(3) To indentify special programmes of technical and industrial training, if any, for the scheduled tribes students in the institutions located in the tribal areas and also to determine the utilization of such programmes.
(4) To investigate the extent and causes of dropout in these institutions.
(5) To evaluate impact of the training provided by the ITIs on the employment pattern of their trainees, specially the scheduled castes/scheduled tribes in terms of emoluments, waiting time, place and nature of employment etc.
(6) To indentify the various incentives schemes that are available for the scheduled castes/scheduled tribes students, pattern of their implementation and extent of benefits scheduled castes scheduled tribes students are deriving from such schemes. Is it necessary to modify or expand some of these schemes? If so, in what manner?
The study has been conducted in the five states of central tribal belt that is Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maha- rashtra.
Introduction 9
Hypotheses 1. In view of the longer duration and higher eligibility criterion the proportion of the scheduled groups in the two- year engineering trades is expected to be lower than in the one year engineering trades.
2. Certain caste/tribal groups from among the scheduled groups are making greater use of facilities than others. These are not necessarily the numerically preponderant groups.
3. In view of reservation of seats and relaxation in eligibility criterion the performance of scheduled groups is expected to be poorer compared to others. Moreover, the dropout rate is expected to be higher among the scheduled groups.
4. The dropouts among the scheduled groups is mainly due to financial hardships.
5. After completion of industrial training a higher proportion of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes should be able to get jobs as compared to non-scheduled groups. However, the proportion of self-employed is expected to be more among the non-scheduled groups.
6. The waiting time for getting a job after training is expected to be lesser in the case of scheduled groups because of reservation quota in jobs and apprenticeship training.
7. The mobility of the scheduled groups extrainees is expected to be lower than the non-scheduled extrainees.
8. A larger proportion of scheduled groups trainees is expected to be employed in public sector as compared to private sector. Further a higher proportion of them would have permanent tenure compared to the nonscheduled trainees.
9. The average emoluments of the scheduled groups trainees are expected to be lower than the average emoluments of the nonscheduled groups.
10. Various facilities and incentives made available to the scheduled groups are not adequate. Further, implementation of these is characterised by indifference and delay which defeat the very purpose for which incentives are provided.
Universe and the Sample The universe for the study comprises all the students studying in the ITIs sand all those who passed out during the last 5 years in the five selected
10. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Industrial Training Institutes
states that is Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
Selection of Institutions : From each of the selected states four ITIs were selected for extensive study. Out of four ITIs one was selected from a predominantly tribal district and the remaining three were selected to represent an advanced, an average and a backward district.
Selection of Students : Five students each from the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and general category were selected purposively to give representation to different courses/trades. In case required number of the scheduled castes or scheduled tribes candidates from any of the institutions were not available they were substituted with others of the scheduled category.
Selection of Extrainees: Twenty-five extrainees from each of the Institution (5 from the scheduled castes 5 from the scheduled tribes and 15 from general category) were selected on quota basis from all those who passed during last five years for studying their employment pattern.
Nature and Sources of Data For testing the various hypotheses, data were needed on intake capacity, enrolment and outturn of total students, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes students of each of the selected ITIs; on extent of underutilisation and reasons for dropout; on the employment pattern of extrainees; and the availability, use and implementation of special facilities for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.
While some of the data at state and institutional level by trades were separately available for the total and the scheduled groups from the unpublished records maintained by the Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGE&T) for the ITI's, others had to be collected either from the state sources or directly from the institutions and students including the extrainees.
For collecting the primary data from the selected institutions and the Students the following four proformae were developed to collect information from the institutions, from the principal and teachers, students and the extrainees.
A. Institutional Proforma seeks the information mainly from the office records. This covers details in the following broad categories :
General information regarding the various courses run by the Institute,
Introduction 11
number of seats available by trades, number of reserved seats for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, specific information for each of the students admitted regarding his sub-caste or sub-tribe, father's education, father's occupation, trade/course opted for the training, duration of the course, whether completed or not, present employment, special incentives and facilities Available for the students belonging to the disadvantaged sections.
B. Proforma for Principals and Instructors covers their perceptions regarding utilisation of training facilities by the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, performance of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes students as compared to others and reasons for higher drop-out of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes students, their views about incentives and facilities available to the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes students; efforts made by the institute if any-in helping the students in job placement.
C. Student Proforma covers the reason for preferring vocational/ technical course, previous schooling, incentives and facilities available to them, and if they are adequate etc.
D. Proforma for Extrainees seeks information regarding their back- ground, current employment status, and their perceptions of the utility of the training.
Design or Analysis To find out the broad trends in regard to the availability and comparative utilisation of industrial training facilities by the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and others, in the first instance, the national and state level data have been analysed.
Actual reservation of seats for the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and others, competition for seats among the three groups, relative utilisation of facilities specially in two-year and one-year trades and representation of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in some of the popular trades have been analysed with the help of primary data collected from the selected institutions in the five states. Inter-caste and inter-tribe differences are also focussed to the extent possible.
The extent of dropout among the three groups is computed. Reasons for dropouts as obtained from the responses of the principals, teachers and students are analysed to see if the economic factor is the most important for this phenomenon.
The employment pattern of extrainees in regard to their activity status,
12 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Industrial Training Institutes
extent of self-employment, waiting time for job, sector and tenure of employment and emoluments have been separately tabulated and presented for the scheduled and non-scheduled groups.
Finally, actual availability of special incentives and facilities, their adequacy and problems in implementation have been analysed from the responses of principals, teachers and students.
Limitations of the Study The study covers a wide spectrum of issues right from the availability and utilisation of seats, the extent of dropouts and reasons for the same, availability of the facilities and employment pattern of extrainees. This is both its strength as well as weakness. We have only been able to focus on larger issues without going in depth.
The study covers five states of the country which account for 30 per cent of the country's population. A sample of four ITIs from each of the selected states is too small to call it really representative of the state.
Inspite of common schedule, the nature and quality of data collected by each of the Project Directors differed widely. At times the common tabulation plan could not be adhered to because of the non- availability of the particular data in the state or in any one of the selected institutions.
Data on extrainees suffers from serious limitations both in regard to the size of the sample as well as its representativeness. As the complete addresses of the extrainees were not available in the office records of the institutions, sample were largely drawn from the recent cohorts. Methods of selection also differed from state to state. In view of these considerations the findings of this chapter should be taken as tentative.
Inspite of the above limitations, the study is likely to provide an understanding of trends in enrolment of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the Ms particularly from viewpoint of their comparative status as against non-scheduled groups. This study may also help in evolving certain guidelines to monitor the progress of the scheduled groups in these institutions. Finally, we expect to raise some issues for future studies in this area.
Chapter Outline The next chapter of the study will present a brief profile of the selected districts from the five states. Chapter III deals with the growth of
Introduction 13
technical and vocational education with special reference to ITIs. It also presents a comparative analysis of secondary data on enrolment of the scheduled castes/scheduled tribes and others at all India and state level. The analysis from primary data on availability and utilisation of ITI facilities, dropout and completion rates, employment pattern of the extrainees, and nature of facilities and incentives available in the selected institutions form the subject matter of Chapter IV, V, VI and VII respectively. The last chapter of the report gives the major conclusions of the study and some future policy guidelines.
14 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Industrial Training Institutes
TABLE - 1
POPULATION OF SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES 1981 Census
State/Union Total SC Popu- Percent- ST Popu- Percentage
Territory popula- lation age of SC lation of ST
tion population Population
to total to total
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Andhra Pradesh 53,550 7,962 14.87 3,176 5.93
2. Assam ** ** ** ** **
3. Bihar 69,915 10,142 14.51 5,81 18.31
4. Gujarat 34,086 2,438 7.15 4,849 14.22
5. Haryana 12,923 2,464 19.07 -- --
6. Himachal Pradesh 4,281 1,054 24.62 197 4.61
7. Jammu & Kashmir 5,987 497 8.31 -- --
8. Karnataka 37,136 5,595 15.07 1,825 4.91
9. Kerala 25,454 2,549 10.02 261 1.03
10. Madhya Pradesh 52,179 7,359 14.10 11,987 22.97
11. Maharashtra 62,784 4,480 7.14 5,772 9.19
12. Manipur 1,421 18 1.25 388 27.30
13. Meghalaya 1,336 5 0.41 1,076 80.58
14. Nagaland 775 - - 651 83.99
15. Orissa 26,370 3,866 14.66 5,915 22.43
16. Punjab 16,787 4,512 26.87 - -
17. Rajasthan 34,262 5,839 17.04 4,183 12.21
18. Sikkim 316 18 5.78 74 23.27
19. Tamil Nadu 48,408 8,881 18.35 520 1.07
20. Tripura 2,053 310 15.12 584 28.44
21. Uttar Pradesh 110,862 23,453 21.16 233 0.21
22. West Bengal 54,581 12,001 21.99 3,071 5.63
23. A & N Islands 189 - - 22 11.85
24. Arunachal Pradesh 632 3 0.46 441 69.82
25. Chandigarh 452 64 14.09 - -
26. Dadra & Nagar Haveli 104 2 1.97 82 78.82
27. Delhi 6,220 1,122 18.03 - -
28. Goa, Daman & Diu 1,087 23 2.16 11 0.99
29. Lakshadweep 40 - - 38 93.82
30. Mizoram 494 0.14 0.03 462 93.55
31. Pondicherry 604 97 15.99 - -
INDIA 665,288 104,755 15.75 51,629 7.76
** Census was not conducted in Assam in 1981.
