6. 26.50% population of the habitations predominantly inhabited by the Scheduled Tribes is served within eight kilometres by the facilities, including 1.00% population having the facilities within the habitations.
7. Eight States and five Union Territories are above the All India level in respect of higher secondary education facilities. More than 51 % of their rural population is served within eight kilometres. These States/Union Territories are: Assam(61.00%), Goa(59.55%), Gujarat(55.04%), Jammu and Kashmir (54.30%),Tamil Nadu (69.58%), Tripura (72.39%),Uttar Pradesh (72.35%), West Bengal(72.40%), Andaman and Nicobar (65.52%), Chandigarh (100%), Daman and Diu (81.24%), Delhi (99.26%), and Pondicherry (86.54%).
8. Of the 5,79,148 villages in the country, only 7,765 (1.34%) have the higher secondary education facilities within themselves.
9. There are 15,465 higher secondary schools in the country, of which 46.14% (7,136) are in rural areas.
10. A majority of the higher secondary schools are coeducational (55.20%), and run by, private management (52.00%).
11. Among the 15,465 higher secondary schools, 65.42% have upper primary, secondary, and higher secondary classes followed by 20.90% schools having secondary and higher secondary classes, 8.61% schools having all the twelve classes belonging to the four stages of school education, and remaining 5.07% schools having only higher secondary classes, i.e. Classes XI and XII.
12. The total enrolment in Classes XI and XII in higher secondary schools is 35,09,571, of which 37.86% study in rural schools and 30.77% are girls.
13. Of the total enrolment in schools at this stage, 11.14% are Scheduled Castes and 2.75% Scheduled Tribes. Among the Scheduled Castes, 39.87% students belong to rural areas, and 23.48% are girls. Further, 54.65% Scheduled Tribe students belong to rural areas, and 28.68% are girls.
14. There are 17 States and two Union Territories having higher secondary classes attached to degree colleges, called Pre- University classes. They have 16,97,243 students enrolled in Classes XI and XII in degree colleges. Of this enrolment, 22.32% is in rural colleges. Further, 11.02% and 3.49% of the above enrolment respectively belong to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
15. The total enrolment at the higher secondary stage of education in the-country, in schools as well in degree colleges, is 52,06,814. Of this enrolment, 32.79% are in rural areas and 67.21% in urban. Further, 67.40% and 32.60% enrolment belong to higher secondary schools and degree colleges, respectively.
Courses Offered
16. Among the 15,465 higher secondary schools, Arts, Science and Commerce streams are offered respectively by 86.84%, 69.76%, and 36.99% schools. Further, 10.75% schools have provision of Home Science followed by 6.51% offering Agriculture. Technical courses are available in 6.42% schools while education in Computer Science is available in only 0.61% schools.
Science Laboratories
17. Of the 10,775 higher secondary schools having the science streams, 64.44% have separate laboratories for physics, Chemistry, and biology; 31.87% schools have combined laboratories, and the remaining 3.69% (398) schools do not have any laboratory at all. Of these 398 schools, the maximum number (152) of schools are in Madhya Pradesh.
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Home Science
18. Of the schools providing Home Science, 60.23% have laboratories for the purpose.
Guidance Services
19. Only 2,357 (15.24%) higher secondary schools offer guidance services to the students.
Vocational Courses
20. Among the 15,465 higher secondary schools, only 1,760 offer vocational courses and 590 of these arrange for on-the-job training for students. Further, 284 schools have placement programme for the students.
21. There are 14 States and three Union Territories having provision of vocational education for the students at the +2 stage in the country. Maharashtra among the States and Delhi among the Union Territories top the list as they offer 46 and 21 vocational courses, respectively. In all, there are 1,31,035 students studying vocational courses in the country of which 36.04% are girls.
13.6 Teachers 1. There are 36,44,681 teachers working at all the stages of education in the recognized schools in the country. Of these, 69.45% are working in rural schools.
2. Out of the total number of teachers, 30.03% are female teachers and 69.97% male teachers.
3. There are 3,14,043 (8.62%) teachers belonging to the Scheduled Castes. The number of teachers belonging to the Scheduled Tribes is 1,62,236 (4.45%).
4. The percentage increase in the number of teachers during the period between the Fourth and the Fifth Survey is 23.95. The percentage of women teachers is up from 26.90 to 30.03 during this period and the percentage of the Scheduled Caste teachers has risen from 6.91 to 8.62, and that of the Scheduled Tribe teachers from 3.47 to 4.45.
5. 84.87% of the teachers have a permanent tenure of service.
6. 6.17% of the teachers participated in some form of the in service training programme during the year 1985-86.
7. Of the total number of teachers in the country, 40.96% are working in primary schools, 27.50% in upper primary schools, 19.85% in secondary schools, and 11.69% in higher secondary schools.
8. There are 14,92,721 teachers working in primary schools, out of whom 11,79,920 teachers are working in rural areas. 98.00% of the teaching posts in rural schools and 98.84 % in urban schools have been filled.
9. The percentages of the teachers belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in primary schools are 11.05 and 6.13, respectively. There are 11.84% Scheduled Caste and 7.10% Scheduled Tribe teachers in rural areas as against 8.03% Scheduled Caste and 2.48% Scheduled Tribe teachers in urban areas.
10. Female teachers constitute 20.94% of the teachers working in rural primary schools. The corresponding percentage for urban primary schools is 55.62. The all-India percentage of female teachers is 28.20.
11. 86.23% of the teachers in primary schools have a permanent tenure of service. The percentage of permanent teachers is the lowest (59.12) in private-unaided schools.
12. In all 5.57% of the teachers in primary schools have under- gone in-service training programme. This percentage is the highest (8.69) for private-aided schools and the lowest (1.34) for private-unaided schools.
13. The attrition rate of teachers in primary schools is 1.60%.
14. In all, 2.38% of the primary schools in the country have the provision of physical education/physical training/yoga teachers.
15. There are 10,02,136 teachers working in upper primary schools, out of whom 71.86% are in rural schools. 97.41% of the teaching posts in rural and 98.72% in urban schools have been filled.
16. There are 8.58% Scheduled Caste and 4.66% Scheduled Tribe teachers in upper primary schools. Rural schools have 9.13% Scheduled Caste and 5.16% Scheduled Tribe teachers while urban schools have 7.16% Scheduled Caste and 2.21 % Scheduled Tribe teachers.
17. Upper primary schools have 32.80% of female teachers as a whole. There are 23.47% female teachers in rural schools and 56.62% in urban schools.
18. There are 83.33% permanent teachers in upper primary schools. The teachers working in private-unaided schools have relatively less security of jobs than the teachers in other schools.
19. In all, 7.29% of the teachers in upper primary schools have undergone some form of in-service programme. The highest percentage of 10.40 is for the local body schools and the lowest-1.79- for private-unaided schools.
20. The attrition rate of teachers in upper primary schools is 1.62%.
21. 10.87% of the upper primary schools have the provision of physical education/training/Yoga teachers.
22. There are 7,23,625 teachers working in secondary schools in the country, out of whom 69.88% are in rural secondary schools. In all, 96.88% of the total number of the sanctioned posts have been filled.
23. In secondary schools 5.89% and 2.56% teachers belong to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes respectively. Rural schools have 6.24% Scheduled Caste and 2.73% Scheduled Tribe teachers while urban schools have 5.24% Scheduled Caste and 2.19% Scheduled Tribe teachers.
24. Female teachers constitute 31.27% of the total number of teachers in secondary schools. Rural schools have 22.42% and urban schools 47.62% female teachers.
212 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
25. In secondary schools, 83.25% of the teachers are having a permanent tenure of service. The private-unaided schools have the lowest percentage (73.85) of permanent teachers among the schools under different managements.
26. In all, 6.61% of the teachers in secondary schools have undergone in-service training programme. The percentage of such teachers in rural areas is 7.15 while for urban schools it is 5.62.
27. The attrition rate of teachers in secondary schools is 1.74%
28. 71.21 % of the secondary schools have, the provision of physical education/training/yoga teachers. In all, 40,708 teachers are teaching physical education/yoga, of whom 3.17% are untrained.
29. There are 4,26,199 teachers working in higher secondary schools in the country and they fill 97.31% of the total number of the sanctioned posts. The percentage of teachers working in rural higher secondary schools is 37.97.
30. There are 4.83% Scheduled Caste, and 1.33% Scheduled Tribe teachers working in higher secondary schools. 27.79% are female teachers.
31. 86.47% of the teachers in higher secondary schools have a permanent tenure of service.
32. There are 4.91% of the higher secondary school teachers who have undergone some form of in-service training.
33. The attrition rate of teachers in higher secondary schools is 1.33%.
34. 80.83% of the higher secondary schools have the provision of physical education/training/ yoga teachers. In all, there are 18,327 such teachers in higher secondary schools, of whom only 1.17% are untrained.
35. Of the total number of 36,44,681 teachers the percentages of the teachers teaching at the primary, upper primary, secondary, and higher secondary stages are 49.81, 25.11, 18.89 and 6.19, respectively.
36. According to qualifications, 8.16% have studied up to the middle, 37.44% are matriculates, 14.47% have higher secondary certificate or its equivalent, 24.69% are graduates 11.72% are post graduates/doctorates, 2.10% are language teachers' and 1.42% are " other teachers".
37. Of the teachers teaching at the primary stage, 13.55% are untrained. At this stake 14.35% teachers have studied up to the middle and the remaining 85.65% are matric or above.
38. 9,14, 872 teachers are teaching at the upper primary stage and 70.30% of them are in rural areas. 12.58% of the teachers at this stage are untrained. According to qualifications, 3.81 % teachers have studied only up to the middle and 52.58% up to high/higher secondary and 39.55% are graduates or above.
39. There are 6,88,608 teachers teaching at the secondary stage, out of whom 62.27% are in rural areas. 9.27% of these
1. Teachers teaching different languages have qualifications for which equivalents in terms of Inter, B. A., M.A. etc. are not available.
teachers are untrained, 81.24% e graduates or above, and 9.47% are undergraduates.
40. 2,25,756 teachers are teaching at the higher secondary stage. 36.45% among them are in rural areas. 89.43% of the teachers are trained and 10.57% untrained. According to qualifications, 56.84% are postgraduates or above, 29.82% graduates, 7% undergraduates, 9.37% language teachers, and 2.97% " other teachers".
Teachers Teaching Science
41. In all, 12,50,684 (34.32%) teachers are teaching Science subjects (other than Mathematics) at different school stages. Out of these teachers, 35.59% have not studied Science at all, 46.28% have studied Science up to the high/ higher secondary, stage 11.93% are B.Sc. S, 2.32% B.Sc.S (Hons.), and 3.88% have studied Science up to the postgraduate level and above.
42. There are 32,669 teachers with Science qualifications not teaching science subjects. These teachers have studied Science up to the graduate level or above.
Teachers Teaching Mathematics
43. In all, 1,39,024 teachers are teaching Mathematics at the secondary and higher secondary stages. Of these teachers, 8.77% have not studied Mathematics even up to the graduate level. 52.58% teachers are graduates with Mathematics, 18.40% are graduates with honours degree in Mathematics, 17.47% are postgraduates with Mathematics, and 0.78% are, Ph. D.s/M. Phil.s in Mathematics.
13.7 Other Forms of Education Pre-Primary Education
1. There are 1,14,401 balwadis/anganwadis in 87,539 villages Another 5,381 villages have 6,198 independent pre-primary schools, and 12,655 schools in 9,087 villages have the pre- primary stage attached to them.
2. There are 14,918 balwadis/anganwadis in 1,256 urban areas. Another 710 urban areas have 2,580 independent preprimary schools, and 9,575 schools in 1,083 urban areas have the pre- primary stage attached to them.
Non-formal Education
Rural Areas
3. The number of villages having non-formal education (NFE) centres has increased from 27,210 during the Fourth Survey to 93,763 during the present survey.
4. Out of 93,763 villages having NFE centres, the percentage of villages in the population slabs "2000 and above", "1000- 1999", "5000-999" and "below 500" are 22.11, 27.31, 24.55, and 26.03, respectively.
5. 81.92% of the 1,10,943 NFE centres working at the primary level are managed by the government/the local bodies, as
MAIN FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY 213
against 94.57% of the 6,297 NFE centres working at the upper primary level.
6. 71.64% of the NFE centres working at the primary level are in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. 82.85% of the NFE centres working at the upper primary level are concentrated in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
Urban Areas
7. Out of 3,878 urban areas in the country, 1,284 (33.11%) have 8,386 NFE centres working at the primary level as against 328 (8.46%) urban areas which have 717 NFE centres working at the upper primary level.
8. 72.69% of the 8,386 NFE centres working, at the primary level are managed by the government/the local bodies, as against 98.19% of the 717 NFE centres working at the upper primary level.
9. At the primary level 2,284 NFE centres and at the upper primary level 84 NFE centres cater to girls only.
10. 80.23 % of the NFE centres working at the primary level are in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal and 88.01% of the NFE centres working at the upper primary level are concentrated in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
Enrolment
11. Out of 31,88,582 children enrolled in NFE centres at the primary level in rural areas, 13,52,264 (42.41 %) are girls, as against 55,450 (36.06%) girls of 1,53,777 children enrolled at the upper primary level.
12. Out of 2,78,313 children enrolled in NFE centres; at the primary level in urban areas, 1,33,185 (47.85%) are girls, as against 10,430 (41.41%) girls out of 25,188 children enrolled at the upper primary level.
13. Non-formal system provides education to only 2.19% of children in the age-group 6-14. Only 1.94% of girls in this age-group are covered by the system.
Adult Education / Functional Literacy
14. The number of villages having facilities for Adult Education has increased from 17,942 (3.13%) during the Fourth Survey to 1,00,757 (17.40%) during the present survey.
15. Out of 1,00,757 villages having facilities for Adult Education, 34,261 have facilities for women only, 36,837 provide facilities to men only, while the remaining ones have facilities both for men and women.
16. There are 1,63,191 Adult Education Centres having an enrolment of 50,09,959 in rural areas, 85.11 % of the centres are managed by the government/the local bodies.
17. The number of centres in 1,364 urban areas is 11,210. Here also, a majority (73.97%) among them is managed by the government/local bodies.
Education of the Handicapped / Disabled
18. The number of institutions in rural areas for blind,deaf dumb, orthopaedically disabled and mentally retarded children is 28, 27, 16 and, 8, respectively. The corresponding number of institutions in urban areas is 116, 126, 51, and 56.
Integrated Education for the Disabled
19. Out of 1,815 schools having Integrated Education programme for the disabled, 359 (19.78%) are in urban areas.
20. The number of primary, upper primary, secondary, and higher secondary schools having this programme is 873 (0.17%) 474 (0.34%), 371 (0.92%), and 97 (0.63%), respectively, showing thereby that this programme is adopted in even fewer than 1% of the schools of each type.
13.8 School Buildings 1. There are 56.26% primary schools which are housed in pucca buildings. On the other extreme 0.49% primary schools are functioning in tents and 7.52% are being run in the open space. The corresponding percentages for rural areas are 54.49, 0.53, and 8.01 and for the urban areas 72.20, 0.12, and 3.17, respectively.
2. The States of Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Tripura have pucca buildings in fewer than 10% of the primary schools.
3. There are 69.36% upper primary schools which are functioning in pucca buildings. On the other extreme 0.23% upper primary schools are being run in tents and 2.12% in the open space. In urban areas 82.33% upper primary schools are housed in pucca buildings as against 66.38% in rural areas.
4. In the States of Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura fewer than 10% of the upper primary schools have pucca buildings.
5. Among the secondary schools 72.97% are housed in pucca buildings and 265 (0.50%) secondary schools are functioning in tents or in the open space.
6. In the State of Manipur only 8.82% of the secondary schools are housed in pucca buildings. In Mizoram no secondary school has a pucca building.
7. 89.39% of the higher secondary schools have pucca buildings and 44 (0.28%) are being run in tents or in the open space.
8. The State of Manipur has pucca buildings in 20% of the higher secondary schools while in the State of Assam pucca buildings are available for 29.86% of the higher secondary schools.
9. The Union Territories are relatively better placed than the States so far as percentages of different types of schools having pucca buildings are concerned.
10. There are 92.54% primary schools which are functioning in buildings. Of these, 86.51% are housed in their own buildings. The corresponding figures for rural areas are
214 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
92.08% and 88.87% and for urban areas 96.71% and 66.22%.
11. Among the upper primary schools 97.79% are being run in buildings and of these 86.75% are functioning in their own buildings. For rural areas the corresponding figures are 97.55% and 92.10% and for urban areas 98.84% and 63.70%.
12. There are 99.45% secondary schools which are functioning in buildings. Of these, 79.24% schools have their own buildings. In rural areas 99.46% schools have buildings and 81.94% of these buildings are owned. For urban areas the corresponding figures are 99.43% and 71.60%.
13. Among the higher secondary schools 99.68% are housed in buildings and 85.80% of these have their own buildings. The corresponding figures for rural areas are 99.75% and 88.06% and for urban areas 99.63% and 83.85%.
14. There are 81.26% primary schools which need additional classrooms and 12.29% of these schools do not have any expansion potential. The corresponding figures for rural areas are 82.71% and 11.26% and for urban areas 68.24% and 23.49%.
15. Among the upper primary schools 79.25% experience shortage of classrooms and expansion potential is not available in 9.73% of these schools. For rural areas these figures are 82.52% and 7.94% while for urban areas 64.95% and 19.68%, respectively.
16. Among the secondary schools 73.97% require additional classrooms and 8.58% of these do not have any expansion potential. In rural areas 78.16% need additional classrooms but 6.78% of these have no expansion potential. The corresponding figures for urban areas are 62.06% and 15.00%.
17. 69.53% of the higher secondary schools need additional classrooms and 7.04% of these have no expansion potential. The corresponding figures for rural areas are 76.77% and 4.82% and for urban areas 63.33% and 9.35%.
13.9 Facilities Libraries
1. Nearly 40% of the schools have libraries. The corresponding percentages for rural and urban schools are 37.01 and 58.0, respectively.
2. The percentage of the primary schools having libraries is 26.18 while 66.97% upper primary, 90.12% secondary, and 94.08% higher secondary schools have the same.
3. In rural areas, libraries are available in 24.99% primary, 65.51% upper primary, 90.64% secondary, and 95.05% higher secondary schools as against 36.87% primary, 73.31% upper primary, 88.65% secondary, and 83.25% higher secondary schools in urban areas.
4. Only 8.28% of the secondary schools have full-time librarians whereas the corresponding percentage for higher secondary schools is 38.48%.
5. The percentages of the primary schools subscribing to newspapers and magazines are 2.25 and 7.11, respectively. The corresponding percentages for upper primary, secondary, and higher secondary schools are 28.55 and 20.55, 67.06 and 57.34, and 83.03 and 76.55.
6. In rural areas, the percentages for the primary schools subscribing to newspapers and magazines are 1.11 and 6.29, respectively, while 24.29% and 18.72% upper primary 65.45% and 55.40% secondary, and 82.15% and 75.43% higher secondary schools subscribe to newspapers and magazines, respectively. The corresponding percentages for urban area schools are 12.51 and 14.53 for primary, 47.12 and 28.70 for upper primary, 71.64 and 62.85 for secondary, and 83, 79 and 77.50 for higher secondary schools.
7. The percentages of the schools having book banks are 18.86 for primary, 37.70 for upper primary, 50.66 for secondary, and 8.99 for higher secondary schools.
8. In rural areas, these facilities are available in 18.24% primary, 38.09% upper primary, 50.65% secondary, and 61.52% higher secondary schools as against 19.10% primary, 36.01% upper primary, 50.64% secondary, and 56.82% higher secondary schools in urban areas.
Blackboards
9. About 66% sections of all the school stages have usable blackboards whereas 27.86% sections do not have any blackboards and the remaining 5.86% sections have unusable blackboards.
10. Usable blackboards are available in 61.01% sections in rural areas as against 86.38% in urban areas.
11. The percentages of the sections without blackboards are 38.49 at the primary, 14.73 at the upper primary, 5.27 at the secondary, and 3.24 at the higher secondary stage.
12. In rural areas, the percentages of the sections without blackboards are 42.27 in the primary, 16.50 in upper primary, 5.99 in secondary, and 3.86 in higher secondary stages as against 13.71 in primary, 9.35 in upper primary, 3.99 in secondary, and 2.90 in higher secondary sections in urban area schools.
Supply of Chalk
13. There is adequate supply of chalk in 83.21% primary, 92.77% upper primary, 95.78% secondary, and 93.55% higher secondary schools.
14. In rural areas such facilities are available in 82.78% primary 92.38% upper primary, 95.88% secondary, and 89.22% higher-secondary schools whereas in urban areas, these facilities are available in 87.13% primary, 94.49% upper primary, 95.52% secondary, and 97.26% higher secondary schools.
Availability of Dusters
15. 71.84% primary schools have adequate supply of dusters
MAIN FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY 215
while 86.50% upper primary, 90.28% secondary, and 94.55% higher secondary schools have the same.
16. In rural areas this facility is available in 7.80% primary, 85.36% upper primary, 89.38% secondary, and 93.69% higher secondary schools as against 81.11% primary, 91.48% upper primary, 92.84% secondary, and 95.28% higher secondary schools in urban areas.
Furniture
17. 41.26% sections at all the school stages do not have any mats/furniture for students. The percentage of the sections having adequate mats/furniture for pupils is 45.21.
18. In 50.84% sections of the primary schools no mats/furniture is available while the percentages for the sections at the upper primary, secondary, and higher secondary stages are 36.39, 12.31, and 6.56, respectively.
19. In rural areas, 54.50% sections in the primary schools 40.13% sections at the upper primary stage, 14.77 % sections in the secondary schools, and 8.81 % sections in the higher secondary schools do not have mats/furniture for pupils as against 26.85% sections in the primary schools, 25.04% sections in the upper primary,7.92% sections in the secondary, and 5.30% sections in the higher secondary schools in urban areas.
20. The percentage of the sections which are without any furniture for teachers is 27.52 as against 52.18 per cent sections which have both chairs and tables for teachers.
21. The percentage of the sections in rural area schools which have both chairs and tables for teachers is 46.07 as against 75.45 in urban area schools.
22. Neither chairs nor tables are available for teachers in 38.17% sections in the primary schools, `14.44% sections in the upper primary, 4.54% sections in the secondary, and 3.57% sections in the higher secondary schools.
23. The percentages for rural area schools which do not have any furniture for teachers are 41.75, 16.05, 4.71, and 3.32 for sections in the primary, the upper primary, the secondary, and the higher secondary schools respectively, as against 14.71, 9.55,4.24, and 3.71 for urban area schools
Drinking-Water
24. Even the essential drinking-water facilities exist only in 47.35% of the primary schools. In rural areas 44.50% of the primary schools have these facilities as against 73.05% in urban areas.
25. Management-wise45.39% of the primary schools managed by the government or the local bodies have drinking-water facilities as against 73.77% primary schools managed by private bodies.
26. Nearly two-thirds of the upper primary schools have drinking- water facilities. In rural areas these facilities are available in 63.39% of the upper primary schools as against 83.19% in urban areas.
27. Nearly 15% of the secondary schools do not have drinking- water facilities.
28. Among the higher secondary schools 92.42% have drinking-water facilities.
29. At all the stages of school education the Union Territories are relatively much better placed than the States so far as drinking-water facilities in schools are concerned.
Urinals
30. There are 15.50% primary schools which have urinal facilities but separate urinals for girls are available only in 5.15% primary schools. For rural areas the figures are 11.07% and 3.01% while for urban areas 55.29% and 24.36%, respectively.
31. It is found that 58.11 % of the primary schools managed by private bodies have urinals as against 12.33% managed by the government or the local bodies.
32. Among the upper primary schools 41.56% of the schools have urinal facilities but,only 21.72% of the upper primary schools have separate urinals for girls. The corresponding figures for rural areas are 34.83% and 16.62% and for urban areas 70.87% and 43.96%.
33. There are 75.18% secondary schools which have urinal facilities but separate urinals for girls exist in only 50.85% of the secondary schools. For rural areas these figures are 71.51% and 46.54% and for urban areas 85.60% and 63.08%, respectively.
34. Among the higher secondary schools 87.71% have urinal facilities. However, separate urinals for girls are available only in 66.08% of, the higher secondary schools. The corresponding figures for rural areas are 82.71% and 63.79% and for urban areas 91.99% and 68.04%.
35. At all the stages of school education the Union Territories are relatively much better placed than the States so far as urinal facilities or separate urinal facilities for girls are concerned.
Lavatories
36. Only 6.28% of the primary,schools have lavatories and separate lavatories for girls are available only in 2.76%. The corresponding figures for rural areas are as low as 3.19% and 1.03%, the figures for urban areas are 34.04% and 18.27%, respectively.
37. 44.07% of the private-unaided primary schools have lavatories and separate lavatories for girls exist in 27.15%. As against this, among the primary schools managed by the local bodies such facilities exist only in 4.05% and 1.50% schools, respectively.
38. Among the upper primary schools 20.17% have lavatories and separate lavatories for girls are available in 11.24%. The figures for schools in rural areas are 12.84% and 5.94% and in urban areas 52.12% upper primary schools have lavatories and separate lavatories for girls are available in 34.34%.
216 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
39. Management-wise, 34.68% of the upper primary schools managed by the private bodies have lavatories against 15.36% managed by the government or the local bodies. Separate lavatories for girls are available in 23.20% upper primary schools managed by private bodies as against 7.28% managed by the government or the local bodies.
40. There are 48.66% secondary schools which have lavatories. However, separate lavatories for girls are available only in 31.15% secondary schools. For rural areas these figures are 39.44% and 23.48% and for urban areas 74.84% and 52.89%, respectively.
41. Among the higher secondary schools, 72.80% have lavatories but separate lavatories for girls are available in only 51.17%. The corresponding figures for rural areas are 61.76% and 44.37% and for urban areas 82.25%, and 57.01%, respectively-
42. From the point of view of availability of lavatories in schools and the facilities of separate lavatories for girls the Union Territories are relatively much better placed than the States.
Storing Facilities
43. At the primary stage 31%, which is the highest percentage, of the schools are without any almirahs or trunks for storing records whereas the percentage is quite low in upper primary, secondary, and higher secondary schools which varies between three and five only. This indicates the better position of upper primary; secondary, and higher secondary schools in comparison with that of primary schools as far as such facilities are concerned.
Playgrounds and Sports/Games Material and Students' Participation
44. There are 4,70,181 schools (63.90%) in the country which have playground facilities. Out of these, 3,14,290 schools (66.84%) have their own playgrounds, while 1,55,891 schools (33.61%) share playgrounds with other schools. There are 2,77,039 schools (58.92%) which have playgrounds in usable condition and 2,76,915 schools (58 90%) have adequate playgrounds.
45. There are 3,62,656 schools (49.29%) in the country where children do not participate in games after the school hours. In 1,01,972 schools (13.86%) only up to 10% children participate, in 2,17,090 schools (29.50%) children's participation varies between 11% and 50% and in only 54,053 schools (7.35%) more than 50% children participate after the school hours.
Primary Schools
46. There are 3,07,982 primary schools which have playground facilities. Of these, 2,03,991 schools (66.23%) have their own playgrounds, while 1,03,991 schools (33.77%) share playgrounds with other schools. There are 1,74,493 schools (56.66%) which have playgrounds in usable condition and 1,26,818 schools (41.18%) have adequate playgrounds.
47. There are 2,87,612 schools (54.40%) where children do not participate in games after the school hours. In 70,078 schools (13.25%) only up to 10% children participate, in 81,352 schools (26.21%) children's participation varies between 11% and 50% while in only 32,436 schools (6.13%) more than 50% children participate in games after the school hours.
Upper Primary Schools
48. There are 1,03,109 upper primary schools (74.17%) which have playground facilities. Out of these, schools, 68,289 (66.23%) have their own playgrounds while 34,820 schools (33.70%) share playgrounds with other schools. In 62,984 schools (61.08%) playgrounds are in usable condition and 45,083 schools (43.72%) have adequate playgrounds.
49. There are 58,988 schools (42.43%) where children do not participate in games after the school hours. In 19,990 schools (14.38%) only up to 10% children participate, in 47,327 schools (34.04%) children's participation varies between 11% and 50% while in only 12,711 schools (9.14%) more than 50% children participate in games after the school hours.
Secondary Schools
50. There are 45,209 secondary schools (26.01 %) which have playground facilities. Out of these schools, 31,920 (70.61%) have their own playgrounds while 13,289 (29.39%) share playgrounds with other schools. In 29,699 schools (65.69%) playgrounds are in usable condition and 22,332 schools (49.40%) have adequate playgrounds.
51. There are 12,109 schools (23.04%) where children do not participate in games after the school hours. In 9,283 schools (17.66%) only up to 10% children participate, in 24,563 schools (46.73%) children's participation varies between 11% and 50% while in only 6,605 schools (12.57%) more than 50% children participate in games after the school hours.
Higher Secondary Schools
52. There are 13,881 higher secondary schools (87.76%) which have playground facilities. Out of these, 10,090 schools (72.69%) have their own playgrounds while 3,791 (27.31%) share playgrounds with other schools. There are 9,863 schools (71.65%) which have playgrounds in usable condition and 8,764 schools (58.81 %) have adequate playgrounds.
53. There are 3,947 schools (25.52%) where children do not participate in games after the school hours. In 2,621 schools (14.15%) only up to 10% children participate, in 6,596 schools (42.65%) children's participation varies between
MAIN FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY 217
11% and 50% while in 2,301 schools (14.88%) more than 50% children participate in games after the school hours.
Contingency Funds
54. There are 5,20,070 schools (70.68%) in the country which have provision of contingency funds. Out of these, 3,54,134 schools (66.98%) are primary, 1,06,547 (76.64%) upper primary, 45,616 (86.79%) secondary, and 13,773 schools (89.06%) are higher secondary.
55. Contingency funds are available in more schools in rural areas than in urban areas amongst all types of schools.
56. Management-wise distribution reveals that contingency funds are available in 87.21 % local body schools, 72.45 % private- aided schools, 65.92% private-unaided schools, and 53.14% government schools.
Incentives
Midday Meals
57. Midday meals are provided in 27.92% primary, 24.28% upper primary, 7.20% secondary, and 11.82% higher secondary schools.
58. In rural areas 28.28% of the primary, 25.06% of the upper primary, 7.51 % of the secondary and 11.80% of the higher secondary schools have provisions of midday meals as against 24.75% primary, 20.91% upper primary, 6.31% secondary, and 11.84 % higher secondary schools in urban areas.
59. Private-unaided schools are at the lowest rung of the ladder so far as the provision of midday meals is concerned--only 3.55% primary, 1.42% upper primary, 1.68% secondary, and 3.41 % higher secondary schools offer these facilities.
60. There are 2,25,53,505 students who are availing them selves of the facilities of midday meals at all the stages of school education. Of these beneficiaries 78.41% are studying in rural schools and 40.98% are girls. Further, 20.05% of the beneficiaries belong to the Scheduled Castes and 12.81% to Scheduled Tribes, which together accounts for 32.86% of the beneficiaries.
Free Uniform
61. Free Uniforms to students are provided in 46.83% primary 34.56% upper primary, 18.17% secondary, and 19.50% higher secondary schools.
62. In rural areas the incentive scheme of free uniform to students is available in 48.57% primary, 35.74% upper primary, 18.50% secondary, and 18.68% higher secondary schools as against 31.11 % primary, 29.45% upper primary, 17.22% secondary, and 20.19% higher secondary schools in urban areas.
63. From the point of view of free uniforms to students the position of private-unaided schools is very unsatisfactory as among them only about 7% schools have this incentive scheme.
64. At all the stages of school education 1,60,73,242 students are getting free uniforms. Among these beneficiaries 33.04% belong to the Scheduled Castes and 11.60% to the Scheduled Tribes. Girls constitute 49.98% of the beneficiaries. Further, of the total number of the beneficiaries 77.44 % are studying in rural schools.
Free Textbooks
65. Free textbook facilities to students exist in 59.62% primary, 50.98% upper primary, 44.77% secondary, and 46.01 % higher secondary schools.
66. In rural areas free textbooks are supplied to pupils in 60.69% primary, 52.34% upper primary, 45.85% secondary, and 45.74% higher secondary schools as against 49.95% primary, 45.05% upper primary, 41.68% secondary, and 46.25% higher secondary schools in urban areas.
67. At all the stages of school education 3,35,24,152 students are getting free textbooks. Of these beneficiaries 77.16% are studying in rural schools, and 41.27% are girls. Further, 24.82% belong to the Scheduled Castes and 11.71 % to the Scheduled Tribes, which accounts for 36.53% of the beneficiaries.
Attendance Scholarships for Girls
68. The incentive scheme of attendance scholarships for girls is available in 4.65% primary, 10.83 % upper primary, 10.65% secondary, and 12.26% higher secondary schools.
69. In rural areas attendance scholarships for girls are provided in 4.62% primary, 11.36% upper primary, 10.94% secondary, and 9.40% higher secondary schools as against 4.86% primary, 8.51% upper primary, 9.84% secondary, and 14.71 % higher secondary schools in urban areas.
70. At all the stages of school education, 3,75,979 girls are being benefited through the scheme of attendance scholarships. Of these beneficiaries 70.44% are studying in rural schools. Further, 57.70% belong to the Scheduled Castes and 16.05% to the Scheduled Tribes, which accounts for 73.75% of the beneficiaries.
Medical Facilities
71. Vaccination/inoculation facilities are relatively better provided in secondary (43.17%) and higher secondary schools (48.84%) than in primary (34.10%) and upper primary schools (39.58%).
72. Vaccination/inoculation facilities are available more in urban schools than in rural schools. In rural areas 33.31% primary, 37.21% upper primary, 43.64% secondary, and 43.95% higher secondary schools have these facilities while in urban areas 41.23% primary, 49.88% upper primary, 41.84% secondary, and 53.03% higher secondary schools have these facilities.
73. The provision of medical check-up of students is available in higher proportion of secondary (45.81%) and higher
218 FIFTH ALL-INDIA EDUCATIONAL SURVEY
secondary schools (55.28%) than in primary (26.37%) and upper primary schools (37.70%).
74. Medical check-up facilities for students are relatively better provided in schools located in urban areas than in rural areas. 24.86% primary, 34.56% upper primary, 42.00% secondary, and 51.35% higher secondary schools in rural areas have these facilities whereas in urban areas such facilities exist in 39.97% primary, 51.39% upper primary, 56.63% secondary, and 58.65% higher secondary schools.
Other Facilities at Primary Stage
Out of the 41 items which ought to be available in all the schools which have the primary stage, only three facilities i.e. syllabus, State map, and school bells are available in a majority of the schools. While nineteen facilities viz. mini-too] kit, two-in-one audio equipment, encyclopedias, wisdom blocks, surface-tension toys, bird and animal puzzles, animal world, balance and weights, magnifying glasses, magnets, measuring-tape, volleyball, rubber ball, air pump, swing rope with tyre, dholak, tabla, harmonium, and manjira are available in even fewer than 10% of the schools, the remaining 19 facilities are available in 10% to 50% of the schools. The position of availability of all these facilities is worse in rural areas.
13.10 Medium of Instruction and Languages Taught Medium of Instruction
1. There are 43 languages which are used as media of instruction at the primary stage, 31 at the upper primary stage, 22 at the secondary stage, and 20 at the higher secondary stage.
2. At the primary stage there are 6,20,843 (98.34%) schools with one medium, 8,762 (1.39%) with two media, 1,620 (0.26%) with three media, and 83 (0.01 %) with more than three media.
3. At the upper primary stage there are 1,82,362 (97.21 %) schools with one medium, 4,387 (2.34%) with two media, 797 (0.42%) with three media, and 56 with more than three media.
4. At the secondary stage there are 63,391 (94.45%) schools with one medium, 3,386 (5.04%) with two media, 380 (0.57%) with three media, and 84 with more than three media.
5. At the higher secondary stage there are 13,641 schools (88.21%) with one medium, 1,702 (11.01%) with two media, 115 (0.74%) with three media, and 7 (0.04%) With more than three media.
6. There are 98.72% schools at the primary stage, 96.44% at the upper primary stage, 91.83% at the secondary stage, and 85.09% at the higher secondary stage where the medium of instruction is one of the Indian languages.
7. There are only 8,100 schools (1.28%) at the primary stage, 6,673 (3.56%) at the upper primary stage, 5,491 (8.17%) at the secondary stage, and 2,306 (14.91%.) at the higher secondary stage where the medium of instruction is English.
8. There are 2,61,062 schools (41.35%) at the primary stage, 72,412 (38.60%) at the upper primary stage, 21,074 (31.34%) at the secondary stage, and 7,347 (48.09%) at the higher secondary stage where the medium of instruction is Hindi.
Languages Taught
First Language
9. There are 6,20,800 (98.33%) schools with one language, 10,005 (1.58%) with two languages, 493 (0.08%) with three languages, and 10(0.00%) with more than three languages as the first language at the primary stage.
10. There are 1,81,100 schools (96.53%) with one language, 4,623 (2.46%) with two languages, 1,843 (0.98%) with three languages, and 36 (0.02%) with more than three languages as the first language at the upper primary stage.
11. There are 63,332 schools (94.19%) with one language, 3,023 (1.62%) with two languages, 849(1.26%) with three languages, and 37 (0.05%) with more than three languages as the first language at the secondary stage.
12. There are 98.98% schools at the primary stage, 97.53% at the upper primary stage, 94.42% at the secondary stage offering one of the Indian languages as the first language.
13. There are 6,464 schools (1.02%) at the primary stage, 4,640 (2.47%) at the upper primary stage, 3,754 (5.58%) at the secondary stage offering English as the first language.
14. There are 2,60,817 schools (41.31 %) at the primary stage, 73,102 (38.97%) at the upper primary stage, and 21,351 (31.75%) at the secondary stage offering Hindi as the first language.
Second Language
15. There are 1,73,656 schools (27.51 %) teaching a second language at the primary stage, 1,87,482(99.94%) at the upper primary stage, and 67,045 (99.71 %) at the secondary stage.
16. There are 85.68% schools at the primary stage, 39.18% at the upper primary stage, and 40.57% at the secondary stage offering one of the Indian languages as the first language.
17. There are 24,223 schools (3.84%) at the primary stage, 53,599 (28.57%) at the upper primary stage, and 21,012 (31.25%) at the secondary stage offering Hindi as the second language.
18. There are 90,420 schools (14.32%) at the primary stage, 1, 14,097 (60.82%) at the upper primary stage, and 39,959. (59.43%) at the secondary stage offering English as the second language.
Third Language
19. There are 1,337 schools (0.21 %) teaching a third language at the primary stage, 1,71,273 (91.30%) at the upper primary stage, and 49,457 (73.55%) at the secondary stage.
MAIN FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY 219
20. There are 99.97% schools at the primary stage, 61.79% at the upper primary stage, and 64.88% at the secondary stage offering one of the Indian languages as the third language.
21. There are 580 schools (0.09%) at the primary stage, 38,979 (20.78%) at the upper primary stage, and 12,991 (19.32%) at the secondary stage offering Hindi as the third language.
22. There are 173 schools (0.03%) at the primary stage, 71,681 (38.21%) at the upper primary stage, and 23,614 (35.12%) at the secondary stage offering English as the third language.