SECONDARY EDUCATION
The stage of secondary education and more so of higher secondary education is a terminal stage for some and a transition stage for others. In both the situations this stage turns out to be the most important for the future of an individual. In fact, the grades obtained at this stage more often than not become the crucial deciding factor about whether an individual is going to continue his studies in future or enter the world of work. A detailed description of this stage is therefore warranted from academic, social, and economic considerations.
Schooling Facilities at the Secondary Stage At the time of the First Survey (1957),3,01,533(35.9%) habitations were served by secondary sections within a walking-distance of eight kilometres (five miles). These included, 4,500(0.54%) habitations which had the facilities for education at the secondary stage within the habitation itself.
The period between the First and the Second Survey witnessed a sharp increase in the percentage of habitations which had access to secondary stage education either within the habitation or up to a distance of eight kilometres. The number of habitations served by secondary sections within eight kilometres (five miles) at the time of the Second Survey (1965) rose to 6,01,154, which constituted a little over three-fifths (61.2%) of the total number of habitations in rural areas. These habitations included 16,231(1.65%) habitations which had secondary sections within them, covering 9.09% of the total rural population.
While in the first two surveys a habitation was considered to be possessing the facilities of secondary education if a secondary section was available within a walking-distance of eight kilometres (five miles), it got reduced to five kilometres by the time of the Third Survey. Out of 8,42,395 habitations, 4,56,165(54.15%) habitations catering to 66.34% of the total rural population had these facilities within five kilometres. Of these, 24,049 (2.85%) habitations, covering 13.67% of the rural population, had these facilities within the habitation itself.
The Fourth Survey (1978) revealed that 6,99,804 (72.54%) habitations were served by secondary sections within eight kilometres, which covered 82.18% of the rural population. However, these facilities were available within the habitations themselves in respect of 29,565 (3.06%) habitations, which covered 14.58% of the population in rural areas.
The figures of the Fifth Survey (1986) reveal that 78.92% of the 9,81,864 habitations have secondary sections within eight kilometres. Of these, 43,541(4.43%) habitations have these facilities within them. Population-wise, 86.54% of the rural population has access to the secondary stage education within eight kilometres, including 17.73% that is served through the facilities within the habitations themselves. On comparing these figures with those of the Fourth Survey we find that these facilities have been extended now to a larger number of habitations which Over a higher proportion of rural population either within the habitation or up to a distance of eight kilometres.
Population Slab `5000 and above" There are 6,407 habitations with a population of 5,000 or more. Of these, 4,634 (72.33%) are served by a secondary section within the habitation itself while 6720 (97.86%) habitations have the facilities within a distance of eight kilometres. The percentages of the population served within the habitation and up to a distance of eight kilometres are 74.67 and 98.16, respectively. Although an increase in absolute number of habitations as well as in the population served by secondary sections either within the habitation or up to a distance of eight kilometres has been observed in the period between the Fourth and Fifth Surveys, there does not seem to be any significant difference in terms of percentages.
SECONDARY EDUCATION 53
STATEMENT 6.1
Habitations and Population in Rural Areas according to availability of Schooling
Facilities for the Secondary Stage within Various Distance Slabs
Distance Habitations having Population served by
Slab (in Km) Secondary Sections Secondary Sections
No. Percentage Population Percentage
1 2 3 4 5
Within the habitation 43541 4.43 105209454 17.73
0.1 - 2.0 208326 21.22 127543906 21.49
2.1 - 4.0 251107 25.58 146091416 24.61
4.1 - 6.0 177730 18.10 92002482 15.50
6.1 - 8.0 94182 9.59 42825175 7.21
Sub-total (up to 8.0) 774886 78.92 513672433 86.54
More than 8.0 206978 21.08 79887877 13.46
TOTAL 981864 100.00 593560310 100.00
STATEMENT 6.2
Habitations and Population in Rural Areas in Various Population Slabs served by Secondary
Sections within them or within a distance of 8 km
Population No. of Habitations Col. 3 Habitations Col.5 % of Population
Slab Habitations served by as % served by as% served by Secondary
Secondary of Col. 2 Secondary of Sections
Sections Sections Col.2
within them up to 8km
Within the Up to
Habitation 8 km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5000 and above 6407 4634 72.33 6270 97.86 74.67 98.16
2000 -4999 44072 14790 33.56 40618 92.16 36.42 92.62
1000 -1999 110619 11154 10.08 96975 87.67 10.93 87.86
500 -999 197389 6999 3.55 166662 84.43 3.63 83.96
Below 500 623377 5964 0.96 464361 74.49 1.37 77.62
TOTAL 981864 43541 4.43 774886 78.92 17.73 86.54
Population Slab "2000-4999" There are 44,072 habitations in this population slab of which 33.56% have secondary sections within the habitation itself catering to 36.42% of the rural population. The corresponding percentages in respect of facilities available within eight kilometres are 92.16 and 92.62, respectively. A marginal increase is observed in the percentages over those of the Fourth Survey.
Population Slab "1000-1999" Out of 1,10,619 habitations in the slab, 11,154 (10.08%) are served by secondary sections within them, which account for 10.93% of the rural population. The corresponding percentages in the Fourth Survey were 8.16 and 9.03, respectively. The percentages of habitations and their population served by secondary sections within eight kilometres are 87.67 and 87.86, respectively, as against 84.09 and 83.96, respectively, at the time of the Fourth Survey.
Population Slab "500-999" In this population slab, the number of habitations served by secondary-sections within them and up to a distance of eight kilometres is 6,999(3.55%) and 1,66,662(84.43%), respectively.
54 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
in terms of population, the corresponding percentages are 3.63 and 83.96, respectively. On comparing these figures with those of the Fourth Survey we find an increase in the percentages of all of them in the present survey.
Population Slab "Below 500" Nearly two-thirds of the 9,81,864 habitations in rural areas fall under this population slab. Out of 6,23,377 habitations in the slab, only 5,964(0.96%) have provision of schooling at the secondary stage within the habitation of residence of the children, accounting for 1.37% of the rural population. The number of habitations served within eight kilometres is 46,436(74.49%) and their population is 77.62% of the total population in rural areas. An upward trend has been noticed in the availability of these facilities in this survey as compared Lo the Fourth Survey.
Habitations Not Served In the preceding sections the extent of availability of the, facilities for education at the secondary stage in rural areas has been discussed. It is also worth while to examine the number of habitations and their population which have still remained unserved by schooling facilities for secondary education even within a walking distance of eight kilometres. This aspect has been discussed in the subsequent paragraphs.
Statement 6.3 and 6.4 reveal that 2,06,978(21.08%) habitations, covering 13.46% of the rural population, are not served by secondary sections even within eight kilometres. The corresponding figures in the Fourth Survey were 33.14% and 21.17%, respectively. It shows that the position in respect of availability of the facilities for secondary education has considerably improved since the Fourth Survey.
STATEMENT 6.3
Habitations in Rural Areas not served by Secondary Sections either within
them or within a Walking-distance of 8 km
Population No. of Habitations not Col.3 as Percentage of Habitations
Slab Habitations served by Secondary
in the Slab Sections up to in the slab not served by in the Rural
8 km (Col, 3/ secondary sections area (Col. 3/total
Col.2) up to 8 km of Col. 2)
(Col.3/total
of col. 3)
1 2 3 4 5 6
5000 and above 6407 137 2.14 0.07 0.01
2000- 4999 44072 3454 7.84 1.67 0.35
100 -1999 110619 13644 12.33 6.59 1.39
500 -999 197389 30727 15.57 14.84 3.13
Below 500 623377 159016 25.51 76.83 16.20
TOTAL 981864 206978 21.08 100.00 21.08
STATEMENT 6.4
Population in Rural Areas not served by Secondary Sections either within the
Habitation or within a Walking-distance of 8 km
Population Population of Population not Col. 3 as Percentage of Population
slab Habitations served by Secondary
in the Slab Sections up to (Col. 3/total
of Col. 3)
1 2 3 4 5 6
5000 and above 48736794 896821 1.84 1.12 0.15
2000- 4999 125035849 9233114 7.38 11.56 1.56
1000 -1999 150688462 18300899 12.14 22.91 3.08
500 - 999 138285986 22175914 16.04 27.76 3.74
Below 500 130813219 29281129 22.38 36.65 4.93
TOTAL 593560310 79887877 13.46 100.00 13.46
SECONDARY EDUCATION 55
There are as many as 3,591 habitations with a population of 2,000 or more which still do not have access to schooling at the secondary stage even within eight kilometres. These include 137 habitations with a population of 5,000 or more. Further, the percentage of unserved habitations to the total number of habitations in different slabs varies from 2.14 in the case of habitations with population 5,000 or more to 25.51 in the case of habitations with population below 500.
If we consider the percentage of unserved habitations in different population slabs to the total number of unserved habitations, we find that more than three-fourths (76.83%) of the unserved habitations belong to the population slab "Below 500". These habitations constitute only 36.65% of the unserved rural population. Next in order come habitations in the population slab "500-999" with a percentage of 14.84 accounting for 27.76% of the unserved population in rural areas.
Again, if we consider the unserved habitations in different population slabs in respect of the total number of habitations in rural areas, it is observed that a majority (16.20%) of them have a population below 500.
Schooling Facilities in Habitations Predominantly Populated by
Scheduled Castes There are 77,780 habitations predominantly populated by the Scheduled Castes and their total population is 3,17,85,596. Although the number of habitations served by secondary sections within them is only 1,586(2.04%), as many as 63,489 (81.63%) habitations have these facilities within a distance of eight kilometres. In terms of population, we find that 85.58% of the population is served within eight kilometres including 6.58% within the habitations
STATEMENT 6.5
Habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Castes and Population in
Them according to Availability of Schooling Facilities
for the Secondary Stage within Various Distance Slabs
Distance Habitations having Population served by
slab (in km) Secondary Sections Secondary Sections
No. Percentage No. Percentage
1 2 3 4 5
Within the Habitation 1586 2.04 2089906 6.58
0.1 - 2.0 18938 24.35 8407203 26.45
2.1 - 4.0 21064 27.08 8717357 27.42
4.1 - 6.0 14615 18.79 5451761 17.15
6.1 - 8.0 7286 9.37 2536835 7.98
Sub-Total (up to 8.0) 63489 81.63 27203062 85.58
More than 8.0 14291 18.37 4582534 14.42
TOTAL 77780 100.00 31785596 100.00
STATEMENT 6.6
Habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Castes and Population In Rural Areas in Various Population Slabs
served by Secondary Sections In Them or within a Distance of 8 km
Population No.of Habitations Col. 3 Habitations Col.5 % of Population
Slab Habitations served by as % served by as% served by Seco up to 8 km Within the up to
Habitation 8 km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5000 and above 91 39 42.86 84 92.31 46.65 91.08
2000 -4999 1360 326 23.97 1258 92.50 24.97 92.33
1000 -1999 5311 421 7.93 4712 88.72 8.22 88.91
500- 999 13038 382 2.93 11328 86.88 2.66 86.02
Below 500 57980 418 0.72 46107 79.52 0.84 80.81
TOTAL 77780 1586 2.04 63489 81.63 6.58 85.58
56 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
themselves. The percentage of the population served within eight kilometres at the time of the Fourth Survey was 82.96. It shows that there is a slight increase in the percentage of the population served now over that of the Fourth Survey.
Population Slab `5000 and above" Out of 91 habitations in this slab, 39(42.86%) have secondary sections within the habitation, covering 46.65% of the population. The number of habitations which have these facilities within eight kilometres is 84(92.31%) covering 91.08% of the population. This reveals a slight decrease in the percentages since 1978.
Population Slab "2000-4999" There are 1,360 habitations in this slab. Of these, 1,258(92.50%) have access to secondary education within eight kilometres, including 326(23.97%) habitations having these facilities within the habitations themselves. In terms of population, the corresponding percentages are 92.33 and 24.97, respectively. On comparing these figures with those of the Fourth Survey we find an increase in the percentage in respect of facilities within the habitations whereas a marginal decrease has been observed so far as the facilities within eight kilometres are concerned.
Population Slab "1000-1999" In this population slab, 7.93% of the 5,311 habitations covering 8.22% of the population are served by secondary sections within the habitation. The number of habitations which have these facilities within eight kilometres, is 4,712(88.72%) accounting for 88.91% of the population. The position of availability of the schooling facilities at the secondary stage for the habitations in this population slab has improved between 1978 and 1986.
Population Slab "500-999" Of the 13,038 habitations in this slab, 382(2.93%) have secondary sections within them whereas 11,328(86.88%) habitations have these facilities within eight kilometres. Population-wise, 86.02% of the population is served by secondary sections within eight kilometres, including 2.66% within the habitation of residence. In this slab also an upward trend has been observed in the provision of the schooling facilities at the secondary stage in comparison with the position at the time of the Fourth Survey.
Population Slab "Below 500" Nearly three-fourths of the total number of habitations belong to this population slab. Only 0.72% of the 57,980 habitations covering 0.84% of the population in this slab have secondary sections within them. The number of habitations served by secondary sections within eight kilometres is 46,107(79.52%), which means a coverage of 80.81% of the population in the slab. The percentage of habitations having these facilities within eight kilometres was 75.80 in the Fourth Survey, which accounted for 78.10% of the population in the slab. It shows that the availability of the facilities for schooling at the secondary stage has improved since the Fourth Survey.
Habitations Not Served It is observed that 18.37% of the habitations covering 14.42% of the rural population are not served by secondary sections even within eight kilometres. The percentage of the habitations not served in this slab varies from 7.69% in the case of habitations in the population slab "5000 and above" to 20.48% in respect of those in the population slab "Below 500". In terms of population, the corresponding figures are 8.92% and 19.92%, respectively.
STATEMENT 6.7
Habitations predominantly populated by Scheduled Castes In Rural Areas not served by
Secondary Sections either within them or within a Distance of 8 km
Population No. of Habitations not Col.3 as Percentage of Habitations
Slab Habitations served by Secondary
in the Slab Sections up to in the slab not served by in the Rural
8 km (Col, 3/ secondary sections area (Col. 3/total
Col.2) up to 8 km of Col. 2)
(Col.3/total
of col. 3)
1 2 3 4 5 6
5000 and above 91 7 7.69 0.05 0.01
2000 -4999 1360 102 7.50 0.71 0.13
1000- 1999 5311 599 11.28 4.19 0.77
500 -999 13038 1710 13.12 11.97 2.20
Below 500 57980 11873 20.48 83.08 15.26
TOTAL 77780 14291 18.37 100.00 18.37