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9.3 Adult Educational Functional Literacy The principal aim of the National Adult Education Programme (NAEP) is to provide education, including literacy, to the population in the age-group 15-35. This means coverage of a population of about 100 million. The proposed programme envisaged covering 40 million by 1990 and another 60 million by 1995.
9.3.1 Adult Education/Functional Literacy Centres in Rural Areas
In the Fourth All-India Education Survey, it was found that only 17,942 villages (3.13% of the total number of villages) were having facilities for adult education for the age-group 14-35. Now as per the Fifth Survey figures the numbers of villages having such facilities has increased to 1,00,757, which means 17.40% of the total number of villages (5,79,148). The facilities exist only for men in 36,837 villages, only for women in 34,261 villages, both for men and women in 29,659 villages, which is 6.36%, 5.92%, and 5.12%, respectively, of the total number of villages. The actual number of villages having the facilities for adult education is rather small- 20,081 (30.77% of the 65,257 villages) for the population slab "2000 and above". It is the maximum-28,479 (10.83% of 2,62,849 villages) for the population slab "Below 500", but the coverage is almost three times in the former case.The facilities exist in 25,212 villages (23.89% of 1,05,527 villages) for the population slab " 1000-1999", and in 26,985 villages (18.54% of 1,45,515 villages) for the population slab "500-999".
Only one State and four Union Territories-Tripua, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep, and Pondicherry-have adult education facilities in more then 50% of the villages. In three States-Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh-the facilities exist in fewer than 10% of the villages. In three other States and one Union Territory-Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Delhi- the facilities exist in fewer than 17.40% of the villages, which is the national average.
The number of adult education centres in 1,00,757 villages is 1,63,191. Out of these centres, 1,38,885 centres (85.11%) are managed by the government/the local body, 23,954 centres (14.68%) are managed by private-aided institutions, and only 352 centres (0.21%) are managed by private-unaided institutions. Respective enrolments in these centres are 42,93,271 (85.69%), 7,04,927 (14.07%), and 11,761 (0.24 %). Thus the total enrolment in adult education centres in the rural areas is 50,09,959. Though the number of the villages having adult education centres has increased five to six times, as compared with the Fourth Survey figures, the enrolment is more than eight times of 5,89,622 at the time of the Fourth Survey, which is reassuring. The enrolment of women in these centres is 25,48,466 (50.87%) as compared with the enrolment of 1,24,527(21.12%) women as per the Fourth Survey figures.
Eight States-Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal-have more than 10,000 centres each. Each of these States has more than 3,00,000 enrolment in the centres. These States together account for 70.75% of the total number of centres in the rural areas and 72.46% of the total enrolment in the adult education centres in the rural areas.
Five States-Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Sikkim-have fewer than 1,000 adult education centres each. The States of Goa, Mizoram, and Sikkim have a total enrolment below 10,000 in all the centres there. The maximum number of centres is 26,230 in Bihar and the minimum number of centres is 186 in Sikkim. The enrolment, however, is the highest 7,92,278in Bihar and the lowest-3,453-in Mizoram.
In the Union Territories, the maximum number of centres is 423 in Pondicherry and the minimum number of centres is 32 in Daman and Diu. The enrolment is the highest-1,777-in Pondicherry and the lowest-447- in Lakshadweep.
9.3.2 Adult Education/Functional Literacy Centres in Urban Areas
The number of adult education centres in 1,364 urban areas is 11,210. Out of these centres, 8,292 centres (73.97%) are managed by the government or the local bodies, 2,868 centres (25.58%) are managed by private-unaided institutions. Respective are managed by private- unaided institutions. Respective enrolment in these centres is 2,54,750(75.50%),81,513(24.16%), and 1,134(0.34%). Total enrolment in the adult education centres in urban areas is 3,37,397. The enrolment of women in these centres is 2,53,578(75.16%), which is appreciable.
Three States and one Union Territory-Gujarat, Maharashtra Tamil Nadu, and Delhi-have more than 1,000 centres each. These States and the Union Territory have in all an enrolment of more than 30,000 each, in these centres. These States and the Union Territory together account for 53.61 % of the total number of centres in the urban areas and 54.3 3 % of the total enrolment in the adult education centres in urban areas. The maximum number of centres in urban areas is 2,192 in Delhi. The highest enrolment is 73,454 in Delhi.
Three States-Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland-are without any adult education centre in the urban areas. Four other States and two Union Territories-Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Orissa, Sikkim, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli-have 10 or below 10 adult education centres each. Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Orissa, Sikkim, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and Daman and Diu have an enrolment below 300 each in all their adult education centres in urban areas.
9.4 Education of the Handicapped/Disabled It is envisaged that wherever possible the education of children with locomotor handicap and other mild handicaps will be common with that of others. Children with severe handicaps are proposed to be enrolled in special schools. The total number of disabled children falling under the universalization of primary education age-group comes to 4.3 million. As per the above criteria about two million disabled children will require education in special schools. For this, 10,000 special schools with 150 to 200 children
114 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
each will be needed. This goal is targetted to be achieved by the end of the ninth Five Year Plan.
9.4.1 Institutions for the Handicapped/ Disabled Children in Rural Areas
In rural areas, the number of institutions for the blind children, is 28. Seven of these are for boys and 21 for both boys and girls. The number of institutions for the deaf/dumb children is 27. Three of these are for boys and 24 for both boys and girls. The number of institutions for the orthopaedically disabled/handicapped children is 16. Two of these are for boys and 14 for both boys and girls. For the mentally retarded children, the number of institutions is only eight. One of these is for boys and seven for both- boys and girls. Thus, there are only 79 special schools in the rural areas and none of these caters to the needs of girls only. While 13 schools cater to the needs of boys only,the remaining 66 schools cater to the needs of both boys and girls.
9.4.2. Institutions for the Handicapped/Disabled Children in Urban Areas
In urban areas, the number of institutions for the blind children is 116: for boys- 43, for girls-five, and for both boys and girls-68. The number of institutions for the deaf/dumb children is 126: for boys-19, for girls-one, and for both boys and girls-106. The number of institutions for the orthopaedically disabled/ handicapped children is 51 : for boys-nine, for girls-one and for both boys and girls- 4 1. For the mentally retarded children, the number of institutions is 56: for boys- 10, for girls-two, and for both boys and girls- 44. The total number of special schools in urban areas is 349, as compared to only 79 special schools in rural areas. In urban areas 81 schools are for boys only, nine schools for girls only, and 259 schools for both boys and girls.
9.4.3 Integrated Education for the Disabled
A large number of disabled children, especially those with mild and moderate handicaps, can be educated with others in common schools. It was envisaged that the orthopaedically handicapped and children with other mild handicaps should be covered along with other children under the universalization of Primary Education, by 1990, and under the universalization of education by 1995. It involves identification of handicapped children already attending schools, and sensitizing teaching to meet effectively the educational needs of these children so as to prevent their drop-out due to continued frustration arising out of the mounting learning difficulties. The scheme of integrated education for the disabled has been designed to achieve the above objective.
Statement 9.6 indicates the number of schools having integrated education programme for the disabled.
STATEMENT 9.6
Schools having Integrated Education Programme for the Disabled
Area Primary Upper Primary Secondary Higher Secondary Total
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rural 758 360 296 42 1456
(0.16) (0.32) (0.89) (0.59) (0.23)
Urban 115 114 75 55 359
(0.22) (0.44) (1.04) (0.66) (0.36)
Total 873 474 371 97 1815
(0.17) (0.34) (0.92) (0.63) (0.25)
Note : Figures within parentheses indicate percentages with respect to the total number of schools in the respective cells
The number of schools having integrated education programme for the disabled is only 873(0.17%) at the primary level, 474(0.34%) at the upper primary level, 371 (0.92%) at the secondary level, and 97(0.63%) at the higher secondary level, which indicates that the percentage of the schools having these facilities is less than one at all levels. Out of 1,815 schools having the facilities, 1,456 (80.22%) are rural area schools and 359 (19.78%) are urban area schools.
In the rural areas only five States-Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh-together cover 96.56% facilities in primary schools, 96.93% in upper primary schools, 96.95% in secondary schools, and 64.92% in higher secondary schools. The largest contribution is from the State of Kerala, which is 20.45% at the primary level, 49.44% at the upper primary level, 80.40% at the secondary level, and 19.05% at the higher secondary level. Further, at the primary level there are 19 States/ Union Territories, at the upper primary level 21 States/Union Territories, at the secondary level 22 States/Union Territories and at the higher secondary level 23 States/Union Territories which do not have any school with integrated education programme for the disabled.
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In the urban areas, nine States and one Union Territory-Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi-together cover 95.65% of the facilities in the primary schools, 92.10% facilities in upper primary schools, 89.34% facilities in secondary schools, and 96.36% facilities in higher secondary schools. The major contribution is of three States-Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan- and one Union Territory- Delhi-which, respectively, is 65.20% at the primary level 48.24% at the upper primary level, 53.54% at the secondary level, and 76.35% at the higher secondary level. Further, at the primary level there are 19 States/Union Territories, at the upper primary level 19 States/ Union Territories, at the secondary level 16 States/Union Territories and at the higher secondary level 23 States/Union Territories which do not have any school with integrated education programme for the disabled.