 TEACHERS

The number of school teachers has increased from about 750,000 in 1950-51 to 4,117,000 in 1992-93 indicating a growth rate of 4.2 per cent per annum. In the primary stage, their number grew from 0.54 million in 1950-51 to about 1.68 million in 1992-93 (a growth of 2.8 per cent per annum). During the same period the number of teachers at the upper primary stage increased from 0.09 million to 1.08 million, registering a growth rate of 6.3 per cent per annum (Table 34).

Pupil -Teacher Ratio:

Despite increases in the number of teachers, the average Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) at primary and upper primary stage has increased (Table 35). It has increased from 39 in 1981-82 to 45 in 1992-92 at primary stage. Similarly, for upper primary schools the PTR in- creased from 34 to 43 in the same period. However, PTRs have declined in some states like Goa, Sikkim, Tripura.

Large variations in the pupils per teacher have been observed for various states. For 1992-93, it varied from 14 Sikkim, 18 Manipur and 19 Nagaland to 58 for Uttar Pradesh. Similarly, for upper primary schools, it varied from 11 for Manipur to 58 for Karnataka. Generally, the larger states like Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Ben- gal show a higher PTR. High values of average PTR is the result of relatively greater increase in the enrolment as compared to that of the teachers and provision of increased access in smaller habitations.

Trained and Untrained Teachers:

More than 90 percent of the teachers working at various levels are trained. However, there are large regional variations from state to state. The states with less than 50 per cent trained teachers are Arunachal Pradesh (40%), Assam (66%), Jammu & Kash- mir (68%), Manipur (56%), Meghalaya (42%), Nagaland(48%) and Tripura (33%). On the other hand States with almost all teachers trained are Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Haryana and Punjab. Almost the same pattern is followed for upper primary and secondary schools (Table 36).

Distribution of Schools by Number of Teachers:

It is interesting to analyse the distribution of schools according to teachers in position. However, such data is not available for years later than 1986 (Table 37). The position with respect to schools without teachers and schools with one teacher only has changed considerably after the implementation of Operation Blackboard scheme in the Seventh Five-Year Plan. The scheme has been extended for the Eighth Five-Year Plan also. Some modifications have also been proposed. It is now envisaged to extend the scheme to upper primary schools as well.

        
                                                                                                                                             EDUCATION FOR ALL
        
                                                                               Table 34
        
                                                                       School Teachers in India
                                                                          1950-51 to 1992-93
        
                                                                                  
                         Year                    Primary School                  Upper Primary School                High/Hr. Sec. School
                                              Male           Female            Male              Female            Male             Female
                                                                                  
        
                        1950-51              455637           82281            72609              12887           106522             19982
                        1955-56              574182          117067           124550              23844           154709             35085
                        1960-61              614727          126788           261696              83532           233958             62347
                        1961-62              655955          138820           287795              94251           259289             71281
                        1962-63              685623          147373           314050             108243           287952             79826
                        1963-64              721847          159591           333072             117331           312593             89011
                        1964-65              738541          172896           362916             129588           341376            100476
                        1965-66              764062          180315           389225             138529           368357            110703
                        1966-67              785482          193037           407127             148442           402467            122152
                        1967-68              797065          201249           418763             151251           427257            132349
                        1968-69              800009          205273           435061             160672           442355            139263
                        1969-70              817576          292964           449133             165967           458545            147248
                        1970-71              835340          224610           463063             174506           473776            155424
                        1971-72              863955          234040           479399             186258           492395            165551
                        1972-73              902558          248247           499467             192796           510865            174000
                        1973-74              927592          268303           520118             207985           556386            193029
                        1974-75              955623          275999           541595             216615           546289            193352
                        1975-76              964311          283242           554043             223885           558567            199994
                        1976-77              968057          290521           562370             231025           565156            208904
                        1977-78              968460          298733           569084             237149           579035            219075
                        1978-79              968492          328147           579727             245479           599217            219290
                        1979-80              997611          331089           587248             248360           631547            238295
                        1980-81             1021275          341942           598191             253326           657839            254290
                        1981-82             1093198          350488           601363             262091           686329            272346
                        1982-83             1062962          360677           611396             271110           720459            290992
                        1983-84             1073224          371358           616058             278727           740026            306278
                        1984-85             1097893          387412           634699             292924           765071            321518
                        1985-86             1094168          401644           663208             305140           792703            338802
                        1986-87             1091502          419660           675783             320888           806222            350966
                        1987-88             1100802          442042           645971             334518           822136            363785
                        1988-89             1106751          446828           693184             339608           833496            374803
                        1989-90             1114427          458476           701825             344750           864900            393144
                        1990-91(p)          1166484          470414           706483             352812           856999            415503
                        1991-92(P)          1194080          498934           717878             353731           880013            429786
                        1992-93(P)          1189004          492966           736362             345983           907184            4457643
        
                                                                                  
                      (P) Provisional
                      Source: 1. A Handbook of Educational and Allied Statistics, MHRD, Deptt. of Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1987
                              2. Selected Educational Statistics, MHRD, Deptt. of Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi
                              3. Education in India, Various Volumes (S), MHRD, Deptt. of Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi

        
                                                                                                                                             EDUCATION FOR ALL
        
                                                                               Table 35
        
                                                                          Pupils Per Teacher
        
                                                                         1981-82 and 1992-93
        
                                                                                  
                      State/Union Territory                                   1981-82                                   1992-93
                                                                   Primary         Upper Primary              Primary          Upper Primary
                                                                   Schools         Schools                    Schools          Schools
                                                                                  
        
                      INDIA                                            39                34                       45               43
                      Andhra Pradesh                                   51                39                       53               50
                      Arunachal Pradesh                                30                21                       30@              23
                      Assam                                            36                24                       39               31
                      Bihar                                            41                35                       52               43
                      Goa                                              29                29                       21               19
                      Gujarat                                          41                39                       44               42
                      Haryana                                          42                36                       44               42
                      Himachal Pradesh                                 37                16                       33               23
                      Jammu & Kashmir                                  27                21                       26               24
                      Karnataka                                        45                44                       41               58
                      Kerala                                           33                33                       32               31
                      Madhya Pradesh                                   37                27                       45               33
                      Maharashtra                                      40                37                       37               40
                      Manipur                                          17                16                       18               11
                      Meghalaya                                        30                17                       36               19
                      Mizoram                                          30                15                       30               12
                      Nagaland                                         21                15                       19               21
                      Orissa                                           35                26                       36               32
                      Punjab                                           39                16                       40               24
                      Rajasthan                                        42                28                       46               34
                      Sikkim                                           20                19                       14               15
                      Tamil Nadu                                       40                38                       47               47
                      Tripura                                          42                29                       23               25
                      Uttar Pradesh                                    39                26                       58               39
                      West Bengal                                      38                29                       55               42@
        
                      Andaman & Nicobar Is.                            19                19                       21               21
                      Chandigarh                                        9                30                       24               21
                      Dadra & Nagar Haveli                             45                34                       40               30
                      Daman & Diu                                                                                 35               63
                      Delhi                                            36                24                       31               20
                      Lakshadweep                                      31                27                       26               25
                      Pondicherry                                      30                34                       27               28
                                                                                  
        
                       Daman and Diu was part of Union Territory of Goa, Daman & Diu in 1981.
                       Data not available
                    @ Figures relate to 1991-92
                    Source: 1. Education in India, Vol. (I), 1981-82, MHRD, Deptt. of Education, New Delhi.
                            2. Selected Educational Statistics, 1992-93, MHRD, Deptt. of Education, New Delhi, 1993.

        
                                                                                                                                             EDUCATION FOR ALL
        
                                                                               Table 36
        
                                                                    Percentage of Trained Teachers
                                                                               1992-93
        
                                                                                  
                    State/Union Territory                                   Percentage of Trained Teachers
                                         Primary School Upper-Primary School            High School           Higher Secondary School
                                                                                  
        
                    INDIA                    89                    91                      90                           92
                    Andhra Pradesh           99                    99                     100                          100
                    Arunachal Pradesh        40                    40                      39                           63
                    Assam                    66                    28                      33                           26
                    Bihar                    89                    91                      94                           94
                    Goa                      95                    97                      92                           68
                    Gujarat                  97                    98                     100                          100
                    Haryana                  99                   100                     100                           99
                    Himachal Pradesh         86                    99                      97                           98
                    Jammu & Kashmir          68                    69                      72                           80
                    Karnataka                95                    96                      97                          100
                    Kerala                   95                    91                      99                           92
                    Madhya Pradesh            *                     *                       *                           * 
                    Maharashtra              94                    95                      97                           96
                    Manipur                  56                    29                      32                           48
                    Meghalaya                42                    35                      32                           98
                    Mizoram                  84                    80                      48                            *
                    Nagaland                 48                    29                      30                           50@
                    Orissa                  100                    97                      97                           50
                    Punjab                   99                    98                      99                           99
                    Rajasthan                98                    99                      98                           97
                    Sikkim                   48                    41                      42                           50
                    Tamil Nadu              100                   100                     100                           99
                    Tripura                  33                    34                      37                           61
                    Uttar Pradesh            98                    95                      97                           97
                    West Bengal              68                    71                      73                           70
        
                    Andaman Nicobar Is.      97                    97                      99                           98
                    Chandigarh              100                   100                     100                          100
                    Dadra & Nagar Haveli     93                    94                      98                           99
                    Daman & Diu             100                   100                     100                          100
                    Delhi                   100                    99                      99                           99
                    Lakshadweep             100                   100                      97
                    Pondicherry              91                    97                      98                          100
                                                                                  
                    * Data not Available
                    @ Figures relate to 1991-92
                    Source: Selected Education Statistics, 1992-93, MHRD, Department of Education, Government of India, New Delhi, 1993.

        
                                                                                                                                             EDUCATION FOR ALL
        
                                                                               Table 37
        
                                                          Primary Schools According to Teachers in Position
        
                                                                                 1986
        
                                                                                  
                       State/Union Territory                          Primary Schools According to Number of Teachers in Position
                                                          Zero             One             Two             Three           Four         Five or More
                                                                                  
        
                       INDIA                              0.43           28.91           31.85            15.11            8.88            14.83
                       Andhra Pradesh                     0.53           40.66           36.26             8.98            4.83             8.72
                       Arunachal Pradesh                  0.42           55.25           26.89             8.51            2.00             6.93
                       Assam                              0.00           34.41           41.15            12.24            6.00             6.20
                       Bihar                              1.47           25.89           45.56            16.07            6.81             4.20
                       Goa                                0.00           16.82           42.20            16.21           11.58            13.19
                       Gujarat                            1.97           37.64           36.11             9.25            5.01            10.02
                       Haryana                            0.87            7.88           38.98            21.20           12.29            18.79
                       Himachal Pradesh                   0.45           28.26           45.97             9.07            5.53            10.72
                       Jammu & Kashmir                    0.47           58.67           31.36             5.68            1.66             2.17
                       Karnataka                          0.00           62.33           27.95             4.27            2.32             3.13
                       Kerala                             0.00            0.31            1.00             5.17           16.39            77.13
                       Madhya Pradesh                     0.20           34.58           33.55            14.50            6.67            10.50
                       Maharashtra                        0.51           43.73           24.04             7.10            6.73            17.89
                       Manipur                            0.00           18.50           29.74            20.75           11.93            19.08
                       Meghalaya                          0.00           53.33           28.33             9.62            3.87             4.85
                       Mizoram                            0.00           11.84           27.16            23.18           17.61            20.20
                       Nagaland                           0.00            3.71           11.67            14.85           19.10            50.66
                       Orissa                             0.59           41.29           25.59            18.94            6.59             7.00
                       Punjab,                            1.31           11.35           31.68            17.26           14.41            23.99
                       Rajasthan                          0.19           54.63           21.85             7.26            3.98            12.09
                       Sikkim,                            0.00            4.49           14.32            18.80           16.67            45.73
                       Tamil Nadu                         0.00            9.31           35.59            17.56           10.66            26.89
                       Tripura                            0.05            7.52           26.57            26.41           15.83            23.61
                       Uttar Pradesh                      0.19           11.77           29.18            20.93           13.73            24.20
                       West Bengal                        0.00            3.46           29.03            28.88           19.42            19.21
        
                       Andaman & Nicobar Is.              0.00           23.16           24.29            17.51           10.73            24.29
                       Chandigarh                         0.00            2.27            6.82             4.55            4.55            81.82
                       Dadra & Nagar Haveli               1.61           66.94           22.58             6.45            2.42             0.00
                       Daman & Diu                        0.00            9.38            9.38            12.50           25.00            43.75
                       Delhi                              0.00            0.16            0.49             0.98            2.94            95.43
                       Lakshadweep                        0.00            5.56            0.00             0.00            0.00            94.44
                       Pondicherry                        0.00           22.12           14.75             5.90           10.62            46.61
        
                                                                                  
        
                    Source: Fifth All India Educational Survey, NCERT, New Delhi, 1992