.77%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population of which 55.18% covering about four- fifths of the population have these facilities within the habitations themselves. The percentages of the population having them within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 91.23 and 95.91, respectively. About two-fifths of the habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population have a population of 300 or more. Of these, 225(5.12%) habitations continue to remain unserved within a distance of one kilometre,
The Fifth Survey figures reveal that more than four-fifths (82.29%) of the habitations, catering to 89.97% of the rural population in Manipur, have the facilities for primary education within the habitations. While 91.05% of the habitations have these facilities within one kilometre it is available for 92.96% of them up to a distance of two kilometres. These habitations cater to 97.39% and 98.21% of the population, respectively. At the time of the Fourth Survey, however, 98.09% of the population had the facilities for primary education within one kilometre. It included 92.82% of the population that enjoyed these facilities within the habitations.
There are 1,262(48.28%) habitations with a population of 300 or more, which account for 83.81% of the rural population in the State. Of these, 23 habitations do not have these facilities within a distance of one kilometre. These include two habitations with a population of 1,000 or more.
The State has only 39(1.49%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population of which 37, covering 96.33% of the population, are served by primary sections within the habitations themselves. Of the 39 habitations, 33 have a population of 300 or more. Out of these only one habitation is not served by a primary section up to a distance of one kilometre.
More than half (53.40%) of the habitations are predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, 1,176 (84.24%) habitations, covering 93.98% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within them. The percentages of the population having these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 95.68 and 96.46, respectively. There are 435 (31.16%) habitations with a population of 300 or more of which 10 habitations do not have these facilities within one kilometre.
All the 5,337 habitations in the State of Meghalaya are predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. More than 70% of them have a population below 300, which account for 35.98% of the rural population. Thus, the State abounds in small habitations. The survey data reveal that 62.77% of the habitations, covering about four-fifths of the population, have the facilities for primary education within the habitations. Three-fourths of the habitations have these facilities within one kilometre while 85.52% of them have access to them within a radius of two kilometres. These habitations cover 89.22% and 93.97% of the rural population, respectively. At the time of the Fourth Survey, however, 59.45% of the habitations had these facilities within themselves and 78.10% had them within one kilometre. These habitations covered 76.12% and 88.53% of the population, respectively.
Among the 1,566 habitations with a population of 300 or more, 66(4.21%) do not have access to schooling facilities at the primary stage up to one kilometre. Two of the unserved habitations have a population of more than 1,000.
The State of Mizoram has 616 habitations with a population of 4,29,372 and all of them are predominantly inhabited by the
30 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
Scheduled Tribe population. Nearly two-thirds of the habitations have a population of 300 or more. The survey figures reveal that the State has nearly achieved universal provision of schooling facilities at the primary stage. As many as 579(93.99%) of the total number of 616 habitations have access to primary education within the habitations themselves. These habitations cater to 98.05% of the rural population. The percentage of the habitations having these facilities within one kilometre is 94.97, which covers 98.28% of the rural population. However, 29(4.71%)habitations accounting for 1.60% of the population are still unserved by primary education even within two kilometres. Out of 407 habitations with a population of 300 or more, seven are not served up to one kilometre.
At the time of the Fourth Survey, 43.78% of the habitations had primary sections within them while 43.93% had them within one kilometre. These habitations covered 74.54% and 74.63% of the rural population, respectively. Thus, in Mizoram the period between the Fourth and Fifth surveys has witnessed a substantial increase in the schooling facilities at the primary stage.
There are 997 habitations with a population of 7,66,408 in Nagaland. Of these, 709(71.11%) habitations, accounting for 93.26% of the rural population, have a population of 300 or more. All the habitations in the State are predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. The Fifth Survey figures reveal that the State has nearly achieved the universal provision for schooling facilities at the primary stage. Nearly 99% of the rural population is served by primary sections within the habitations of residence, while 99.45% of the population has these facilities within one kilometre. The corresponding figures at the time of the Fourth Survey, however, were 98.35% and 99.49%, respectively. Only three habitations with a population of 300 or more but below 1,000 are not served within a distance of one kilometre.
Slightly more than half of the 69,530 habitations in Orissa have provision for primary education within the habitations themselves. These habitations cover more than three-fourths (77.08%) of the rural population. Nearly four-fifths of the habitations, covering 92.83% of the population, have these facilities within one kilometre while 97.30% of the population is served up to a distance of two kilometres. At the time of the Fourth Survey, however, 76.58% of the population was served within the habitations while 93.95% had these facilities within one kilometre and 97.77% up to two kilometres.
There are 29,333(42.19%) habitations with population of 300 or more, which cover 78.77% of the rural population in the State. Of these, 1,103(3.76%) habitations including 20 with a population of 1,000 or more continue to remain unserved within a distance of one kilometre.
The State has 4,166(5.99%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Of these, 38.02% catering to 62.76% of the population have the facilities for primary education within the habitations themselves. The percentages of the population having these facilities within one kilometre an within two kilometres are 91.00 and 97.35, respectively. Further, 32.84% of the habitations have a population of 300 or more of which 72(5.26%) do not have these facilities within one kilometre.
Two-fifths of the total number of habitations in the State are predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, 10,947(39.27%) covering 66.35% of the population have access to primary sections within them. The percentages of the population served within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 83.58 and 91.88, respectively. There are 6,547(23.49%) habitations with a population of 300 or more of which 350(5.35%) habitations are not served within one kilometre.
The State of Punjab had already achieved universal provision for, schooling facilities at the primary stage at the time of the Fourth Survey itself. The percentages of the population then served within the habitations, within one kilometre and within two kilometres were 97.34, 99.72, and 99.93, respectively. The corresponding percentages in the present survey are 96.80, 99.59, and 99.92, respectively. It shows a nominal decrease in the percentages of schooling facilities at the primary stage since the Fourth Survey. Of the 13,492 habitations in the State, 10,763(79.77%) have a population of 300 or more, accounting for 96.87% of the rural population. Of these, 45(0.42%) habitations are not served by primary sections within one kilometre. Among the unserved habitations six belong to the population slab " 1000-1999".
There are 1,622(12.02%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population of which 1,203(74.17%) have a population of 300 or more. The percentages of the population served within the habitations, within one kilometre, and within two kilometres are 93.88, 98.90, and 99.56, respectively. Among the habitations with a population of 300 or more, nine (0.75%) do not have these facilities within one kilometre.
None of the habitations in the State is predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population.
There are 51,764 habitations with a population of 3,14,34,905 in Rajasthan. Of these, 29,301(56.60%) habitations, covering 80.46% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within them. The percentages of the population having these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 92.90 and 96.68, respectively. At the time of the Fourth Survey, however, 82.08% of the population was served by primary sections within the habitations while 88.50% had the facilities within one kilometre. Thus, the period between the two surveys has witnessed some increase in the schooling facilities at the primary stage.
There are 28,746(55.53%) habitations with a population of 300 or more, which account for 89.75% of the rural population. As many as 2,636 of these habitations continue to remain unserved within a distance of one kilometre. Among the unserved habitations, three belong to the population slab "2000-4999" and 42 to the population slab "1000-1999".
PRIMARY EDUCATION 31
The State has 2,877 (5.56%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Of these, 1,185 (41.19%) catering to 72.64% of the population are served by primary sections within the habitations. The percentages of population served within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 82.86 and 94.23, respectively. More than two-fifths (43.87%) of the 2,877 habitations have a population of 300 or more of which 194(15.37%) habitations are not served by primary sections within one kilometre.
The number of habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population is 9,552. Nearly half (48.49%) of them, covering more than three-fourths of the population, have the facilities for primary education within themselves. The percentages of the population having these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 87.07 and 94.94, respectively. Of the 9,552 habitations, 4,542(47,55%) have a population of 300 or more. About one-tenth amongst them do not have access to primary sections within one kilometre.
Of the 1,206 habitations in Sikkim 346(28.69%) have a population of 300 or more, which account for 61.78% of the rural population. The corresponding percentages during the Fourth Survey were 14.55 and 39.95, respectively. In all, 652(54.06%) habitations, covering 72.13% of the rural population, have the facilities for primary education within the habitations themselves. The percentages of population having these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 83.11 and 92.55, respectively. Among the habitations with a population of 300 or more, 33 (9.54%) are not served by primary education within one kilometre.
At the time of the Fourth Survey, 42.35% of the population was served by primary sections within the habitations while 64.34% and 85.47% of the population had these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres, respectively. Thus, the period between the Fourth and Fifth. Surveys has witnessed a substantial increase in the facilities for primary education.
The State has 12 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population of which six habitations, covering 93.24% of the population, are served by primary sections within them. The remaining six habitations belong to the population slab "Below 100". The percentage of the population served within one kilometre is 96.29.
No habitation was reported to be predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population at the time of the Fourth Survey while the number of such habitations at the time of the Fifth Survey is 338. A little over two-fifths of these habitations, covering 57.87% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within diem. Further, 72.16% of the population is served within one kilometre. There are 65(19.23%) habitations with a population of 300 or more of which nine are not served within one kilometre.
Nearly three-fourths of the 47,392 habitations, covering 83.92% of the rural population in Tamil Nadu, have the facilities for primary education within them. The percentages of the habitations and their population having these facilities within one kilometre are 87.84 and 96.02, respectively. There is a marginal increase in the facilities for schooling at the primary stage since the Fourth Survey. There are 32,071(67.67%) habitations with a population of 300 or more, which account for 92.95% of the rural population. Of these, 1,461(4.56%) habitations continue to remain unserved within one kilometre. Amongst the unserved habitations 11 belong to the population slab "2000-4999" and 82 to the population slab "1000-1999".
The State has 5,445(11.49%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Of these, 3,077 (56.51%) covering 80.11% of the population have access to primary sections within, them. The percentage of the population served within one kilometre is 96.64. Of the 3,643 habitations with a population of 300 or more, 133(3.65%) are not served within one kilometre.
Out of 985 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population, 344(34.92%) covering 64.31% of the population have the facilities for primary education within them. Furthermore, 81.57% of the population is served within one kilometre. About one-third (34.31%) of the habitations have a population of 300 or more of which 41(12.13%) habitations are not served within one kilometre.
There are 6,300 habitations with a population of 22,77,661 in Tripura. Of these, 70.38% are served by primary sections within one kilometre, including 37.90% which enjoy these facilities within the habitations. The corresponding figures in respect of population are 84.12% and 57.04%, respectively. Besides, 95.26% of the population is served by primary education within two kilometres. On comparing these figures with those of the Fourth Survey we find that the period between the two surveys has witnessed a moderate increase in the schooling facilities for primary education. The Fifth Survey figures reveal that more than three-fifths of the habitations in the State are small- sized. Only 2,372 (37.65%) habitations have a population of 300 or more, which account for 76.30% of the rural population. Of these, 315 (13.28%) habitations, including 32 with a population of more than 1,000, do not have access to primary sections within a distance of one kilometre.
In Tripura, 779 habitations are predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Of these, 365(46.85%) habitations, catering to 61.19% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within them, The percentages of the population served within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 88.79
32 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
and 98.46, respectively. There are 523(67.14%) habitations with a population of 300 or more of which 62(11.85%) habitations do not have these facilities within one kilometre.
The State has 3,965 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population of which 1,275(32.16%)habitations are served by primary sections within the habitations themselves. These cover 47.73% of the population. The percentages of the population served within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 75.42 and 89.86, respectively. Out of 711 habitations with a population of 300 or more 112(15.75%) continue to remain unserved by primary sections within one kilometre.
Uttar Pradesh has 2,28,690 habitations with a population of 10,24,37,373. About one-fourth of these, covering 55.69% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within the habitations. The percentages of the population having these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 88.57 and 98.01, respectively. There is a moderate increase in the availability of schooling facilities at the primary stage during the period 1978-86. There are 1,02,238(44.71 %) habitations with a population of 300 or more which account for 82.19% of the rural population. Of these, 14,300(13.99%) habitations continue to remain unserved by primary sections within one kilometre. Among the unserved habitations 97 fall under the population slab "2000-4999" and 1,216 under the population slab " 1000- 1999".
The State has 24,516(10.72%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Only, 3614(14.74%) habitations, catering to 33.90% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within them. The percentages of the population having these facilities within one kilometre and within two kilometres are 83.32 and 96.34, respectively. Nearly one-third of the habitations have a population of 300 or more of which 1,397 (17.38%) are not served by primary sections within one kilometre.
Only 756 habitations, constituting 0.33% of the total habitations, in the State are predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, 413(54.63%) habitations, covering 70.43% of the population, are served by primary sections within the habitations. The percentages of the population served within one kilometre and within two kilometres; are 87.39 and 96.20, respectively. Twenty of the 275 habitations with a population of 300 or more are not served by primary sections within one kilometre.
There are 59,633 habitations with a population of 4,53,94,285 in West Bengal. About three-fifths of the habitations, covering 79.71% of the population, have the facilities for primary education within the habitations. The percentage of the habitations having these facilities within one kilometre is 94.53, which covers 97.38% of the population. At the time of the Fourth Survey, however, 85.07% of the population was served by primary sections within the habitations while 96.28% enjoyed such facilities within one kilometre. Thus, the period between the two surveys has witnessed a decrease in the percentage of the population served within the habitations and a slight increase in coverage within one kilometre. The decrease in the percentage may be due to the fact that while in the Fourth Survey a habitation having a school with Class V as the lowest class was deemed as served by a primary section, it is not taken as served in the present survey. The survey figures reveal that more than 70% of the habitations have a population of 300 or more, which accounts for 93.74% of the rural population. Of these, 1,388 (3.29%) habitations continue to remain unserved by primary sections within one kilometre. These include one habitation with a population over 5,000, 20 habitations in the population slab "2000-4999", and 164 habitations in the. population slab "1000-1999".
The State has 10,291(17.26%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. The percentage of the population served by primary sections within one kilometre is 96.12, including, 73.23% that enjoy the facilities within the habitations themselves. There are 7,038(68.39%) habitations with a population of 300 or more of which 306(4.35%) are not served by primary sections within one kilometre.
The State has 5,478(9.19%) habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. About three-fourths of the population is served by primary sections within the habitations themselves whereas 94.72% has such facilities within one kilometre. The number of habitations with a population of 300 or more is 2,020 of which 100 (4.95%) habitations do not have primary sections within one kilometre.
The Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands has 565 habitations with a population of 1,84,386. Of these, 171(30.27%) habitations have a population of 300 or more, which account for 78.30% of the rural population. Nearly 70% of the habitations are small-sized. In all, 223(39.47%) habitations have the facilities for primary education within them while 315(55.75%) have such facilities within one kilometre. Population-wise, 68.41% of the population is served by primary sections within the habitation while 83.01% and 91.07% of the population have them within one kilometre and within two kilometres, respectively. The corresponding percentages at the time of the Fourth Survey were 70.49,81.86, and 87.86, respectively. Among the habitations with a population of 300 or more, 20(11.70%) continue to remain unserved by primary sections within one kilometre. These include five habitations, each having a population of over 1,000 but below 2,000.
While none of the habitations is predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population, the Union Territory has 154 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, 44 (28.57%) covering 69.08% of the population have primary sections within them. The percentage of the population having access to these facilities within one kilometre is 82.43. Nineteen of the 20 habitations with a population of 300 or more have primary sections within one kilometre.
PRIMARY EDUCATION 33
The Union Territory of Chandigarh has almost achieved the universal provision of schooling facilities at the primary stage. Out of the 23 habitations, 22 have the facilities within one kilometre including 20 habitations having them within themselves. In terms of population, the corresponding percentages are 99.67 and 96.92, respectively. The lone habitation which does not have such facilities within one kilometre has a population of 155. This habitation is, however, served by primary education up to a distance of two kilometres.
There are only two habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population and both of them are served by primary sections within themselves. However, none of the habitations is predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population.
There are 434 habitations in the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli with a population of 1,11,268. Of these, 99(22.81 %) have a population of 300 or more, which account for 49.65 % of the rural population. More than three-fourths of the habitations are small- sized ones. About one-third (34.10%) of the habitations have primary sections within them while 353 (81.34%) have such sections within one kilometre. Population-wise, 50.74% of the population is served by primary sections within the habitations while 85.19% and 97.82% have such facilities with in one kilometre and within two kilometres, respectively. The corresponding percentages at the time of the Fourth Survey were 45.43, 86.99, and 94.86, respectively. Among the 99 habitations with a population of 300 or more, 10 continue to remain unserved by primary sections within one kilometre.
The Union Territory has six habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. While none of them has the facilities for primary education within themselves, five habitations covering 90.21% of the population have them within one kilometre. The remaining one habitation, however, has such facilities up to a distance of two kilometres.
The Union Territory has 419 habitations predominantly. inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population. Of these, 91(21.72%) have a population of 300 or more. The percentage of the population served within one kilometre is 84.96 including 51.94% enjoying the facilities within the habitations. Furthermore, 15 habitations covering 2.28% of the population do not have these facilities even up to two kilometres.
There are 64 habitations with a population of 56,017 in the Union Territory of Daman and Diu. Of these, one-half catering to 77.12% of the population are served by primary sections within them. The number of habitations served by such sections within one kilometre is 54 and their population is 94.78% of the rural population. However, the remaining 10 habitations have such facilities up to a distance of two kilometres. More than 70% of the habitations accounting for 94.22% of the rural population have a population of 300 or more. Of these, three habitations do not have these facilities within one kilometre.
The Union Territory has four habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Each of the four habitations has a population below 300. While none of them is served by a primary section within the habitation, two of them covering 51.67% of the, population are served by such sections within one kilometre. The remaining two habitations have these facilities within two kilometres.
Seven of the twelve habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population have primary sections within them. Another four of them have such facilities within one kilometre. Population- wise, 97.01 % of the population is served by schooling facilities at the primary stage within one kilometre, including 75.23% enjoying these facilities within the habitations.
There are 200 habitations with a population of 6,30,532 in the Union Territory of Delhi. Of these, 191 habitations, covering 98.06% of the rural population, have the facilities for primary sections within them. The remaining nine habitations have such facilities within one kilometre. Except one, all the habitations in Delhi have a population of 300 or more.
The Union Territory has 10 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Of these, eight are served by primary sections within the habitations while the remaining two habitations have these facilities within one kilometre.
There is, however, no habitation predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population in Delhi.
There are seven habitations with a population of 23,832 in Lakshadweep. All of them are predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population and are served by primary sections within the habitations themselves.
Out of 322 habitations with a population of 3,32,381 in the Union Territory of Pondicherry, 211(65.53%) are served by primary sections within the habitations. These habitations cover 88.54% of the rural population. The percentage of the habitations served by such sections within one kilometre is 94.41 and their population is 99.02% of the rural population. At the time of the Fourth Survey, however, 97.15% of the population was served by primary sections within one kilometre, including 87.72% which enjoyed these facilities within the habitations of residence.
There are 239(74.22%) habitations with a population of 300 or more, which account for 95.56% of the rural population. Of these, three habitations continue to remain unserved by primary sections within one kilometre.
The Union Territory has 77 habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Caste population. Of these, 39 covering
34 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
69.62% of the population have the facilities for primary education within the habitations. The percentage of the population having these facilities within one kilometre is 99.50. There are 53 habitations with a population of 300 or more and all of them are served by primary sections within one kilometre.
There is, however, no habitation predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe population in the Union Territory.
As is obvious, in the course of discussion on educational facilities to habitations "primary sections" have been considered to be constituted by primary schools as independent institutions terminating with the final class of the primary stage according to the State pattern and primary classes attached to upper primary, secondary, and higher secondary schools.
Primary Sections In Primary Schools or as part of Composite Schools
Primary Sections as part of
Area P schools P and UP P, UP and S P, UP, S and HS Total
Schools Schools Schools
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rural 475823 76216 4342 271 556652
(85.48) (13.69) (0.78) (0.05) (100.00)
Urban 52907 18332 2357 1060 74656
(70.87) (24.55) (3.16) (1.42) (100.00)
TOTAL 528730 94548 6699 1331 631308
(83.75) (14.98) (1.06) (0.21) (100.00)
Note : Figures within parentheses indicate percentages
Primary Sections according to Area and Management