SCIENCE
The teaching of Science at the Secondary level according to NPE is primarily directed towards problem solving and decision-making on the basis of knowledge of the key concepts which cut across all disciplines of Science. This would also enable the learner to relate his knowledge with different areas of national development.
The general objectives of teaching Science at the Secondary level are to help the pupil
- acquire understanding of scientific concepts, principles and laws;
- develop instrumental, communicational and problem solving skills;
- develop scientific temper, attitudes and values such as open mindedness, intellectual honesty, suspended judgment, courage to question and respect for human dignity;
- cultivate social, ethical, moral and aesthetic value which exalt and refine the life of the individual and the society;
- appreciate the contributions of scientists and develop sensitivity to possible uses and misuses of Science;
- develop concern for a clean environment and preservation of the ecosystem; and
- help undertake higher studies in Science, vocations or professions.
In order to help the pupil to attain these objectives emphasis should be given to functional aspects of scientific knowledge and acquisition of skills.
CLASS IX
One Paper (Theory), Time 3 hours 75 marks
Unitwise weightage : Theory
Units Marks
1. Matter - Nature and Behaviour 20
2. Motion, Force and Energy 20
3. Ways of Living 14
4. Human Beings 13
5. World of Work 08
Unit 1 : Matter - Nature and Behaviour 54 pds.
Nature and behaviour - different types of substances, elements, compounds and their mixtures. Structure of matter. Atomic theory, molecules and atoms; Structure of atom - electrons, protons and neutrons; Composition of nucleus - atomic number and mass number, valence electrons and valency.
Atomic mass and molecular mass; mole concepts; percentage composition of compounds.
Chemical bond - formation of ionic and covalent bonds, important properties of electrovalent and covalent compounds.
Physical and chemical changes - difference between physical and chemical changes. Combination reactions, displacement reactions, decomposition reactions; slow and fast reactions; catalyst; representation of chemical reactions - chemical equations; exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Electrochemical cell - construction of a simple voltaic cell; working of an electrochemical cell; lead storage battery and dry cell.
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Electrolysis - movements of ions during electrolysis; relationship between current, time and amount of metal deposited during electrolysis; electroplating.
Classification of elements - similarities and dissimilarities in the properties of some elements. Periodic law, periods and groups, gradation of properties of elements along a period and in the groups; prediction of properties of elements in the periodic table.
Unit 2 : Motion, Force and Energy 54 pds.
Motion - Motion is relative, displacement (qualitative idea only), uniform and non-uniform motion (graphical analysis), speed and velocity, acceleration, equations of motion - derivation (graphical method) and simple numericals.
Force - Meaning of force, inertia of a body, balanced forces, unbalanced forces and acceleration, Newton's laws of motion, momentum, relationship between forces, acceleration and mass of an object - simple numericals based on these, action and reaction - forces exist in pairs.
Gravitation - Newton's law of gravitation, free-fall and acceleration due to gravity, simple pendulum and restoring force, relationship between length and time period (no derivation) and its graphical representation.
Work and Energy - Energy, mechanical energy - potential and kinetic - their formulae (no derivation), concept of work, work done by a constant force (only along direction of displacement), relation between work and energy, simple numericals on work and energy.
Wave Motion - Nature of a wave, propagation of a wave through a medium, types of waves - longitudinal and transverse, periodic motion, idea of simple harmonic motion (graphical treatment). Definitions of displacement, amplitude, frequency, time period, wavelength and their units, relationship between wavelength, frequency and velocity of a wave, simple numericals on this, energy transferred during propagation of waves.
Perception of light by the human eye - Recapitulation of image formed by spherical mirrors and lenses, simple numericals based on these. Structure and function of human eye - focal length of eye-lens and image formation on the retina, brief idea of sensory cells in the eye rods and cones, blind spot, defects of vision - myopia and hyper-metropia, correction of defects of vision, perception of colour, colour blindness, composition of white light, different colours have different wavelength, colour of objects.
Telescope and Microscope - Principle, construction (mainly ray diagrams) and working of astronomical telescope and compound microscope.
Heat - Heat as a form of energy, mechanical work and heat, heat and temperature, measurement of temperature, idea of Celsius and Fahrenheit scales and their conversion, specific heat, simple numericals based on it, effects of heat, thermal expansion - definitions of coefficient of linear and cubical expansions, change of state, idea of latent heats, idea about relative humidity.
Electricity - A source of energy, conductors and resistors, measurement of current, potential difference and resistance - relationship between these parameters (Ohm's law), simple numericals based on it, heating effect of current, quantitative relationship between heat, electric current, resistance and time of flow of current, examples (names) of common electrical appliances based on heating effect, measurement of electrical energy - its unit, electrical power, simple numericals.
Magnetic effect of electric current - Magnetic field of a current carrying conductor, coil and solenoid, electric motor - applications, elementary idea of electromagnetic induction, Fleming's left hand rule, electric generator - D.C. and A.C. (elementary idea).
Domestic electric circuit - Elementary ideas about wiring, fuse, possible hazards and safety measures.
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Unit 3 : Ways of living Habitat and organisms - Habitat, types of habitat; classification of organisms based on habitats' habitat and organisms, interdependents, alteration of habitats and its effects on organisms including. man. Conservation of habitats.
Adaptation - Structural and functional potentialities of organisms, structural adaptation with reference to internal and external factors. Functional adaption refers to life processes.
Organisation of living World - Different levels of organization - organismic, cellular and molecular. Structure and function of cell, difference between plant and animal cells division - mitosis and meiosis (excluding 'crossing over' during meiosis).
Life Process - Nutrition - photosynthesis, autotrophs, heterotrophs. Respiration. Internal transport. Excretion. Reproduction. Growth and differentiation. Control and co-ordination.
Study of Birds - Habit and behaviour of familiar birds.
Unit 4 : Human Beings Evolution of human beings - Ancestral forms, Hominids, fossil remains of Neanderthal man, Pekingman, Clomagnon man, continous efforts of man to reshape the natural environment. Necessity and inventions.
Uniqueness of human body - Organisation of human body; Unique organs of the human body - biped and erect posture, opposite thumb, highly developed brain, location of eye, colour sensitive retina, presence of salivary amylase, antigravity postural muscles, location of testes, capability of year round reproduction, some characteristics of human body common to other animals.
Stuctural limitations of human body - Instability due to bipedal and erect posture, loss of tail, loss of hair, vision in relation to wave length, less developed olfactory organ, limitation to hearing, immovable and short pinna, canine teeth, short intestine, loss of claws, less number of red muscles, structural limitation of human body common to other animals. Manipulation of environment to overcome limitations for physical, biological and cultural needs.
Regulation of environment - Use and exploration of needs, control and use of fire regulation of micro and macro levels. Advantages and disadvantages of regulation.
Unit 5 : World of Work Man and work - variety in nature of work, work involved in procuring, processing and preparation of food by man and other living organisms, energy required for doing work, motion as manifestation of work.
Technology meaning and application; evolution of technology and human society; development of new and improved technology-need, acceptance by the society, time gap between development and application; role of technology in harnessing energy.
Impact of technology on society - influence of technology, on individual needs, energy requirements of the individual and the society, energy crisis, impact of technology on physical, social and. cultural environment. Technology and science - interrelation between science and technology, application of technology in development of science, one technology creates need for another.
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PRACTICALS 25 marks
(Class IX) 68 pds.
Unit 1 : Matter, Nature and Behaviour
1. To learn how to distinguish between ionic and covalent compounds by investigating their
(i) solubility
(ii) electrical conductivity.
(iii) melting/boiling behaviour.
(iv) crystalline/amorphous state.
2. To investigate how to distinguish between a physical change and a chemical change.
3. To measure temperature changes during a few chemical reactions and classify them into exothermic and endothermic reactions.
4. To construct a simple voltaic cell and explain the underlying principle.
5. To dismantle different brands of cells, identify their parts and understand their functions.
6. To electroplate copper and establish the relationship between the current, time and the amount of metal deposited.
Unit 2 : Motion, Force and Energy 1. To plot x-t (distance-time) graph from a given data and compute speed from it.
2. To plot v-t (velocity-time) graph from a given data and compute acceleration from it.
3. To demonstrate-
(a) equal and opposite forces.
(b) work done in lifting a weight.
(c) work done by a moving body.
(d) work done by a compressed spring on a raised body.
4. To demonstrate propagation of waves through -
(a) stretched rope.
(b) water surface.
(c) stinky.
5. To verify laws of reflection
6. To verify laws of refraction.
7. To design and construct a pinhole camera and explain image formation.
8. To learn how to determine colour blindness through colour perception test.
9. To determine distance of distinct vision.
10. To construct simple working models of microscope and telescope.
Unit 3 : Ways of Living 1. Study of the main structural parts of the microscopes (hand lens, dissecting and compound) and to know their utility and use in setting and precautions to be taken while using those.
2. Study of plant cell (onion-epidermis) and animal (cheek cell) under microscope by making their temporary stained mounts.
3. Study of plant and animal cell from prepared slides or temporary mounts to see the differences between them.
4. Study of cell division stages from prepared permanent slides or from tips of shoot and root.
5. Study of a few local plants to know their structural features with reference to adaptation to exerophytic (any cactus, succulents) mesophytic and hydrophytic habitats (aquatic plant).
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6. Study of a few local plants to their external structural adaptation in respect of their terrestrial (cockroach), aquatic (fish, prawn), amphibious (toad, frog, snail, mollusca), aerial (bird) and burrowing habitats (mole, rat, earthworm).
7. To test starch formation in the leaves and to show that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.
8. To show that light is necessary for photosynthesis.
9. To show that oxygen evolves during photosynthesis.
10. To show that carbon dioxide is produced during respiration.
11. To show that heat is produced during respiration.
12. To measure the body temperature and pulse rate.
13. To identify organisms on the basis of their food habits, autotrophs, heterotrophs parasites, saprophytes by any means.
14. Study of some local birds with reference to their food habits in relation to the modification of their beaks and feet.
15. To identify some nests of common birds like weaver bird, tailor bird etc.
Unit 4 : Human Beings 1. Identification and comment on ancestral forms of man from charts, models and diagrams.
2. Identification and comment on canine and incisors from actual specimens.
3. Identification and comment upon the structure of hands of monkey and man from model or specimen.
Unit 5 : World of Work 1. Design a working model of a machine involved in any stage/stages of procuring/processing/ preparation of food by man/other living organisms. In the experiment -
(i) Identify instances/areas where energy is being converted to work and vice versa.
(ii) Identify/recognize the form of work being performed.
(iii) Co-relate the scientific laws involved in the inter-conversions.
2. Design a model of "Integrated Rural Development" highlighting their energy needs (without transforming it into a city), new technologies and essential services management. From the model the student should be able to -
(i) Identify need for a change in technology.
(ii) Suggest an alternative.
(iii) Highlight influence of a technology.
Prescribed Book : 1. Science - A Text Book for Class IX, Published by NCERT.
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Note : Teachers are advised to consult reference books, if necessary.
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CLASS X
One Paper (Theory) Time : 3 hours 75 marks
Unitwise weightage : Theory
Units Marks
1. Energy 24
2. Food and Health 14
3. Environment and Living Resources 10
4. Natural Resources 17
5. Universe 10
Unit 1 : Energy 64 pds.
Sun as a source of energy - Absorption of solar energy by the earth, photosynthesis, solar
heaters, solar cells; wind energy - wind mills; electricity from sea waves.
Fuels - Bio mass as a fuel - biogas, fossil fuels --coal, types of coal- petroleum, fractional
distillation of petroleum, L.P.G., natural gas, classification of fuels - solid, liquid and gaseous
fuels; characteristics of fuel - calorific value of fuels and its determination, ignition temperature,
combustion of fuels, combustion of food in living organisms; characteristics of an ideal fuel.
Heat engines - Idea of conversion of heat into work and vice-versa, meaning of mechanical
equivalent of heat - its determination by Joule's experiment (simple numericals based on work
and energy conversion). External combustion engine (basic idea), working of internal combustion
engines.
Nuclear energy - Sources of the Sun's energy, composition of sunlight; basic idea of atomic
nucleus, nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, chain reaction, energy released during fission, examples
of uncontrolled fission and fusion, simple idea of nuclear reactor and atomic power plant. Radiation
hazards. Energy crisis - causes and possible solution for overcoming it.
Unit 2 : Food, and Health 38 pds.