 INSTITUTIONS

The institutions of general education are classified as primary, upper primary, high/secondary and higher secondary schools. in 1992-93 the school education system comprised 572 thousands primary schools, 154 thousands upper primary schools and 84 thousands high and higher secon- dary schools (Table 15). In the present volume two sets of data have been used-the regular educational statistics obtained from Ministry of Human Resource Development (Department of Education) and the data generated by All India Educational Surveys conducted by NCERT. The All India Educational Survey data, though outdated, is particularly useful for the analysis of facilities.

Access:

The access to schools has improved considerably during the last four decades. The number of primary schools increased from 209,671 in 1950-51 to 572,541 in 1992-93; the cor- responding increase in upper primary schools was from 13,586 to 153,921. Nearly 87.3 per cent of primary schools, and about 78.7 percent of the upper primary schools in 1989-90 were located in the rural areas (Table 16and Figure 28). During 1980s the number of primary and upper primary schools increased by 13.7 per cent and 25.8 per cent respectively. Figures 29 and 30 show the states arranged in descending order of the percentage increase in primary schools (1981-82 to 1992-93).

The 1986 data showed that 77.03 per cent of habitations with population of 300 or more had primary schools within the habitation and 93.92 per cent had it within a distance of 1 Km. Upper primary schools are available within the habitation to 29.78 per cent habitations with a population of 500 or more and within 3 Kms. to 82.9 per cent of habitations (Tables 19 and 20).

Schools by Management:

93 per cent of primary schools are managed by government and local bodies (Table 23). The distribution of primary schools by management shows that the private un- aided schools account for 2.6 per cent and the private aided for 4.3 per cent of all primary schools in the country. However there are some states where the share of private unaided and the govern- ment aided schools is relatively large. For example in Kerala 58.84 per cent of primary schools are private aided. In Manipur and Meghalaya the share of private unaided schools is 14-15 per cent. On an All-India basis, the proportion of upper primary schools managed by government is 42.8 per cent, and those managed by local bodies is 32.3 per cent. The share of private unaided schools at upper primary levels is 8.6 per cent and that of private aided schools 16.3 per cent. The share of private aided and private unaided schools in some states is very large (Table 24).

Schools by Type of Building:

The distribution of primary and upper primary schools according to the type of buildings in 1986 show large inter-state variations (Table 25 and Table 26). The position with respect to the availability of blackboard was collected in 1986. 38.5 per cent of primary schools were without blackboards (Table 27). The availability of school buildings and teaching-learning materials has improved considerably after the implementation of the Operation- Blackboard Scheme in 1988.

Non-Formal Education :

A large number of children either drop-out of the school before com- pleting the primary education cycle or do not enrol at all for a variety of reasons. In order to provide education to those groups of children (aged 6-14), the programme of Non-formal Education (N.F.E.) was launched in 1978. Table 33 shows the growth of NFE Centres and the grants released for their running. 41

                                                                                                                                             EDUCATION FOR ALL
                                                                               Table 15
        
                                                                           Schools in India
                                                                          1950-51 to 1992-93
        
                                                                                  
                        Year                          Primary                        Upper Primary                   High/Hr. Sec.
                                                                                  
        
                      1950-51                         209671                             13586                          7288
                      1955-56                         278135                             21370                         10828
                      1960-61                         330399                             49663                         17257
                      1961-62                         351530                             55915                         19306
                      1962-63                         366262                             61377                         21440
                      1963-64                         377106                             65588                         22996
                      1964-65                         385049                             72153                         25252
                      1965-66                         391064                             75798                         27477
                      1966-67                         396170                             79616                         30445
                      1967-68                         399297                             82924                         31713
                      1968-69                         400621                             84246                         33487
                      1969-70                         403303                             88113                         35067
                      1970-71                         408378                             90621                         36738
                      1971-72                         417473                             93665                         38174
                      1972-73                         431791                             97623                         39764
                      1973-74                         437957                            101917                         44452
                      1974-75                         450950                            104545                         42106
                      1975-76                         454270                            106571                         43054
                      1976-77                         457324                            108602                         43775
                      1977-78                         462567                            110035                         45489
                      1978-79                         472519                            112801                         46874
                      1979-80                         482476                            115117                         48905
                      1980-81                         494503                            118555                         51006
                      1981-82                         503763                            122377                         53307
                      1982-83                         511106                            125446                         55716
                      1983-84                         516238                            128358                         54381
                      1984-85                         521048                            131249                         58086
                      1985-86                         528872                            134846                         65837                              
                      1986-87                         530728                            138030                         68639
                      1987-88                         539002                            142565                         70997
                      1988-89                         542647                            144715                         72602
                      1989-90                         548131                            147159                         74654
                      1990-91(P)                      558392                            146636                         78619
                      1991-92(P)                      565786                            152077                         81747
                      1992-93(P)                      572541                            153921                        840943
                                                                                  
                    P = Provisional
                    Source: 1. A Handbook of Educational and Allied Statistics (MHRD), Deptt. of Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1987
                             2. Selected Educational Statistics, Various Volumes (MHRD), Deptt. of Education, Govt, of India, New Delhi
                             3. Education in India, Various Volumes-(S) MHRD, Deptt. of Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi

                                                                                                                                             EDUCATION FOR ALL
                                                                               Table 16
        
                                                             Number of Primary and Upper Primary Schools
                                                                               1989-90
        
                                                                                        
                         State/Union Territory                                     Primary                                               Upper Primary
                                                                  Total            Rural            Urban               Total            Rural               Urban
                                                                                        
                                                                                                     
        
                         INDIA                                     548131           478441           69690              147159           115774               31385
                         Andhra Pradesh                             46891            42979            3912                5878             4536                1342
                         Arunachal Pradesh                           1101             1074              27                 241              236                   5
                         Assam                                      26670            24902            1768                5417             4968                 449
                         Bihar                                      52917            50240            2677               13121            11239                1882
                         Goa                                          996              827             169                 118              104                  14
                         Gujarat                                    13356            11723            1633               17448            13529                3919
                         Haryana                                     4922             4661             261                1321             1216                 105
                         Himachal Pradesh                            7340             7229             111                 977              951                  26
                         Jammu & Kashmir                             8990             8229             761                2368             1920                 448
                         Karnataka                                  23539            14805            8734               16318            10510                5808
                         Kerala                                      6812             5959             853                2892             2512                 380
                         Madhya Pradesh                             67182            50974           16208               13862             9245                4617
                         Maharashtra                                38594            33548            5046               18205            14790                3415
                         Manipur                                     2934             2574             360                 422              350                  72
                         Meghalaya                                   4212             3724             488                 772              561                 211
                         Mizoram                                     1084              890             194                 522              426                  96
                         Nagaland                                    1286             1250              36                 341              308                  33
                         Orissa                                     35612            33602            2019                9125             8278                 847
                         Punjab                                     12372            11356            1016                1425             1268                 157
                         Rajasthan                                  30713            26814            3899                8796             6884                1912
                         Sikkim                                       512              511               1                 127              127                   0
                         Tamil Nadu                                 29491            26089            3402                5651             4408                1243
                         Tripura                                     2083             2033              50                 430              411                  19
                         Uttar Pradesh                              77426            67526            9900               17554            14119                3435
                         West Bengal                                48490            43771            4719                3148             2674                 474
                         Andaman & Nicobar Is.                        185              179               6                  43               38                   5
                         Chandigarh                                    49               15              34                  27                3                  24
                         Dadra & Nagar Haveli                         120              116               4                  41               38                   3
                         Daman & Diu                                   43               31              12                  20               12                   8
                         Delhi                                       1837              570            1267                 441               55                 386
                         Lakshadweep                                   19               14               5                   4                2                   2
                         Pondicherry                                  344              226             118                 104               56                  48
        
                                                                                        
        
                      Source: Education in India, 1989-90, Vol. I(S),  MHRD, Deptt. of Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi,  1993

        
                                                                                                                                             EDUCATION FOR ALL
                                                                                  
                                                                               Table 17
        
                                             Percentage Increase in the Number of Primary Schools
                                                                               1992-93 Over 1981-82
        
                                                                                  
                         State/Union Territory                                                                  Primary schools
                                                                               1981-82                            1992-93                                      %Change
                                                                                  
        
                         INDIA                                                503763                                572541                                      13.68
                         Andhra Pradesh                                        40769                                 50201                                      23.14
                         Arunachal Pradesh                                       879                                  1171                                      33.22
                         Assam                                                 21729                                 28876                                      32.89
                         Bihar                                                 50940                                 53292                                       4.62
                         Goa                                                     975                                  1033                                       5.95
                         Gujarat                                               11396                                 14448                                      26.78
                         Haryana                                                4940                                  4915                                    (-)0.51
                         Himachal Pradesh                                       6227                                  7548                                      21.21
                         Jammu & Kashmir                                        7525                                  9438                                      25.42
                         Karnataka                                             22439                                 23600                                       5.17
                         Kerala                                                 6807                                  6779                                    (-)0.41
                         Madhya Pradesh                                        60874                                 68949                                      13.27
                         Maharashtra                                           36098                                 41759                                      15.68
                         Manipur                                                2860                                  3180                                      11.19
                         Meghalaya                                              4054                                  4170                                       2.86
                         Mizoram                                                 745                                  1066                                      43.09
                         Nagaland                                               1184                                  1305                                      10.22
                         Orissa                                                36193                                 41204                                      13.85
                         Punjab                                                12382                                 12464                                       0.66
                         Rajasthan                                             23219                                 32133                                      38.39
                         Sikkim                                                  360                                   527                                      46.39
                         Tamil Nadu                                            27767                                 30098                                       8.39
                         Tripura                                                1792                                  2065                                      15.23
                         Uttar Pradesh                                         71602                                 78804                                      10.06
                         West Bengal                                           47626                                 50827                                       6.72
                         Andaman & Nicobar Is.                                   180                                   188                                       4.44
                         Chandigarh                                               34                                    56                                      64.71
                         Dadra & Nagar Haveli                                    121                                   125                                       3.31
                         Daman & Diu                                               *                                    49                                        *
                         Delhi                                                  1738                                  1911                                       9.95
                         Lakshadweep                                              18                                    19                                       5.56
                         Pondicherry                                             290                                   341                                      17.59
        
                                                                                  
        
                         * Daman & Diu was part of Goa, Daman & Diu Union Territory in 1981-82
                     Source: 1. Selected Educational Statistics, 1992-93, MHRD, Deptt. of Education, New Delhi, 1993
                                2. Education in India, 1981-82, MHRD, Deptt. of Education, New Delhi.

        
                                                                                                                                             EDUCATION FOR ALL
        
                                                                               Table 18
        
                                      Percentage Increase in the Number of Upper Primary Schools
                                                                            1992-93 over 1981-82
        
                                                                                  
                        State/Union Territory                                                            Upper Primary Schools
                                                                          1981-82                             1992-93                                %Change
                                                                                  
        
                        INDIA                                             122377                              153921                                  25.78
                        Andhra Pradesh                                      4837                                6330                                  30.87
                        Arunachal Pradesh                                    120                                 274                                 128.33
                        Assam                                               4390                                5703                                  29.91
                        Bihar                                              11631                               13495                                  16.03
                        Goa                                                  150                                 109                               (-)27.33
                        Gujarat                                            14099                               17781                                  26.12
                        Haryana                                              947                                1401                                  47.94
                        Himachal Pradesh                                    1049                                1061                                   1.14
                        Jammu & Kashmir                                     2106                                2669                                  26.73
                        Karnataka                                          12795                               16647                                  30.11
                        Kerala                                              2765                                2931                                   6.00
                        Madhya Pradesh                                     10946                               15145                                  38.36
                        Maharashtra                                        15436                               19651                                  27.31
                        Manipur                                              425                                 681                                  60.24
                        Meghalaya                                            493                                 705                                  43.00
                        Mizoram                                              340                                 553                                  62.65
                        Nagaland                                             310                                 357                                  15.16
                        Orissa                                              8107                               11716                                  44.52
                        Punjab                                              1410                                1436                                   1.84
                        Rajasthan                                           5487                                8695                                  58.47
                        Sikkim                                                48                                 122                                 154.17
                        Tamil Nadu                                          5556                                5608                                   0.94
                        Tripura                                              294                                 432                                  46.94
                        Uttar Pradesh                                      14413                               15463                                   7.29
                        West Bengal                                         3695                                4179                                  13.10
                        Andaman & Nicobar Is.                                 34                                  46                                  35.29
                        Chandigarh                                            28                                  32                                  14.29
                        Dadra & Nagar Haveli                                  33                                  42                                  27.27
                        Daman & Diu                                            *                                  16                                    *
                        Delhi                                                327                                 519                                  58.72
                        Lakshadweep                                            4                                   4                                   0.00
                        Pondicherry                                          102                                 118                                  15.69
        
                                                                                  
        
                        Daman & Diu was part of Goa, Daman & Diu Union Territory in 1981
                     Source: 1. Selected Educational Statistics, 1992-93, MHRD, Deptt. of Education, 1993
                               2. Education in India, 1981-82 Vol. I, MHRD, Deptt. of Education, New Delhi.