16. In Uttar Pradesh, reorganised courses have been introduced in 367 Sanskrit institutions. They are called Model Schools or Adarsa Pathasalas. The large number of traditional institutions in this State and of students sitting for their examinations has already been referred to. The total number of Sanskrit teachers in the Pathasalas, of Uttar Pradesh is 4,462. Uttar Pradesh can boast of the largest number of traditional Sanskrit institutions, and the State Government seems to be fully seized of the various aspects of the problem of Sanskrit Education. The Banaras Sanskrit College, the history of which has already been touched upon in the previous Chapter, conducts the examination in four grades, Prathama, Madhyama, Sastri. and Acharya. As a part of its policy to improve and up-grade Sanskrit Education in the State, the Uttar Pradesh Government has recently decided to convert the Banaras Sanskrit College into a University. As it is, the Banaras Sanskrit College has about 460 students reading in the 15 or more. sections, and there are 24 teachers. The total expen- diture of the Uttar Pradesh Government on traditional Sanskrit Educa- tion at present amounts to Rs. 5,16.870 recurring and Rs. 7,81,859 non-recurring. When the proposals for the Sanskrit University and for further improvements in the Pathasalas are given effect to,. this ex- penditure will go up very much. If, for instance, the Government was to introduce the new pay scales for its 4,462 Sanskrit teachers, that alone would cost it Rs. 46 lakhs. From our talks with the Chief Minister and his Colleagues, we gathered that they were anxious to do all that was possible to up; grade the traditional system of Sanskrit Education. Some sort of equivalence between the Sanskrit degrees on the one hand and the modern University degrees on the other has been fixed by the Government for purposes of employment. The State offers prizes of Rs. 500 to original works in Sanskrit. The Pandits are

given honour in public life, and the Principal of one of the Pathasalas is a nominated member of the Upper Legislature. Such equality is afforded in University bodies also, as can be seen from the Banaras Hindu University where Pandits are, along with Professors, members of the Academic Council, etc.

17. While all these efforts on the part of the State Government were heartening, we found that the students and the schools were not rising to the occasion and were not playing their part in working suc- cessfully the various schemes intended for the reorganisation and revitalisation of the traditional system. Many Pathasalas do not have adequate number of teachers for the modern subjects. The limited nature of the Inspectorate makes a stricter vigilance in the matter of the enforcement of the reorganisation provisions almost impossible.

18. In Banaras, besides the Government Sanskrit College, there is the Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya of the Banaras Hindu University, which also includes the Faculty of Theology. In the various Departments of the Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya, there are in all 416 students. Provision is available for post-Acharya Research and for publications. Scholarships are awarded to students for higher research leading to the titles of Vachaspati (Ph. D.) and Chakravarti (D. Litt.). There are about 50 Graduates who are now taking the Acharya course. All Sastras are taught here, including Jyotisa and Jaina and Bauddha Dar- sanas. Sahitya and Jyotisa are most popular. In the Faculty of Theo- logy, there is a six years' course in Veda, Dharma-Sastra, Purana, Itihasa, and Karmakanda leading up to the Sastri title in Veda, with a further examination with thesis and viva voce for the Acharya title in Veda. In addition to these, there is a diploma course in Paurohitya. A number of scholarships are available in both these institutions. There are 27 teachers in the Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya including the Principal. The Heads of the Departments receive salaries almost equal to those of the Readers in the University; others are in the lecturer's grade. It is proposed to create five Professorial Chairs in the Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya. The University conducts a separate College of Ayurveda, in which the necessary amount of knowledge of English and modern medicine is also imparted. The University has also a separate, section devoted to the Panchanga.

19. Besides these, Banaras has several privately endowed Patha- salas, the more important among which are: the Vallabharam Salagram Sanga Veda Vidayalaya, Ram Ghat, which has 70 students, which does not prepare students for 'any Government examinations, and whose speciality is the teaching provided in such generally neglected subjects as Rajaniti and Pratyabhijna-Darsana; the Birla Mahavidyalaya, Lal Ghat; with 40 students, providing instruction in Sahitya, Vyakarana, Nyaya and Advaita; the Goenka Mahavidyalaya; the Sannyasi Mahavidyalaya; and the Ramanuja Mahavidyalaya.

20. In Allahabad, the Saudamani Vidyalaya and the Sarayuparina Brahmana Adarsa Vidyalaya teach 15 and 80 students respectively in Veda, Vyakarana, Sahitya and Vedanta. Ayodhya had formerly 50 Pathasalas; but now they number only 25, of which the more important ones are: the Gurukula Adarsa Mahavidyalaya where 10

Brahmacarins study; the Rajagopala Pathasala with 7 teachers and 57 students; the Saddharma Vardhani Pathasala with 40 students; the Darsanika Asrama, which teaches independently of the Government examination; the Brahmana Vaidika Vidyalaya (100 students); and the Gayatri Brahmacaryasrama (50 students). There are also similar Vidyalayas in the neighbourhobd of Ayodhya. In the Oriental Section of the Sanskrit Department of the Lucknow University, where instruction is imparted on traditional lines, there are two Pandits, and Vyakarana, Sahitya and Darsana are taught together with some modem subjects. There are also two Adarsa Pathasalas in Lucknow: the Sarada Sanskrit Vidyalaya and the Siva-Prasad Sanskrit Vidyalaya. Hardwar and its neighbourhood is famed for many Gurukulas and Asramas; the Gurukula, Kangdi, the best known of these; the Rishikulasrama; the Jayabharata Sadhu Mahavidyalaya; 'the Gurukula Mahavidyalaya, Jwalapur; the Darsana Mahavidyalaya. Rishikesh; the Sindhi Vidyalaya, Kankhal, etc. Mathura has about 25 Sanskrit Vidyalayas, the more prominent among them being the Dvarakesa Sanskrit Vidyalaya, the Mathura Chaturveda Vidyalaya, the Govardhana Sanskrit Vidyalaya, the Gurukula Vidyalaya, the Ranga-Lakshmi Sanskrit. Vidyalaya, the Hitalalbhai Sanskrit Vidyalaya, the Srinivasa Vidyalaya, the Dharma Sangha Vidyalaya, and the Sarvesvara Vidyalaya. In all these institutions of Mathura there are about 450 students. There are about 500 Pandits in Mathura of whom 50 are fairly highly qualified. In Uttar Pradesh, Vyakarana is the principal Sastra which is studied most widely, with Nyaya (Navya), Sahitya and Jyotisa following closely. In some of the important Pathasalas and in. the Government Sanskrit College, Banaras, and the Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya of the Banaras Hindu University, a few students study the Veda, Vedanta (especially Advaita) and the other Darsanas including Buddhism and Jainism. In the religious centres of Ayodhya and MathuraVrindavan, there is the cultivation of Vaisnava religious and philosophical studies by considerable groups.

21. The total, number of Tols in Orissa is 146, of which 3 are of the College standard and the rest of Prathama and Madhyama grades. Eleven of the Tols and two of the Colleges are run by the State. The three Sanskrit Colleges are situated at Puri, Bolangir and Parlakimidi. There are 454 teachers in all the Sanskrit institutions and the number of students is. about 3,885. Exclusive of the expenses of the two Government, Colleges and of the Superintendent and his office, the total amount which Orissa spends on traditional Sanskrit Education is about4 1/4 lakhs. The examinations are in four grades, Prathama, Madhyama, Sastri and Acharya, each after. A two years' course, and are conducted by the Orissa Association of Sanskrit Learning and Culture. English and some modern subjects have been introduced in the reorganised courses, but improvements in salaries, accommodation, etc., have still to be effected. There are very few old type Pandits in Orissa, and, on the whole, the level of Pandit learning is disappointing. With a view to promoting Sanskrit and Sastra studies there has been a proposal to found an Oriental University, called Jagannatha Prachya Vishva Vidyalaya, at Puri.

22. As has been already mentioned, for several centuries since the times of the Pallavas, South India had been the refuge and home of Indian culture and Sanskrit learning. The royal dynasties of South India in the Telugu, Kannada, Tamil and Malayalam areas extended liberal patronage to Sanskrit scholars. The Pallava and the Chola inscriptions are full of references to endowments for Sanskrit schools, colleges and scholars. The Brahman villages were really so many open colleges. Even up to this day, South Indian Pandits proficient in Mimamsa, Advaita, etc., have been in great demand in centres like Bombay, Baroda, Jaipur, Banaras and Calcutta. The bigger Native States as well as the smaller ones and the Zamindaris had each its own well-organised Sanskrit college. Besides these, religious institutions and the Maths of the three main schools of Vedanta established their own colleges. And there also arose a few schools and colleges organised by the public. In course of time, these institutions came to be recognised by the Government and the University. While the school examination was conducted by the Government, the colleges were affiliated to the University.

23. The story of the decline of strength and popularity of the Sanskrit schools and colleges in South India is the same As elsewhere. From time to time, measures were thought of for the re-organisation of the courses and the introduction of modern subjects in them. The Governments of Travancore and Madras appointed Committees to go into the question. And as a result of their recommendations, the old Sanskrit Pathasalas were reorganised into Sanskrit or Oriental High Schools, in which, while Sanskrit was the main subject of study, the study of certain modern subjects was also provided for., The former Travancore-Cochin State took to this scheme of reorganisation with some enthusiasm, though the Maharaja of Cochin, himself a distin- guished Sanskrit. scholar, told us that he preferred to continue the undiluted old system in his own Sanskrit College at Tripunittura. In the Tamil area also, the scheme of reorganisation has not yet been fully accepted by the managements; some out of greater faith in the old system and some out of inability to comply with the new financial and organisational requirements (such as the deposit of an endowment fund, playground and other provisions) have' not changed over to it. The products of the reorganised Sanskrit or Oriental High Schools are considered to be on a par with those who have passed the S.S.L.C. examination. Like the latter, they can take an employment or join either an English college or a Sanskrit college. With the introduc- tion of this new course, the former entrance examination conducted by the Madras Government for the Pathasalas will now be discontinued. The title examination is called Siromani in Madras, VidyaPravina in Andhra, Vidvan in Mysore, and Mahopadhyaya in Travancore. In all these courses, which have been generally modelled on the syllabus codified by Prof. Kuppuswami Sastri, there is affair amount of balance between an extensive study in the general part and an intensive study in the special part, in which a specific Sastra is chosen. There is also provision for, the study of History of Literature and Comparative Philology. Another course in the South which specially

interested us was the Two-Language Vidvan Course, in which Sanskrit and the Mother-tongue were studied with equal emphasis (Sama-pradhana) or in a complementary manner.

24. In Madras, recently, owing to the general decline of the Pathasalas and the attitude of the authorities. there has been a rapid landslide in the fortunes of traditional Sanskrit Education. There are today only 5 Sanskrit Colleges in the new Madras State, at Mylapore (Madras), Sriperumbudur, Madhurantakam, Dharmapuram and Tiruvayyaru, three of which we visited and two of which sent representatives to meet us. Of these, the Colleges of Tiruvayyaru and Mylapore (Madras) have supplied to Sanskrit Institutions and Departments in Madras and also outside perhaps the largest number of Pandits, in the recent past. At Madhurantakam and Sriperumbudur, the birthplace of Sri Ramanujacharya, are Colleges where special facilities have been available for advanced studies in Ramanuja's philosophy The Dharmapuram College is a recent institution for Tamil and Sanskrit. In the Rajah's College at Tiruvayyaru, which was originally a pure Sanskrit institution, Tamil was introduced some time back, and Sanskrit has been steadily languishing. Many repre- sentations were made to us about the various unfavourable measures which had driven Sanskrit in this old and renowned seat of learning to the present pitiable position. The Sastras taught in these Colleges. include Sahitya, Vyakarana, Advaita, Visistadvaita, Mimamsa and Nyaya. Ayurveda is taught in a separate college at Madras.

25. Besides the above-mentioned institutions, Madurai has a Pathasala functioning under the Rameswaram Devasthanam. This Pathasala was once a leading Sanskrit College, but has now no student for Siromani and provides only for the Vidvan course in Sahitya and Vyakarana with Tamil. The Institution has already become weak, and it was likely to be further disabled if the threatened move to shift it to Rameswaram was given effect to. Traditional learning of the colleglate standard is provided for also in the Sanskrit Department of the Annamalai University. As the teaching of Sanskrit is now being discontinued in many Secondary Schools in the Madras State, the products of these Sanskrit Colleges have no openings. Even if they take Sama-pradhana Vidvan in Sanskrit and Tamil, they are, it is strange, refused admission to Oriental Training Courses. The Gov- ernment here, we were told, had a rule that teaching grant would be available to Sanskrit Institutions only if they had a minimum strength of 20 students. This is certainly unfair to a subject which is obviously languishing and which, therefore, expects special treatment from the Government. The number of reorganised Oriental Elementary and Secondary Schools teaching Sanskrit in Madras is now five, two of these being aided. We visited one of these Secondary Schools, the Balagurukulam at Muttarasanallur, Tiruchi. The expenditure on Sanskrit of the Madras State (as it is at present or was before the reorganisation of the States) is proportionately perhaps the lowest. At present, the State has no separate Inspector of Sanskrit Schools and Colleges.

26. There are in the Madras State other private Sanskrit Patha- salas and Veda Pathasalas, the latter teaching Kavya and Vyakarana also. In and about Tiruchi and Srirangam, there are twelve; Childam- baram and its environs, Kumbhakonam and its neighbourhood, Tanjore and Tiruvayyaru and the villages nearby, and Mannargudi also, have such Pathasalas. The Ahobilam Math, which runs the Madhurantakam Sanskrit College, has a net-work of 8 Pathasalas in which about 500 students study Sanskrit together with some modern subjects. The case of private Pathasalas, which have adopted the reorganised Oriental High School course but which are notable to send up candidates for public examinations, deserves to be considered favourably by the' autho- rities. An example of a Sanskrit school, which is well provided for but which, according to the testator's, terms, cannot comply with the regulations of the reorganised, Oriental High School scheme, is the Kakumani A. K. Charities School in the City of Madras.

27. The number of Sanskrit High Schools and Middle Schools in the former Travancore-Cochin State was 47; the number of Sanskrit Schools now functioning is only about a dozen. The three big Colleges at Trivandrum, Tripunittura, and Pattambi have, in old days, produced a large number of reputed scholars. At Kaladi, the birth place of Sankara, there is a Sanskrit Pathasala conducted by- the Sringeri Math, where Veda and, Advaita Vedanta are taught. Swami Agamananda of the Ramakrishna, Mission, who has an Advaitasrama at Kaladi, conducts a Sanskrit Middle School, and has a scheme to develop the present Sankara College here into a University-like institution for the study and research in Advaita and other schools of. philosophy. Among the Pathasalas, the one at Chittoor, which has an annual income of Rs. 14,000, formerly used, to attract a large number of students. The royal houses of Travancore and Cochin had been liberal patrons of Sanskrit, and Trivandrum and Tripunittura attracted distinguished Pandits from all over South India. The Travancore State Sanskrit Tide Examination, called Mahopadhyaya, always maintained a good standard. The Maharaja's College at Tripunittura. has its own Sastra course of 8 years' duration for the Bhushana. title examination. This institution has recently received a further endowment for research and publication, and is now a regular Government College. The Pattambi College has 30 students in the College section and 112 in the School section. In the Sahitya Dipika College at Pavaratti, run by a Chris- tian, there are more than 300 students. The reorganised courses have now been introduced in the Kerala Sanskrit College's also- and the facilities afforded by the Devasvam Department by way of stipends have resulted in some increase in the number of students. In the College at Trivandrum, there are now 92 students. The Mahopadhyayas here can now take to the M. A. course, and for a time there is bound to be some confusion caused by these two kinds of Sanskrit M.A.s. In the Sanskrit College itself, as the result of the reorganisation, the Diploma course has now been substituted by the Degree course, and three batches of Sanskrit B.A.s. have come out so far. Sahitya, Advaita, Nyaya and Vyakarana are taught in this College; there are 22 teachers and the Government spends about Rs. 90,000 on this institution.

28. All this, however, cannot be said to give an adequate idea of the extent of Sanskrit Education in Kerala. Kerala, of all the regions in India, is perhaps most permeated by Sanskrit. Brahmans, all classes of non-Brahmans, Izhavas and Thiyas, Christians and Muslims, boys and girls, all of these normally take to Sanskrit. The Nambudiri families of Kerala have preserved and still continue to preserve the Veda, the different Sastras and the technical subjects of Ayurveda and Jyotisa, and the esoteric Mantra-Sastra.

29. In Andhra, there are 32 Pathasalas with about 2,000 students. There are, besides, 26 new Oriental High Schools. The number of re-cognised Sanskrit Colleges, which are situated in places like Vizianagram, Rajahmundry, Kovvur, Akiripalli, Chittigudur, Nellore and Tirupati, is 12. There are in these institutions about 45 students studying for the Vidyapravina or the Bhashapravina examinations, the latter being a Telugu course with subsidiary Sanskrit. The Vizianagaram and the Tirupati Colleges had been well known centres of Sanskrit learning, where reputed Pandits taught and numerous students once studied. At present, however, the strength is very poor in all these Colleges, the Vizianagaram College having only 30 students on its rolls with none at all for Vidyapravina. In the newly incorporated Hyderabad-Telangana area, there are 15 Pathasalas, which are being coordinated by the Council of Sanskrit Education, Hyderabad. Besides these schools and colleges, there are many traditional Pandits and private institutions for the teaching of Veda and Sastra. But most of the Sanskrit institutions are now faced with a dearth of qualified Sanskrit teachers. The new Andhra Government has started implementing the Oriental High School scheme and has recently helped 11 more general schools to change into Oriental High Schools. Telugu teachers qualifying in Sanskrit have been given special increments. The Devasthanam and Religious Endowment Department is giving some help to Sanskrit Education and is also opening Sanskrit Schools in temples, as for instance, at Simhachalam, Annavaram, and Ponnur. At Tirupati, which is one of the chief centres of Sanskrit learning, and to which the eyes of the Sanskritists all over the country are turned in the hope that some big institution for Sanskrit will be established there, the affairs of Sanskrit education seem to be in a continuous flux. The Sanskrit College at Tirupati is now under the New University there.