PREFACE
The second edition of Education For All - A Graphic Presentation is a revised and
enlarged edition. It is designed to meet the needs of a diverse group of people consist-
ing of policy analysts, senior level administrators and researchers in India and abroad.
While all out efforts were made to present a comparable and continuous time-series
data but at places it was not possible to do so. The document was prepared with the
following objectives in view:
i) to present historical trends in the behaviour of key educational in-
dicators like institutions, enrolment, teachers and financing of educa-
tion ;
ii) to describe the trends in demographic behaviour particularly of the age-
specific population;
iii) to highlight the salient features of educational imbalances particularly
in the provision of infrastructure, teaching and non-teaching inputs and
the quality of outcome;
iv) to present the level of inputs and achievements for important program-
mes of elementary education.
The main feature of the document is that it presents the basic data as well as the il-
lustrations together. The former is achieved with the help of data tables, the latter
through graphs, illustrations and maps. At the beginning of each section, a brief sum-
mary is presented on the basis of graphs and tables contained in the section.
The section on Administrative Structure provides the background information for the
purposes of illustration and spatial analysis of educational data.
While all efforts were made to include data on key indicators of educational develop-
ment, due to data limitations, many gaps may have remained. It is expected that despite
the limitations of data and its presentation, the document will provide a useful reference
material.
It hardly needs to be mentioned that the present volume would not have been possible
without the help and assistance from a number of sources. While the first edition owes
its origin to the keen interest shown by Professor Satya Bhushan, the then Director,
NIEPA, the present revised and updated edition is the outcome of the encouragement
and support provided by Mr. Baldev Mahajan, Joint Director, NIEPA. But for his im-
mense contribution, the volume would not have taken the present shape. The data
sources for this volume include Ministry of Human Resource Development and
NCERT. Contribution of Mr. S.C. Sahai, Deputy Director, Deptt. of Education, MHRD
is gratefully acknowledged.
At NIEPA, a number of colleagues provided useful suggestions and rendered valuable
help at various stages of the exercise leading to finalisation of the document. The con-
tributions made by Dr. Y.P. Aggarwal, Dr. Arun C. Mehta, Ms. Nirmal Malhotra, Mr.
N.D. Kandpal and Dr. S.B. Roy are gratefully acknowledged. Dr. B.K. Panda also gave
valuable suggestions.
viii
The manuscript of the data tables was prepared at the EDPR Unit of NIEPA. The as-
sistance of Mr. Hakim Singh, Mr. Jai Prakash and Mr. Padam Singh in bringing the
manuscript to a publication stage is thankfully acknowledged. I would also like to thank
Mr. M.M. Ajwani and Mr. Ajay Gupta, Publication Unit of NIEPA for taking keen inter-
est in the publication of the document. The reprographic work done by Shri Sita Ram
Sharma is also acknowledged.
I also wish to express my sense of gratitude to all those who gave valuable feedback
on the earlier edition of the Graphic Presentation. The suggestions for further improve-
ments would be highly appreciated.
New Delhi - P.N. Tyagi
November 1993
CONTENTS
Foreword v
Preface vii
List of Tables xi
List of Maps/Diagrams xiii
1. Administrative Structure 1
2. Demography 7
3. Literacy 21
4. Institutions 41
5. Teachers 81
6. Enrolment 91
7. Expenditure on Education 117
Abbreviations and Glossary 127